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Synchronous Generator

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Mir Muahtasim Islam
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7 views

Synchronous Generator

Uploaded by

Mir Muahtasim Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alternator

Stator/armature is stationary. This is the output


terminal.

Rotor is an electromagnet. (can also be permanent


magnet).

Rotor coil has a DC supply which makes the salient pole


rotor structure an electromagnet.

When a prime mover rotates the rotor a rotating


magnetic field is produced which cuts the stator coil.

The relative motion between RMF and stator coil


induces a EMF in the stator coil.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiKH48EMgKE
 Internally generated(𝐸𝐴 ) = (𝑉φ ) output phase voltage only at no load

 Internally generated (𝐸𝐴 ) ≠ (𝑉φ ) output phase voltage because

Stator current sets up a magnetic field in stator winding which distorts rotor magnetic field and changes 𝑉φ
Can be modeled with an inductor
Rotor Stator

Stator side:
Per phase equivalent CKT
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝜑 + 𝑅𝐴 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐽𝑋𝐴 𝐼𝐴
γ=angle between 𝐸𝐴 , 𝐼𝐴
𝜃=angle between𝑉𝜑 , 𝐼𝐴
𝜕=angle between 𝐸𝐴 , 𝑉𝜑 Torque angle
As 𝑅𝐴 = 0, 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 no electrical loss

Assuming 𝑅𝐴 = 0
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉φ at no load. 𝐸𝐴 =open circuit voltage.
𝐼𝐴 =short circuit current
𝑅𝐴 can be found by DC test
Internally generated 𝐸𝐴 is fixed
PF fixed so 𝜃 is fixed.
For increasing load

Lagging PF: 𝑉∅ decreases


Unity PF: 𝑉∅ decreases slightly
Leading PF: 𝑉∅ increases

Voltage regulation:
 𝑉∅ therefore terminal voltage should remain constant with varying load.
 The speed of prime mover decreases with increasing load
 Speed droop:

 Since power is related to frequency


 For lagging load 𝑉𝑇 decreases
 For leading load 𝑉𝑇 decreases
 Reactive power Q is related
to 𝑉𝑇
Paralleling of two generator:
1. Field current is adjusted to make terminal voltage equal to line voltage
2. Phase sequence must be same
3. On coming generator’s frequency must be slightly higher to avoid power surge
4. The two system must be in phase
 Phase sequence can be checked
by small induction motor.
 If direction of rotation is same for
both generator they have same
phase sequence.
 In light bulb method if the bulbs
get bright and dark together then
they have same phase sequence.
 Two systems are in phase when
the bulbs go out
Characteristic of infinite bus

In-coming generator’s frequency must be higher


If governor set point is increased the operating 𝑉𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝐴 must remain same as 𝐼𝐹 is unchanged.
frequency must remain same as frequency of infinite 𝑃 ∝ 𝐸𝐴 sin 𝜕 increases
bus cannot change. 𝐼𝐴 becomes leading that is reactive power is
consumed.
𝐸𝐴 changes with 𝐼𝐹 .
𝑃 ∝ 𝐸𝐴 sin 𝜕 ∝ 𝐼𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 remains constant
𝑄 ∝ 𝐼𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 changes
 DC component arises as current in inductor cannot
change quickly. But AC component of fault current is
too high. The DC component ensures that the sum of
the current in all phases remains constant.

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