16 - Logging Tools and Operation
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mfazaeli4016 - Logging Tools and Operation
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mfazaeli40Lecture# 16
Logging Tools &
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Operation
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Uses of Logs
Petrophysics :
o Earth formations :
❖ What are they made of?
❖ What is in them?
o Study rock and fluids by physical measurements: - in
the well - in the lab
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Uses of Logs
Geology :
o Identify lithology from log interpretation and cores
o Identify bedding planes, fractures and faults from
imaging logs
o Build 3D Model from deep reading and imaging logs
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Uses of Logs
Reservoir Engineering :
o Where & how many wells to place in reservoir
o Relative permeability, capillary curves from Special
Core Analysis Lab (SCAL)
o Pressure testing from Wireline formation testing tools
o Rock compaction studies
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Uses of Logs
Production Engineering:
o Cement evaluation from cased hole logging
o Monitoring well performance from production logging
(PLT)
o Casing inspection for corrosion monitoring
o Sand failure prediction (sanding) from rock strength
analysis
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Uses of Logs
Drilling Engineering :
o Geologic steering of well from LWD
o Pore pressure prediction from Mud logging
o Rock stability (caving, shale swelling) from rock
strength analysis , borehole volume and shape
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Tools & Methods
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Tools & Methods
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Surface
Acquisition Unit
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Logging
Tool
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Horizontal
Well Logging
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Logging while Drilling
(LWD)
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Movie# 01
LWD vs. MWD
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Depth
Measurement
o Logging depth is measured along hole and from below
derrick floor (measured depth)
o TVD needs to be calculated using directional survey
o Directional Survey include Measured Depth, Inclination
and Azimuth
o Correct for drill floor elevation
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Depth
Measurement
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Depth Measurement
Wireline logging
o It is critical factor
o Measure by rotation of depth-measuring wheels as
logging cable passes through them
o Depth zero means when bottom of tool string is at
derrick floor
o Run tool in hole
o Made correction of any changes in set-up of logging
unit or rig-up equipment and cable stretch
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Schematic
Depth Measurement
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Depth Measurement
LWD
o Base on measuring drill
string
o Include revolutions of
drawworks drum
o Mount an optical encoder,
similar to Wireline encoder
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Depth Measurement
Subsequent Run
o Subsequent logging with other tools over same depth
intervals have to be depth-correlated
o Usually by using Gamma Ray log
o In subsequent surveys in a new interval, 1st log include
Gamma-Ray to be correlated with Gamma Ray log of
previous interval
o By making an overlap survey of around 60 meters
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Depth Measurement
Subsequent Run
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Wireline
Depth Differences
o Allowed between logs is 1 foot per 5,000 ft of hole
o If tool is sticking while logging, 1 ft/5,000 ft is impossible
o Need to use tension curve to facilitate interpretation
o For LWD is controlled by accurately measuring hook load
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Log Header
o Include general well
information and some crucial
data used in log evaluation
o Remark section lists any non-
standard circumstances
dealing with :
❖ Tool operation
❖ Log presentation
❖ Anomalies
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Well Sketch
Include:
o Sketch
o Table of sizes, weights
and depth of casing in
well
o Total depth including bit
size
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Tool sketch
o Sketch of tool string run in well
with tool serial numbers
o Include any stand-off,
centralizers and eccentralizers
placed on tools
o Shows distance of sensor
measure points from bottom
of tool
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Main Log
& Repeat Section
Main log:
o Data from recorded interval versus depth
o Contain list of parameters which used for log
acquisition and display
Repeat section:
o Data from 60 m which recorded once again
o Check data repeatability with main log in order to
confirm proper tool functioning
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Calibrations
o Perform before and after survey
o Compare with calibrations done at shop
o Confirm proper functioning of tool
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Tools
Combinations
o Reduce time spent on logging
o Run in combination
o Different positioning of sensors from tool bottom
o Sensors which are not at bottom of tool string will not
able to record data from bottom of well
o Top-most sensor in tool string should be able to record
data from zone of interest
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Example:
Tool Combinations
Run Density, Neutron and
Gamma Ray together
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Common
Combination
o Resistivity
o Micro Resistivity
o Density
o Neutron
o Sonic
o Gamma Ray
Note: Position of top most sensors being more than 30m
from bottom of tool
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Depth of Investigation
& Resolution
Depth of investigation:
o Distance away from
borehole that a logging
tool can measure
Log Resolution
o Capability to distinguish
and properly measure thin
beds
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Depth of Investigation
& Resolution
o Resolution or depth of investigation has to be
sacrificed to gain other
o Small size/spacing of sensors mean better resolution/
poor depth of investigation
o Large size/spacing of sensors mean poorer resolution/
good depth of investigation
o Physics of measurement also dictate resolution and
depth of investigation for Radioactive based tools)
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Depth of Investigation
& Resolution
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Example:
Formation Micro-Imager (FMI)
o Very small sensors
o Very good resolution of 5 mm
o Depth of investigation of only few centimeters
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Example:
Dual Laterolog Tool (DLL)
o Sensors placed over 3 m on tool body
o Depth of investigation of 1.5 m
o Resolution of 80 cm
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Thank You
Any Question?
