Management Review Quarterly

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-024-00418-z

How artificial intelligence will transform project

management in the age of digitization: a systematic
literature review

Maria Elena Nenni1 · Fabio De Felice2 · Cristina De Luca2 · Antonio Forcina2

Received: 3 October 2023 / Accepted: 9 March 2024

© The Author(s) 2024

Abstract
Among the causes of the low success rate of the projects (around 35% of the total)
is the low level of maturity of the technologies available for the management of the
projects themselves. However, today many researchers, startups and innovative com-
panies are starting to apply artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and other
advanced technologies to the field of project management. By 2030 the industry will
undergo significant changes. By using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol this paper explores the intersection
of project risk management and AI. The study highlights how AI-driven method-
ologies and tools can revolutionize the way project risks are managed throughout
the project lifecycle. Specifically, 215 papers have been analysed to explore how the
scientific community has been moving so far on the topic. Besides, a cross-sectional
investigation of the PM processes and AI categories/tools was carried out to iden-
tify any path that is prevalent, where the prevalence comes from, and for which PM
process or sector it is most successful. Finally, from this study several gaps emerged
that scientific research would have to fill to effectively implement AI in PM and
that have been turned into opportunities for future research in the form of a research
agenda.

Keywords Artificial intelligence · Project risk management · PMBOK · Decision

making · Expert system

JEL Classification D2 · D24

Abbreviations
AI Artificial intelligence
AHP Analytic hierarchy process
AIHP Interval analytic hierarchy process
APIs Application programming interfaces
BNCC Bayesian networks with causality constraints

Extended author information available on the last page of the article

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DSS Decision support system

FL Fuzzy logic
IT Information technology
LR Literature review
PASS Project analysis and selection system
PQRA Perform quantitative/qualitative risk analysis
PRISMA Preference reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses
PMBOK Project management body of knowledge
PMI Project management institute
PM Project manager
RQ Research questions
SLR Systematic literature review
TOPSIS Technique for performing order by similarity to ideal solution

1 Introduction

Project management has deep roots in history and has evolved over the centuries.
The earliest forms of project management can be traced back to antiquity, with the
construction of great works such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of
China. One of the key early developments in modern project management was the
“Gantt Chart” method, developed by Henry L. Gantt in 1917 (Pacagnella and da
Silva 2023). In the 1950s and 1960s, scholars such as Peter Drucker and Frederick
Taylor helped develop theories on the organization and management of production
processes (Winkler-Schwartz et al. 2019). During the Cold War, the aerospace and
defense industry in the United States invested heavily in complex project manage-
ment. With the advent of computers and project management software in the 1980s
and 1990s, project management has become increasingly automated and sophisti-
cated (Friedrich 2023). Today, project management has become a key discipline
in a wide range of industries, from construction to information technology, health-
care to manufacturing (De Felice et al. 2022; Makarov et al. 2021; Vollmer et al.
2020). It is supported by a wide range of tools, methodologies and standards that
continue to evolve to meet the ever-changing needs of modern organizations (List-
ikova et al. 2020; Wang and Chen 2023). In this context it is worth mentioning that
pproximately $48 trillion is invested in projects every year. However, according to
the Standish Group, only 35% of projects are considered successful. The waste of
resources and unrealized benefits of the remaining 65% are staggering. One of the
reasons why success rates are so low is the low level of maturity of the available
technologies. For project management, most organizations and project managers
still use spreadsheets, slides and other applications that have not evolved much in
recent decades. These tools are adequate when it comes to measuring the success of
a simple project based on deliveries and deadlines met, but they are not up to par in
a complex environment where projects and initiatives are constantly adapting and
evolving (Weber et al. 2012). In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has begun
to radically transform the way projects are planned, managed and executed (Shukla
Shubhendu and Vijay 2013). Due to its numerous applications and even more so due

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How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

to its enormous benefits (Castro and New 2016), AI has been able to spread rapidly
in many areas (Health, Finance, Business, etc.) and generate considerable social and
economic value, as testified by the large amount of research in the scientific library
(Nguyen et al. 2022; Nishimwe et al. 2022; Sangeetha et al. 2022; Xue et al. 2020;
Zhao and Saeed 2022). Even the main international standardization body for project
management, the Project Management Institute (PMI), supports the application of
AI (PMI 2021). Observing that conventional project management tools often fall
short in accurately predicting project success, Martínez and Fernández-Rodríguez
(2015) conducted a study to explore alternative tools. Their research particularly
emphasizes the value of artificial intelligence in managing the uncertainties and
complexities inherent in project environments. The literature was also analyzed by
Afzal et al. (2021) to investigate the connection between complexity and risk and
to identify the main AI technologies for risk management in construction projects.
Still in Fridgeirsson et al. (2021) have worked on identifying the potential areas of
greater success of AI (project cost, planning and risk). Finally, many studies and
research have already been conducted to explore the benefits and risks of applying
AI to risk management processes (Jiang et al. 2013; Naim 2022; Žigienė et al. 2019;
Nimmy et al. 2023). Despite all this abundance of literature, the research is mostly
focused on the technology solutions and still sparse and confusing when consider-
ing managing project risks with digitized systems such as AI (Gejke 2018; Pande
and Khamparia 2023). In this scenario, it seemed appropriate to provide a compre-
hensive Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to (i) investigare the state of the art of
project management; (ii) how AI can support the project management; (iii) which
specific aspects of project management will be innovated, and (iv) to understand
which AI tools are best suited for any processes of project management and why.
SLR emphasizes the most important authors, research institutes and countries where
important contributions to the field have been made. It is a fundamental method
used in academic and scientific research to summarize and analyze the current state
of knowledge in a particular field (Kitchenham 2004). Thus, the present research
aims to clarify the subject from a scientific point of view to offer a starting point
for future studies that intend to concretely pursue this idea of using AI for risk man-
agement. With this purpose, this document also provides a proposal for the future
research agenda with a specific focus of producing in a very near future a framework
to outline the critical decision of a successful process for introducing AI in PM and
to promote a rapid maturation of AI in this field.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 explains the research meth-
odology used to conduct the literature review; Sect. 3 discusses the main findings
of the research. While, in Sect. 4 an overview of future development and research
agenda is given. Finally, Sect. 5 provides the main implications of research.

2 Research methodology

A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is applied to identifying, evaluating, and syn-

thesizing existing research studies relevant to the specific research questions (Moher
et al. 2009). Figure 1 shows the main phases followed to carried out the SLR.

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 M. E. Nenni et al.

Fig. 1  Methodology applied to the development of the Systematic Literature Review (author’s elabora-
tion)

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How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

In detail, SLR starts by identifying the research questions (Phase#1). Then,

Phase#2 continues defining the analysis sample. The search results are selected and
evaluated considering well-defined exclusion, inclusion and quality criteria. The
process of screening articles up to the definition of the final analysis sample is sum-
marized graphically by using the PRISMA Protocol (Rethlefsen et al. 2021). Next,
the Phase#3 develops a bibliometric analysis of the papers forming the sample by
classifying the papers by year, country and journal of publication. Furthmeore, the
Phase#4 shows an analysis of bibliometric networks obtained using the VOSviewer
software (Li et al. 2022). In this phase, firstly, objective data, as such as the PM pro-
cesses addressed—as reported in the PMBOK (Faraji et al. 2022)—and the Project
Management (PM) processes connected with them, AI categories and tools were
extracted from papers. Besides, in order to deepen the study, a cross-analysis is per-
formed to assess the coexistence and relationship of the PM processes, AI categories
and tools. Afterward, the main results of the process are classified and analyzed.
Then, the discussion follows the results, and the definition of challenges and limits.

2.1 Phase#1: research question definition

In a SLR, research questions guide the entire review process. These questions help
define the scope of the review and provide a clear focus for selecting, analyzing,
and synthesizing relevant studies. Well-formulated research questions ensure that
the review is systematic, structured, and goal-oriented. Typically, SLRs have one or
more research questions that address specific aspects of the topic under investiga-
tion. Research questions should be relevant to the research area or field being stud-
ied. Thus, it is important to it is important to remember the assumptions underlying
our SRL:

(a) By their nature, projects are characterized by unpredictability, which makes

them highly susceptible to risk (Trier and Treffers 2021). Risk management is
therefore fundamental to the effective development and implementation of the
project itself.
(b) The purpose of PM is to continuously identify, analyze and control all project-
related uncertainty factors to minimize the probability of occurrence and the
impact of risks (Cervone 2006).
(c) PM is also viewed as a systematic and proactive approach that aim to increase
the probability of project success (Willumsen et al. 2019). Today, this activity
is carried out by the Project Manager (PM), or Project Risk Manager (PM),
sustained often by a team of experts.

This research stems from the idea of providing managers with a specific sup-
port in risk management coming from the AI and aims at promoting and backing an
effective application of AI.
For this purpose and based on what pointed out, we identified a few Research
Questions (RQ) that are summarized in Table 1.

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Table 1  Research questions identification and clarification

Research questions Considerations Sub research questions

RQ1: Are there industries where the spread of AI for The objective of this first RQ is twofold: (i) identify-
PM processes has been wider and faster so far? ing industries where research on this topic is more
promising on the base of knowledge and experience
already gained; (ii) promoting the collection of
homogeneous data from these industries to identify
failures and successes, strengths, and weaknesses, of
different ways to use AI in PM, that can be serve as a
reference for other industries
RQ2: What is the support for effectively applying the Through this research question, the aim is to gain a RQ2.a: Which PM processes are most likely to be man-
topic of AI in PM, in terms of frameworks, models, quantitative understanding of the actual scope of AI aged through AI?
tools, etc., already provided in literature? research for PM and whether there is a trend. This PM consists of many processes, and it is important to
general research question is divided into sub-ques- understand whether some of these are more suitable to
tions to deepen and focus the topic be managed by AI
RQ2. b: Which AI categories are most involved in
research?
Since AI is a very complex and complicated topic, it
needs to better understand which area or application of
AI is prevalent for PM, if any, and why
RQ2.c: What are the most used AI tools for PM?
RQ3: Is there a pathway that matches AI categories/ In answering this research question, we can connect
tools and PM processes? AI categories/tools to specific PM processes and
identify recurrent pathways of application proving
a better performance or at least a consistent lesson

M. E. Nenni et al.
learned
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

2.2 Phase#2: identification of the analysis sample

2.2.1 Database search identification

A systematic review involves a comprehensive search of various academic data-

bases, journals, conference proceedings, and other sources to identify all relevant
studies. The databases taken into consideration for the search are the Web of Science
and Scopus, currently the largest bibliographic database of scientific literature. To
perform the subject-specific search, thirteen keywords, listed in the Table 2, were
selected, and appropriately combined using the Boolean operators of union and
intersection. Only articles in which the string was found in (1) article title, or in (2)
abstract or in (3) keywords were analyzed.
The bibliometric analysis considered articles completely in English published
from 1996 to 2023.

2.2.2 Eligibility criteria definition: exclusion ad inclusion criteria

A systematic review follows a well-defined and systematic process, including clear

criteria for study selection, data extraction, and analysis. This process is designed to
minimize bias and ensure transparency. Therefore, it is necessary to define inclusion
and exclusion criteria to select the studies that will be included in the analysis sam-
ple. In detail, the exclusion criteria considered are:

– E1. Incomplete documents;

– E2. Documents such as books, proceedings and thesis;
– E3. Documents such as literature reviews, surveys and repots;
– E5. Duplicate documents;
– E6. Documents outside the reference time;
– E7. Documents out of scope.

Table 2  Search protocol and

selection of literature (initial Keywords Project risk;
setting) Literature review;
Framework;
Management;
Identification;
Analysis;
Assessment;
Digitalization;
Artificial intelligence;
Machine learning;
Classification;
Monitoring;
Decision support system
Boolean operator AND—OR

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While the inclusion criteria are:

– I1. Papers published in English only;

– I2. Papers only;
– I3. Documents referring to AI according to a precise definition.

2.2.3 Quality criteria definition

The quality and validity of each included study are assessed using predetermined
criteria. This assessment helps in evaluating the reliability of the evidence. This
study established three criteria:

– Q1: Papers that include risk management processes and artificial intelligence;
– Q2: Papers exploring the fields of application of artificial intelligence categories
and tools;
– Q3: Papers with a significant impact factor, SCImago Journal Rank or CiteScore.

2.2.4 Identification of the analysis sample (PRISMA)

According to the above sections, the documents were identified and checked for
eligibility and relevance to form an inclusion set using the PRISMA Protocol. The
initial investigation returned a sample of 1820 bibliographic records. However, con-
sidering the assumed selection criteria the analysis identified 666 out-of-scope doc-
uments, returning a sample of 524 eligible documents. It is worth pointing out that
the selected studies were analyzed checking in each of them the effective use of AI
was analyzed. This check is due to the fact that there is no single definition of AI. A
few papers include basic algorithms that are, however, far from the true essence of
AI. To perform this kind of check, the definition of Kaplan and Haenlein (2019) was
used: Artificial intelligence is the ability of a system to correctly interpret external
data, to learn from that data, and to use that learning to achieve specific goals and
tasks through flexible adaptation. The final list of the analyzed documents is shown
in Online Appendix A. Figure 2 summarizes the represents flow diagram for the
selection of documents based on PRISMA.

2.3 Phase#3: bibliometric sample analysis

2.3.1 Publication by years

The analysis of the trend of the number of publications per year highlights that
from 2020 to 2023 there is an increase in the number of documents of documents
developing researche on integration of PM with AI. The trend does not surprise
us considering the evolution of digitalization in project management (as shown in
Fig. 3). The trend does not surprise us considering the evolution of digitalization
in project management. In addition, it is reasonably conceivable that this trend is
also due to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic that caused certainly a moment

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Fig. 2  Flow diagram for the selection of documents based on PRISMA

Fig. 3  Publications per year from 1996 to 2023 (source: Scopus)

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of discontinuity. Presumably, the research on this topic was experiencing a stale-

mate when the economic and social crisis triggered from pandemic worked as a
“catalyst” factor that accelerated digital and technological change. This undoubt-
edly encouraged the adoption, and consequently research, of innovative technolo-
gies such as AI. The tred suggests that the next few years will be characterized by
the ever-increasing publication of scientific publications on this research frontier.

2.3.2 Country analysis

Figure 4 shows that research is concentrated outside Europe. The first country
in terms of number of publications on the integration of AI in PM is China,
which is credited with 17% (33 documents) of the publications. This is followed
by the United Kingdom (19;10%), Iran and the United States (15;8%) and Tai-
wan (10;5%). However, these results are due to government policies implemented
to foster AI research and application; especially in countries such as China and
the US which are the main competitors in the global landscape for the develop-
ment of AI technology. Over the past 5 years, the two countries have recorded
the highest rate of adoption of this technology in government and business. They
contributed 94% of global funding of new companies employing 70% of the best
global researchers in this field (Kratochwill et al. 2020). In the United States,
in 2019, the “American AI Initiative” presidential degree was signed, inviting
federal agencies to increase funding for AI research by allowing scientists and
researchers to access government data as well. More recently, the Department of
Defense formulated a $2 billion strategic plan with the aim of overcoming the
limitations of current AI technologies (Wiltz 2019). In China, in 2017, 2 billion
dollars was allocated for research and development and 2.1 billion for the crea-
tion of a research park dedicated to AI topics in 2018 (Kumar 2021).

Fig. 4  Publications by country (source: Scopus)

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2.3.3 Documents by types

The analysis of the documents by type revealed the following breakdown: articles
(149; 88%), conference papers (14; 8%), and brief surveys (7; 4%). The 215 articles
published between 1996 and 2023 that make up the analysis sample were published
in 71 journals. A total of 62% of the papers were published in 12 journals, with the
remainder recording no more than two publications on the topic of interest for this
study. The main journals and publication details are shown in Table 3.
Thus, it can be deduced that the research interest in this topic is diversified from
the field of innovation, through management to sustainability.

2.3.4 Analysis of research trends

This section aims to highlight the bibliometric network to understand the magni-
tude of the phenomenon. Specifically, VOSviewer software was used to analyse bib-
liographic records from a collection of scientific literature, including keywords and
citations, and to generate co-occurrence networks of significant terms. Through the
same software, a keyword co-occurrence clustering view was generated. The total
number of identified keywords is approximately 1315, which include both keywords
provided by the authors of the articles and those assigned by Scopus. However,
regarding how many times a keyword is repeated, the maximum value calculated
by VOSviewer is 87. A total of 55 keywords with a frequency of at least 5 were
selected and a co-occurrence analysis was performed on them, as shown in Fig. 5.
Furthermore, the larger is the node, the higher is the frequency of that specific
keyword. Accordingly, the most frequent word is “risk assessment”, located in the
yellow cluster, with an occurrence value of 78. This is followed by the words “risk
management” in the red cluster with occurrence 57 and “project management” with
occurrence 56 belonging to the purple cluster. The thickness and proximity of the
lines connecting the keywords in the visualization denotes the frequency of co-
occurrence between two keywords across publications. Therefore, smaller distances
between elements and thicker lines signify a strong relationship between them. It
means that words that are close or connected by thick lines are more frequent, while
a high distance or thin connection between two keywords indicates that they do
not occur. The colour of each cluster is not random but determined by the complex
score considering occurences, links and link strength. Colours range from purple
(indicating a very low score) to yellow (indicating a low score), blue (indicating a
medium–low score), green (indicating a medium score) and red (indicating a high
score). To carry out the analysis of research trends followed below, it is importat to
consider that our research focuses on the integration of AI into PM, particularly in
risk management. The research also highlights an integrated approach in which AI
is used for data collection and analysis in risk management, showcasing AI-powered
decision support tools. Additionally, the role of AI extends to other PM processes
such as Portfolio Analysis, General Framework, and Decision Support Systems
(DSS), where it aids in risk identification and decision-making. The study positions
techniques like AHP, Fuzzy Logic, Machine Learning, and Optimization within an
AI framework, suggesting that their use in AI-driven decision support systems.

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Table 3  Top journals in which the highest number of articles have been published
Journal N° of papers Publisher CiteScore 2021 SJR 2021 IF 2021 Percentile

International journal of project management 15 Elsevier 14.0 2.495 9.037 97th

Decision support systems 10 Elsevier 11.3 1.973 6.969 90th
Sustainability switzerland 11 MDPI 5.0 0.664 3.889 75th
Expert systems with applications 9 Elsevier 12.2 2.07 8.665 91st
Automation in construction 6 Elsevier 15.0 2.401 10.517 96th
Information sciences 5 Elsevier 21.1 2.29 8.233 91st
Journal of cleaner production 4 Elsevier 15.8 1.921 11.072 98th
Journal of systems and software 5 Elsevier 8.9 1.418 4.476 86th
M. E. Nenni et al.
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

Fig. 5  Mapping of index keywords used in articles

2.3.4.1 Red cluster Table 4 lists the keywords that belong to the cluster, including
the number of occurrences of these keywords and the number and strength of links
they have.
The red cluster is the largest and most significant, presenting 12 keywords
referring mainly to the decision-making aspect of risk management in projects. A

Table 4  Occurrence and total Cluster red

link strength of keywords in red
cluster Keyword Links Total link Occurrences
strength

Artificial intelligence 27 61 13
Decision making 47 192 38
Decision support 15 23 5
Decision support systems 30 93 20
Forecasting 13 23 6
Fuzzy sets 31 60 11
Machine learning 23 39 10
Neural networks 15 21 5
Optimization 21 39 8
Prediction 18 29 7
Project management 52 286 57
Risk 20 25 7

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new method for decision support in project risk response is introduced by Zhang
et al. (2020). The method is comprised of two key steps: the creation of alterna-
tive risk response actions (RRAs) using case-based analysis, and the identification
of the optimal set of RRAs through a fuzzy optimization model. In addition to these,
fuzzy set theory is applied to assess risk probability, risk impact and risk similar-
ity in the RRA selection process. For the prediction of project control, Wauters and
Vanhoucke (2017) introduce the Nearest Neighbors (NN) technique. This technique
is used as a predictor and compared with existing EVM/ES and AI methods. It is
therefore referred to as hybridization as the prediction process requires the use of
NN and an AI method. Liu et al. (2020) present a new intelligent model for project
risk management during the construction of large, prefabricated building projects.
The model is a hybrid of two algorithms: the Backpropagation (BP) neural network-
based feedforward multilayer deep learning algorithm and the Modified Teach-
ing–Learning-Based-Optimization (MTLBO) algorithm. To enhance the traditional
Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm, information entropy
was incorporated to create the MTLBO algorithm, resulting in the MTLBO-BP neu-
ral network prediction model. This risk management model provides faster conver-
gence and a more precise solution to the problem of reliability and cost allocation in
engineering projects. Recently, Bilgin et al. (2023) propose a process model and a
tool, COPPMAN (COnstruction Project Portfolio MANagement), were developed to
support project portfolio decisions in construction companies.

2.3.4.2 Green cluster The green cluster is the second most significant cluster and
relates mainly to the identification of risk and its classification. Table 5 summarizes
all characteristics.
In real development, the success of a project can be jeopardized by a multitude
of risk factors, which are not necessarily uniform and can vary widely. In most
projects, risk impacts are often difficult to identify, relying largely on subjective
assessments rather than hard data. Dikmen et al. (2007) proposes a methodology

Table 5  Occurrence and total Cluster green

link strength of keywords in
green cluster Keyword Links Total link Occurrences
strength

Analytic hierarchy process 23 45 7

China 16 24 5
Construction 23 41 5
Fuzzy mathematics 23 62 8
Fuzzy set theory 29 64 8
Hierarchical systems 23 38 5
Project assessment 24 31 5
Risk factors 23 35 5
Risk identification 27 56 14
Surveys 23 37 5

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for quantifying risk assessments of construction projects. Specifically, the influence

diagram method is used to construct a risk model. This is integrated with a fuzzy
risk assessment approach to estimate a cost overrun risk assessment. While, it was
the absence of empirical models for project risk planning and analysis that moti-
vated Hu et al. (2013a) research in the context of software projects. To mitigate risk
impacts and improve predictability of project outcomes, an integrative framework
for intelligent software project risk planning (IF-ISPRP) was proposed. The research
team employed the random forest algorithm to develop a risk analysis model and
introduced a many-to-many actionable knowledge discovery method (MMAKD) for
risk planning purposes.
To minimize the overall risks associated with a project, however, Albogami et al.
(2021) proposed a new approach using a hybrid method of Analytic Hierarchy Pro-
cess (AHP) and Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. The study involved several
phases: firstly, quantitative research was conducted to identify potential risk factors
that could impact a project. Then, a hybrid unsupervised machine learning algo-
rithm based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and agglomerative clustering
was used to classify projects according to ownership, operational and technologi-
cal, financial, and strategic risk factors. Finally, a hybrid AHP and Dempster-Shafer
evidence theory was developed to select the best alternative with the lowest overall
risk. The results of their study highlighted four primary risk categories: Property
Risk Factors, Technology and Operational Risk Factors, Financial Risk Factors, and
Strategic Risk Factors. More recently, Ansari et al. (2022) aim to take a significant
step to improve the efficiency of projects by identifying and ranking the causes of
claims and analyzing their effects on key efficiency indicators using AHP-TOPSIS
technique.

2.3.4.3 Blue cluster The blue cluster, the characteristics of which are shown in
Table 6, concerns the modelling and programming of project risk.

Table 6  Occurrence and total Cluster blue

link strength of keywords in
blue cluster Keyword Links Total link Occurrences
strength

Computer simulation 21 38 6
Computer software 13 22 5
Decision theory 29 54 10
Fuzzy logic 12 17 5
Mathematical models 15 47 8
Monte carlo methods 21 29 5
Monte carlo simulation 14 27 6
Planning 19 28 5
Probability 22 45 7
Scheduling 24 42 7
Uncertainty 29 45 8

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Mokhtari and Aghagoli (2020) propose a technique for selecting risk-respon-

sive actions in the project portfolio. A Bayesian belief network is used to model
the portfolio risks, their impacts and responses. Whereas, to select the response,
an optimization model is used to minimize the sum of the residual risk impacts
on the objectives of the portfolio components and the costs of implementing the
responses. Solving the model is a genetic algorithm whose results support project
managers in providing an appropriate combination of actions consistent with avail-
able resources. While, Lee et al. (2012) introduce a framework for assessing and
simulating outsourcing risks in the supply chain. The framework aims to incorporate
not only established but also emerging risks and is guided by sound risk manage-
ment practices, including risk identification, analysis and mitigation actions. The
proposed methodology involves both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment.
For the former, the use of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is suggested
to construct a risk map. For the second, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used. In a
complex and dynamic environment with high uncertainties amidst limited resources,
project risk assessment is crucial for project success. Isah and Kim (2021) propose a
stochastic multiskilled resource planning model (SMSRS) for resource-constrained
project scheduling problems (RCSPSP) that considers the impact of risk and uncer-
tainty on task duration. The SMSRS model is developed by integrating a planning
risk analysis (SRA) model with an existing algorithm (MSRS) to create feasible and
realistic planning. In particular, triangular probability distribution and Monte Carlo
simulation using MS Excel are applied to assess the risks and uncertainties associ-
ated with the duration of construction activities. Recently, Prieto and Alarcón (2023)
develop new approaches regarding AI systems, using fuzzy sets and multiple linear
regression for managing waste in construction project delivery in the metropolitan
area of Santiago, Chile.

2.3.4.4 Yellow cluster The yellow cluster is mainly related to project-related eco-
nomic risk, as can be seen from the cluster characteristics shown in Table 7.

Table 7  Occurrence and total Cluster Yellow

link strength of keywords in
yellow cluster Keyword Links Total link Occurrences
strength

Bayesian network 25 54 10
Budget control 15 25 6
Cost benefit analysis 18 29 5
Costs 26 37 6
Knowledge based systems 48 189 33
Risk analysis 21 29 5
Risk assessment 55 352 76
Risk perception 26 57 9
Uncertainty analysis 36 69 11

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An industrial case concerning large projects in the energy industry is used to

illustrate the application of the method proposed by Sanchez et al. (2020) to reduce
the risk of project cost (or budget) overruns. The case study outlines the develop-
ment of a rigorous and repeatable method for estimating the impact of Project Man-
agement Maturity (PMM) on project performance. Bayesian networks are employed
to formalize the knowledge of project management experts and extract information
from a database of previous projects, allowing for a better understanding of per-
formance failures (such as the risk of cost overruns) caused by insufficient PMM
maturity. Project portfolios are strategic tools for the implementation of corporate
strategy. Therefore, Dixit and Tiwari (2020) proposed a way to reduce the likeli-
hood of experiencing significant losses by implementing a risk-averse strategy. The
approach involves using the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) measure as an objec-
tive function to construct a portfolio of projects that has the least risky profile. There
are three models that researchers have developed for selecting and planning project
portfolios, namely the risk-neutral (max_E), risk-averse (max_CVaR), and combined
compromise (max_E_CVaR) models. These models enable organizations to choose
and plan project portfolios based on their appetite for risk and the importance they
assign to risk-averse and risk-neutral objectives. A flexible and rational approach is
proposed by Idrus et al. (2011) who proposed a method for estimating cost con-
tingency based on risk analysis and a fuzzy expert system. The method involved
the development of a cost contingency model in construction projects. The fuzzy
expert system is incorporated in the use of the risk analysis technique as a general
technique applied as a method for estimating project cost contingency. Recently, de
Oliveira et al. (2023) propose an interesting case study on self-organizing maps and
Bayesian networks in organizational modelling.

2.3.4.5 Purple cluster Finally, the smallest is the purple cluster with 8 keywords.
This groups those articles from the literature that deal with risk assessment, response
and management; as shown in Table 8.
Project risks are commonly treated as separate entities in the field of risk man-
agement. However, not considering the potential interrelationships among them can

Table 8  Occurrence and total Cluster Purple

link strength of keywords in
purple cluster Keyword Links Total link Occurrences
strength

Construction Industry 45 111 17

Construction projects 37 66 12
Design/methodology/approach 23 41 6
Life cycle 18 36 7
Project risk 17 28 6
Project risk management 27 76 13
Risk management 53 269 56
Risk response 14 25 6

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 M. E. Nenni et al.

lead to an inadequate assessment of potential risks and decrease the overall effec-
tiveness of the management process. To address this problem, Guan et al. (2021)
developed a new risk interdependence network model with the aim of helping deci-
sion-makers accurately assess project risks and develop more effective risk mitiga-
tion strategies. The novel model incorporates both Interpretive Structural Modeling
(ISM) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) techniques to effectively model the sto-
chastic nature of project risk occurrence, considering interdependencies and ana-
lyzing the potential consequences of risk propagation. This integration allows for a
more comprehensive and accurate assessment of project risks, providing decision-
makers with valuable insights to inform their risk management strategies.
Risk management (RM) is a process that heavily relies on knowledge, necessitat-
ing the effective management of risk-related information. However, it is common to
overlook the importance of integrating various stages of the process, such as risk
identification, analysis, response, and monitoring. This can result in suboptimal risk
management outcomes and missed opportunities to identify and address potential
risks. Fan and Yu (2004) show that Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) provide visible
and repeatable decision support under conditions of uncertainty in software design
risk management. A BBN-based procedure has been developed using a feedback
loop to predict potential risks, identify sources of risk and advise on the dynamic
adjustment of resources. Okudan et al. (2021) proposed a knowledge-based RM tool
called CBRisk, which utilizes case-based reasoning (CBR) techniques. CBRisk is
web-based, enables the cyclic RM process and incorporates an efficient case find-
ing method using a comprehensive set of design similarity features in the form of
fuzzy linguistic variables. The tool utilizes a database of past projects to provide a
risk register model, which identifies them, calculates their probability and impact,
and generates response plans for each risk. By understanding all RM processes and
supporting the project team throughout the project lifecycle, CBRisk proves to be
a valuable resource for managing risks effectively. While, recently, Waqar et al.
(2023) explore the integration of AI into construction safety management, highlight-
ing its potential to improve risk management. It identifies key factors for successful
AI implementation, based on industry expert analysis.

2.4 Data analysis

In this section we provide an analysis of data from the170 primary studies with the
aim of giving a clear overview of how the scientific community has moved to date
and highlight any gaps to fill. The analysis is organized accordingly to the research
questions listed above.

2.4.1 RQ #1 “Are there industries where the spread of AI for PM processes has been
wider and faster so far?”

Analysis of the selected sample from 1996 to 2023 shows that a large majority of
studies are focused on a specific sector. Specifically, out of 215 articles, as many as
70 focus on construction (50.3%). This sector is followed by the field of IT, software

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How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

development (13.4%). The remaining articles are spread over different sectors as
shown in Fig. 6.
The reasons that probably make these two sectors so relevant are essentially
related to the fact that both sectors contribute to economic growth worldwide (Ma
et al. 2019). However, it should be noted that although both the construction sector
and the IT sector heavily utilize project management techniques, but for different
reasons and in different ways as explained below:

1. Construction Sector: Project management is extensively used in the construc-

tion sector due to the inherently complex nature of construction projects. Here
is why: a) Large-Scale Projects (Project management is crucial to manage the
various aspects of these large-scale projects effectively); b) Multidisciplinary
Teams (Project management ensures that these multidisciplinary teams work
cohesively toward a common goal); c) Resource Management (Project manage-
ment techniques help optimize resource usage, minimize waste, and keep projects
on track); d) Budget and Cost Control (Project management methodologies assist
in controlling budgets, tracking expenses, and preventing financial setbacks); and
e) Risk Management (Project management provides strategies to identify, assess,
and mitigate these risks).
2. IT Sector: The IT sector heavily relies on project management to navigate the
complexities of technology-driven initiatives. Here is why project management is
crucial in the IT sector: a) Rapid Technological Advancements (Project manage-
ment provides a structured approach to adopting new technologies and managing
complex software development projects); b) Software Development Lifecycles
(Project management helps in organizing and streamlining these phases); c)
Budget Constraints (Project management methodologies ensure efficient alloca-
tion of resources and cost control); d) Risk and Change Management (Project
management techniques aid in managing changes, addressing risks, and maintain-

Fig. 6  Application fields of AI for PM processes

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 M. E. Nenni et al.

ing project stability); e) Agile Methodologies (Project management helps imple-

ment these methodologies effectively).

Thus, Project management is indispensable in ensuring the successful execution

of complex, resource-intensive, and time-sensitive projects in both sectors.

2.4.2 RQ #2 “What is the support for effectively applying the topic of AI in PM,
in terms of frameworks, models, tools, etc., already provided in literature?”

The second research question is asked to understand in a quantitative way the real
extent of AI research for PM in terms of gained knowledge for an effective applica-
tion. To obtain in-depth and detailed results, the research question is divided into
sub-questions such as:

– RQ2.a: Which PM processes are most likely to be managed through AI?

– RQ2.b: Which AI categories are most involved in the research?
– RQ2.c: What are the most used AI tools for PM??

RQ2.a: According to PMBOK sixth Edition, there are seven main PM processes:
Plan risk management, Identify Risk, Perform Qualitative rick Analysis Perform,
Quantitative rick Analysis, Plan Risk Responses, Implement Risk Responses and
Monitor Risks. The 215 in the analysis sample were investigated to understand the
integration of AI into PM. The results show that only one process occurs frequently
(43 items) while the rest occur insignificantly. Table 9 shows these results in detail.
Most of the articles dealt with PQRA processes. This is probably due to the quan-
titative and data-driven characteristics of these processes for which AI offers bet-
ter advantages. The selected documents, however, revealed that several articles dealt
with not just one process, but an integrated approach involving several processes in
sequence. In particular, three main combinations of PM processes were intercepted
(Table 10). However, it should be clarified that the “Perform risk analysis” process
combines Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Analysis.
The integrated approach in project management (PM) leverages AI for data
collection, particularly in the quantitative phase of risk analysis. AI is utilized to
analyze large datasets, identifying potential risk triggers and providing decision

Table 9  Number of papers for Process PM Number of Percentage

each PM process papers of sample

Plan risk management 5 2.4%

Identify risks 12 7.1%
Perform quantitative/ quantitative 43 25.3%
risk analysis (PQRA)
Plan risk responses 11 5.9%
Implement risk responses 2 0.6%
Monitor risks 3 1.8%

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Table 10  Number of papers for integrated PM processes ((integration of AI into PM)

Process PM Number of papers Percentage of sample Motivation

Identify risks + Perform risk analysis + Plan- 6 9%

ning responses to risks
Identify risks + Perform risk analysis 28 47%
Monitor risks + Plan risk response 4 2%

support. This includes recommendations for risk response based on historical data
and project context, as demonstrated in Ebrahimnejad et al.’s (2010) research, which
outlines a new risk structure using methods like FTOPSIS and FLINMAP. Similarly,
Isaac and Navon (2014) highlight the use of AI-powered dashboards for semi-auto-
mated project monitoring and risk management, including an Automated Project
Performance Control (APPC) system. The research sample includes studies where
AI is applied in PM processes, especially in areas closely related to risk manage-
ment, such as Portfolio Analysis, General Framework, Prediction/Estimation/Fore-
casting, Optimization, and Decision Support Systems (DSS). These studies often
use AI for risk identification and decision-making. The analysis is specific to papers
where AI directly influences risk management decisions. Papers not directly utiliz-
ing AI for risk management, comprising 28% (49 papers) of the sample, are catego-
rized under “other PM processes”. This approach ensures a focused examination of
AI’s role in project risk management. Table 11 show the details.
For example, Han et al. (2008) introduced a web-based decision support system
for managing risks in international construction projects, offering global accessibil-
ity and addressing the high risk of failure due to uncertainties. The paper empha-
sizes the significance of risk identification and analysis in project management.
Ghasemzadeh and Archer (2000) discussed the challenges in selecting a project port-
folio, proposing the PASS for structured decision-making. Idrus et al. (2011) devel-
oped a method for objectively estimating project costs using a fuzzy expert system,
enhancing traditional subjective judgments in risk analysis. Furthermore, research
on optimization in project management, though less prevalent, has been noted.
Honari Choobar et al. (2012) applied optimization to classify risks in power plant
projects using fuzzy analytical network and the fuzzy Technique for Order Pref-
erence by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for a comprehensive risk assess-
ment. Lastly, Fang and Marle (2012) created an integrated Decision Support System

Table 11  Number of articles for Other PM process Number

each other AI process of papers

Portfolio analysis 8
General framework 18
Prediction/estimation/forecasting 16
Optimization 3
Decision support system 8

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 M. E. Nenni et al.

(DSS) framework for managing complex risk networks in projects. This framework
combines the design structure matrix (DSM) for dependency modeling with the
analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate risk interactions, supplemented by
simulation techniques for dynamic risk assessment. This approach provides an in-
depth understanding of risk behavior and supports effective risk management deci-
sion-making in project management. Additionally, simulation techniques are used to
analyze the propagation of risks and reassess them as needed. By integrating these
various approaches, the proposed framework provides comprehensive understand-
ing of risk behavior and enables more effective risk management decision-making.
To see if some PM processes have been systematically supported by AI in a specific
industry, the relationship between sector and processes is analysed, as illustrated in
Fig. 7. Radar charts show two series representing the sectors that, from the analysis
conducted so far, they seem to have applied AI more to PM processes: construction
and IT. For each sector, the number of documents reporting the PM processes of the
PMBOK is reported, including the integrated ones, (Fig. 7a) and the PM processes

Fig. 7  Relationship between industry and processes: A: PM processes of PMBOK; B: “other” processes

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How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

that in this research have been indicated as “others PM processes connected to PM

ones” (Fig. 7b).
As shown in Fig. 6, there is not a specific pattern, as both considered industries,
construction and IT, present a higher number of papers dealing with performing
quantitative risk analysis both as singular as well as integrated approach. Numbers
are also consistent with the general trend not depending thus on any industry.
RQ2.b: Continuing the investigation, the next step is to link PM processes with
specific AI applications. There are a great number of AI applications and many ways
to group them. In this research, eight possible AI applications are distinguished, the
characteristics of which are shown in Table 12.
Also in this analysis, a distinction is made between works in which only one AI
category is applied and others that mix several categories. A total of 132 papers
(77.1%) were found to apply only one category of AI. There are three categories
with the highest number of applications in the surveyed sample, such as: 1) Advis-
ing; 2) Prediction and 3) Classification. The other categories have fewer than 10
associated documents. The importance of these 3 categories is also demonstrated by
the Pareto Analysis shown in Fig. 8.
From the sample study, the category “Advising” is the most frequently used
application of AI. For example, in Nie et al. (2009) research, advising is utilized
to develop a mechanism for evaluating a company’s eligibility for launching a data
mining project. Similarly, Hu et al. (2013a, b) proposes an integrative framework
called IF-ISPRP for intelligent software project risk planning, which leverages
advising techniques. The second most applied AI category is “Predictive”. A model-
ling framework using AI methods is applied by Wu et al. (2015) to develop an inte-
grated interpretative structure modelling (ISM) and Bayesian network system in a
risk assessment context. In the research of Ghasemi et al. (2018) forecasting is used
to define a framework for analysing the risk of a portfolio to achieve sustainability.
The last most applied category of AI is Classification. This category is applied in
Ebrahimnejad et al. (2010) research to create risk classification methods that can
identify critical factors and evaluate associated risks. In a similar vein, Fan and Yu
(2004) employs AI classification to forecast potential risks, detect risk sources, and
recommend real-time resource adjustments.
As far as the mix of categories is concerned, the results obtained from the sample
study are shown in Table 13.
As shown, the “Classification/Prediction” pair is by far the most used. This is
shown in the research of Zhang et al. (2013) that introduce a novel assessment
framework that combines the analytical interval hierarchy process (AIHP) and the
extension of the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOP-
SIS). This approach aims to enhance the accuracy and dependability of risk identi-
fication in hydropower projects. Classification/Prediction is also applied in the con-
text of cost, benefit and return on investment (ROI) risks of projects by Yet et al.
(2016). A Bayesian network modelling framework capable of modelling various risk
events is proposed, allowing users to assess project costs and benefits under different
risk scenarios.
RQ2.c: This research question aims to find out what are the most used AI for
PM and why? Specific artificial intelligence tools are defined for each category of

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Table 12  AI applications

AI application Description Number
of paper

Advising These algorithms are used to guide decision-making, assist in planning, and reduce risk. (Méndez-Suárez et al. 2019) 44
Classification Common classification algorithms include decision trees and support vector machines. As classification algorithms 16
rely on explicit class labelling, they fall under the category of supervised learning (Amit 2018)
Clustering The algorithm identifies and groups instances that are highly like one another, while keeping them separate from 5
instances that are dissimilar. Because clustering does not rely on pre-labeled instance classes, it is classified as a form
of unsupervised learning (Han et al. 2022)
Guiding These algorithms provide guidance on how to move within policies, processes or workflows based on successful 9
historical actions. By harnessing these algorithms, it is possible to improve understanding of complex systems and
make more informed decisions on how to navigate them by providing a valuable tool in supporting decision-making
processes (Mellit and Kalogirou 2008)
Knowledge extraction Knowledge extraction involves creating machine-readable and machine-interpretable knowledge from structured 7
sources (such as relational databases and XML) as well as unstructured sources (such as text, documents, and
images). By extracting knowledge from different sources, valuable insights are gained, and more informed decision-
making is facilitated (Flasiński 2016)
Modelling The modelling technique consists of learning by observing the behavior of a subject acting as a model. Several factors 7
are crucial in the modelling process, such as: the characteristics of the model; the characteristics of the implemented
behavior; the characteristics of the person observing the behavior; the consequences produced by the behavior
(Stockwell 1999)
Optimization Optimization involves finding the input parameters or arguments of a function that result in the minimum or maximum 3
output of the function. In machine learning, optimization problems typically involve optimizing continuous func-
tions, where the function’s input arguments are real-valued numerical values. (Muggleton 2014)
Prediction Predictive algorithms use past behavior and events to make small, repeatable decisions and judgments that anticipate 38
future human behavior and events Haleem et al. (2022)

M. E. Nenni et al.
Regression Regression and classification are two related, but distinct techniques used in machine learning. While classification 3
focuses on predicting discrete categories, regression is utilized when the outcome to be predicted consists of continu-
ous numerical values (Russell and Bohannon 2015)
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

Fig. 8  Pareto analysis for AI categories

Table 13  Number of papers for AI categories No. of papers

AI categories
Regression/Prediction 2
Advising/Optimization 1
Advising/Prediction 3
Classification/Advising 5
Classification/Prediction 14
Dimensionality reduction/Prediction 3
Knowledge extraction/Advising 1
Modelling/Optimization 3
Association/Prediction 2
Classification/Prediction/Knowledgeextraction 2
Classification/Clustering/Prediction 4

AI. Specifically, 104 tools are identified, which in turn are grouped into clusters, as
shown in Fig. 9. This classification took place in two steps in an empirical way. First,
clusters were identified through a study aimed at identifying the main categories of
AI mentioned in articles focusing on the topic available in the scientific literature.
Then, for each article in the analysis sample, the AI tool applied was identified and
placed in one of the categories identified in the previous stage.
Three of them account for 52% of the total tools, as shown in Table 14.

2.4.3 RQ #3 “Is there a pathway that matches AI categories/tools and PM processes?”

The investigation conducted so far has shown the importance of searching for
pathways linking AI categories and PM processes. Therefore, several “cross-over”

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 M. E. Nenni et al.

Fig. 9  Clusters of AI tool

analyses are given below. The first analysis is shown in Table 15, where AI catego-
ries are cross-referenced with PM processes to evaluate if a relationship exists.
The analysis, as depicted in Table 15, indicates that out of various combina-
tions of PM and AI, two are particularly significant. First, the Perform Quantitative/
Qualitative Risk Analysis combined with Prediction, utilized in 18 research papers.
Notably, Hu et al. (2013b) employed Bayesian networks with causality constraints
(BNCC) in this category, developing a framework for risk causality analysis in soft-
ware projects. This framework focuses on identifying causal links between risk fac-
tors, using historical data to discover new connections and validate existing ones
impacting project outcomes.
The second significant combination involves Advising in the context of Perform
Quantitative/Qualitative Risk Analysis and Risk Response processes, featured in
14 studies. This indicates that risk analysis is instrumental in supporting decisions
related to risk responses. Lachhab et al. (2018) showcased this through a multi-cri-
teria decision support tool integrating Project Management and System Engineer-
ing (SE) sub-processes. They introduced a novel multi-objective ant colony (ACO)
algorithm, MONACO, which uses a unique learning mechanism allowing ants to
learn from past decisions, thereby optimizing future choices efficiently. Further-
more, Plan Risk Response combined with Advising was highlighted in the research
of Yavari et al. (2013), which developed an effective method for measuring software
risk using fuzzy logic. These results illustrate the evolving role of AI in enhancing
various aspects of PM, particularly in risk analysis and response planning. A second
analysis, shown in the Table 16 below, cross-references the AI categories with other
PM processes to clarify the existing relationship.
The analysis reveals that only a few combinations of AI categories and PM pro-
cesses yield significant results. The most prominent combination, featuring in 7
articles, is Consulting with Portfolio Analysis. In this context, Khalili-Damghani
et al. (2013) introduced a multi-objective approach for selecting sustainable project
portfolios, proposing a hybrid framework that merges data mining, Data Envelop-
ment Analysis (DEA), and an evolutionary algorithm (EA) to construct a Fuzzy

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 Table 14  Key AI tools

How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

Tool Definition No. of papers

Fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic (FL) models human-like reasoning using fuzzy sets and logical statements, mainly in control engineer- 49
ing. It extends conventional set theory, handling linguistic variables in natural languages. FL addresses uncer-
tainty and lexical imprecision, enabling decision-making in systems with uncertain or incomplete information,
where mathematical models are challenging to derive. In this research they make up this cluster:
Fuzzy analysis model
Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy TOPSIS
Trapezoidal fuzzy number (TPFN)
Network analysis All AI tools that use a network as a decision-support technique were considered in this cluster. These tools are 68
characterized by their ability to handle big data, map their non-linear relationships and provide prediction of
outcomes (Wang et al. 2017). These represent the logical and technical tool for organizing problems and analyz-
ing data in the presence of uncertainties, particularly when (probabilistic) cause-and-effect relationships are
complicated. The following AI tools were included in this cluster:
AHP
AHP/ANP
Analytic network process (ANP)
Artificial neural networks (ANNs)
Backpropagation, BP neural network
Bayesian belief network
Bayesian network
Fuzzy ANP
AIHP
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 Table 14  (continued)
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Tool Definition No. of papers

Decision support system Decision support systems (DSS) is the area of the Information Systems (IS) discipline that focuses on support- 59
ing and improving managerial decision-making. Decision Support System refers to any automatic information
processing system aimed at improving decision-making processes that are not fully structured (Arnott and Pervan
2015). In this cluster are included the following AI tools:
Decision making
Decision support system
DSS
Hybrid fuzzy rule-based multi criteria
Hybrid multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) method
Integrated fuzzy multi criteria evaluation
Multi criterAI decision making framework
Multi criterAI DM
Multi-criterAI decision analysis
Multi-objective model
MulticriterAI DSS
Multiple attribute decision-making (MADM)
PROBE-multicriterAI DSS
Web-based data DSS

M. E. Nenni et al.
Fuzzy-TOPSIS multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM)
 How artificial intelligence will transform project management…
Table 15  A cross-analysis between AI categories and PM processes
PM process
AI categories Plan risk man- Identify risks Perform qualitative Perform qualitative Plan Risk Implement risk Monitor risks
agement risk analysis risk analysis responses responses

Advising 0 1 0 8 6 0 0
Classification 0 4 0 5 0 0 1
Clustering 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Guiding 1 1 1 1 0 2 0
Knowledge extraction 0 2 0 2 1 0 0
Modelling 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
Optimization 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Prediction 0 1 3 12 1 0 0
Regression 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
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 M. E. Nenni et al.

Table 16  A cross-analysis between AI categories and other PM processes

PM process
AI categories Portfolio General Prediction/Estima- Optimization DSS
analysis framework tion/Forecasting

Advising 7 3 0 0 6
Classification 0 1 0 0 0
Clustering 1 0 0 0 0
Guiding 0 0 0 0 1
Knowledge extraction 0 1 0 0 0
Modelling 0 0 0 0 0
Optimization 0 0 0 1 0
Prediction 1 1 1 1 0
Regression 1 0 0 0 0

Rule-Based (FRB) system. Another notable combination, found in 6 articles, is

Decision Support Systems (DSS) with Consulting. This involves modeling, iden-
tifying, and interacting with risks, particularly in complex and uncertain project
environments. Fang and Marle (2012) proposed an integrated DSS framework that
includes risk network identification, evaluation, and analysis, combining the design
structure matrix for dependency modeling with the analytical hierarchy process for
risk interaction evaluation. This simulation-based model aids project managers in
planning risk response actions systematically. However, the impact of Advising in
developing a General framework is less apparent, with only three articles addressing
this aspect. Notably, Dey (2012) integrated all risk management processes, includ-
ing risk identification and assessment, using a combined multi-criteria decision-
making technique and decision tree analysis. This approach employs the cause-and-
effect diagram for risk identification, the analytical hierarchy process for analysis,
and a risk map for developing responses. Decision tree analysis is then applied to
model various risk response options and optimize risk mitigation strategies. Another
analysis was conducted by cross-referencing the AI categories with the integrated
approaches of the PMBOK stages intercepted in a previous analysis. The results are
shown in Table 17.
Considering the integrated PM processes, the most significant results are noted
for Identify Risks + Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis associated with Predic-
tion and Advising; and Risk + Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis + Planning Risk
Responses associated with Advising.
The latter solution is given by Khodakarami and Abdi (2014) with their research
aiming to fill a gap in the literature. According to his studies despite a causal rela-
tionship between sources of uncertainty and cost items; this causality is not mod-
elled in current state-of-the-art project cost risk analysis techniques (such as sim-
ulation techniques). Therefore, it proposes a quantitative evaluation framework by
modelling the uncertainty of common characteristics and performance indicators
affecting cost items. The model integrates the Bayesian network inference process

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Table 17  Cross-category analysis of AI and integrated PM processes
PM process
AI categories Perform quantitative risk analy- Identify risks + perform quantitative risk Identify risks + perform quantita- Monitor
sis + plan risk responses analysis + plan risk responses tive risk analysis risks + plan risk
response

Advising 0 5 8 0
Classification 0 0 4 0
Clustering 0 0 1 0
Guiding 0 1 2 0
Knowledge extraction 0 0 0 0
Modelling 1 0 0 0
Optimization 0 0 0 1
Prediction 1 0 6 0
Regression 0 0 0 0
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 M. E. Nenni et al.

to probabilistic risk analysis. The data analysis indicates that AI research in project
management (PM) primarily focuses on technological aspects and specific appli-
cations. The literature suggests the field is not yet mature from a managerial per-
spective, lacking sufficient knowledge for widespread AI integration in PM. Future
research directions are discussed next.

3 Discussions

This discussion is structured, as the data analysis in the previous section, according
to the posed research questions and findings are used to advance, in the last para-
graph, future research directions that need to be explored further by scholars.

3.1 Main application fields

The analysis shows that AI is applied for the risk management of projects mainly
in two sectors: construction and IT sector. Concerning the construction industry,
reasons behind the interests for AI seem to be twofold: first of all the economic and
social role played from this industry (Moradi et al. 2022). The Global Construction
2030 estimates in fact that global spending on construction and engineering pro-
jects may reach over $212 trillion by 2030 (Robinson 2015). Not surprisingly, the
construction industry is the mainstay of the economy in many countries, account-
ing for a significant percentage of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For
example, in China, in 2016, the total value of construction output was 6.5% of GDP
(Ayoub and Mukherjee 2019). In Italy, in 2021, the construction sector had a per-
centage value of 4.9% of GDP (Norkus and Markevičiūtė, 2021), while in Malay-
sia, in the same period, the percentage was 4.5% (Mustafa et al. 2021). Besides,
this industry faces also organizational and management difficulties due to the com-
plexity and dynamism of these projects that always show a strong propensity to risk
even when characterized by pre-calculated and calibrated project details (Pinto et al.
2011). Consequently, the dominant feature of this environment is the risk due to
processes that are very difficult to manage as they are characterized by many deci-
sions, often spread over a long period of time with many interdependencies in a
highly uncertain environment (Chen et al. 2022). The challenge is to create a risk
management system that adopts tools and methodologies suitable for the construc-
tion industry, which motivates research interest in the application of AI in this sec-
tor. One more reason why the world of research has directed its interest towards
this field is the spread in recent times of Building Information Modeling (BIM).
The term BIM finds a synonym in “digital twin”, which indicates the integral digi-
tal transposition of the model of a material work (López et al. 2018). During its
life cycle, each building constantly generates a set of data that represent the genetic
code of an asset’s digital twin (Azhar et al. 2012). If the data transmitted from one
stage of the life cycle to another is accurate and truthful, all stakeholders can be
reliably informed through appropriately verified digital transactions entrusted to a

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How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

distributed accounting system (Sacks et al. 2010). Considering that AI feeds on data,
these systems can be the promoters and accelerators of the use of AI in project risk
management.
Concerning the IT sector, in particular the software development industry it is
important to say that in just a few years, software has “eaten” both traditional mar-
kets (bookstores, advertising, music distribution, recruiting, communications) and
individual processes or portions of value chains (logistics and distribution, price
optimization, satellite image management, transport) (Pontikes 2022). This spread
is evidenced by the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) growing by 14.3% in
2022, resulting from the market value increasing from USD 1141.43 billion in 2021
to USD 1304.74 billion in 2022. In the short term, the market is estimated to grow
to $2040.37bn in 2026 at a CAGR of 11.8% (Tang et al. 2022). However, to date,
software design and development are high-risk activities. The success rate of global
software projects is only about 32% (Sharma and Kumar 2022). The cause of this
failure is the risks associated with the software development project (Butler et al.
2020; Mahmud et al. 2022; Fazli et al. 2020). Research shows that AI and machine
learning may be the solution to the problem as they can revolutionize each stage of
the software development life cycle (SDLC) (Wallace et al. 2004). Given the more
advanced state of development in the two industries, they are candidates to become
the subjects of a more searching study and testing with the aim to code the knowl-
edge and best practices for a more effective application of AI in PM.

3.2 Integration between AI categories and PM processes

The analysis of project management (PM) processes, as per the PMBOK guidelines,
shows that “Identify Risks”, “Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis”, and “Plan Risk
Responses” are the most frequently used processes. A significant trend observed in
the sample is the integration of multiple PM processes. For instance, “Performing
Risk Analysis” is often combined with “Monitoring Risks” or “Identifying Risks”,
with the latter also being integrated with “Perform Risk Analysis” and “Plan Risk
Responses”. This integration forms a complex “black box” of interconnected
processes.
In this scenario, AI plays a pivotal role by providing “augmented intelligence”.
AI assists project managers in handling the complexities of these integrated systems.
Interestingly, the application of AI extends beyond typical PM processes to include
“other processes” such as Portfolio Analysis, General Framework, Prediction/Esti-
mation/Forecasting, Optimization, and Decision Support Systems (DSS). These
other processes are covered in 28% of the sampled articles, indicating a broadening
scope of AI application in PM that goes beyond conventional risk categories.
The study also categorizes various AI applications, including Advising, Clas-
sification, Clustering, Guiding, Knowledge Extraction, Modelling, Optimization,
Prediction, and Regression. Among these, Advising, Prediction, and Classification
emerge as the most utilized in the sample. This trend persists even in integrated
approaches, with Classification/Prediction being the dominant combination, fol-
lowed by Classification/Advising and Classification/Clustering/Prediction. These

13
 M. E. Nenni et al.

findings underscore AI’s role in enhancing, not replacing, the project manager’s
functions. AI facilitates cognitive capabilities with high accuracy and performance,
transforming the PM’s role to collaborate with AI systems, monitor their perfor-
mance, analyze outcomes, and complete tasks beyond the scope of autonomous
systems (Hribernik et al. 2021). The analysis also reveals that significant AI cat-
egories like Advising, Classification, and Prediction are consistently integrated into
common PM processes. However, when it comes to “Other Processes”, Advising is
predominantly applied, particularly in Portfolio Analysis and General Framework.
The study suggests that no single AI category is exclusively suited for specific PM
processes. Thus, it highlights the potential benefit of developing a matching system
between PM processes and AI categories to better support their application in pro-
ject management activities.

3.3 Artificial intelligence tools and recommendations for practitioners

The most significant impact of AI in PM processes is observed in the construc-

tion and IT sectors, accounting for a substantial portion of the research focus.
In the construction sector, AI plays a pivotal role in managing large-scale,
complex projects, facilitating cohesive work among multidisciplinary teams,
optimizing resource usage, controlling budgets, and mitigating risks. In the IT
sector, AI aids in handling rapid technological advancements, streamlining soft-
ware development lifecycles, managing budgets, and implementing agile meth-
odologies (Al-Mhdawi et al. 2023). These sectors are crucial due to their sub-
stantial contributions to global economic growth and the complexity of projects
they encompass. Recent research demonstrates how new AI models (e.g. deep
neural networks and reinforcement learning) are increasingly used in project
management to improve risk prediction and resource optimization (Altan and
Işık 2023). Innovations in AI are revolutionizing project management through
tools such as predictive analytics platforms, which predict future outcomes by
improving decisions and optimizing resources. AI-powered risk management
software identifies risks early, while advanced decision support systems provide
data-driven recommendations. AI-enhanced collaboration platforms improve
communication and workflows, and robotic process automation (RPA) tools free
up human resources for high-value tasks. Additionally, generative AI facilitates
content creation, increasing efficiency and reducing manual efforts (Fridgeirs-
son et al. 2023; Zabala-Vargas et al. 2023).With these premises, the study of
the analysis sample identified more than a 100 AI tools. Given the large num-
ber, these were grouped into clusters, such as: Case Based Reasoning (CBR),
Network Analysis, DSS, Algorithm, Fuzzy Logic, Simulation, Machine learning,
Support vector machine, FMEA and Others. Each paper in the sample, based on
the AI tool reported in the research, was placed in one of the identified clusters
which resulted in a clear prevalence of three clusters, such as: Fuzzy Logic, Net-
work Analysis and Decision Support System. However, this result is not surpris-
ing but in line with previous findings. These tools, like the most applied AI cat-
egories and PM processes, are characterized by their supporting capability. The

13
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

term “fuzzy” refers to the ability to handle imprecise or vague input. Fuzzy logic
in fact comes very close to human reasoning by applying linguistic descrip-
tions to define the relationship between input information and output actions
(Ahmed et al. 2022). Network Analysis tools use a network as a decision support
technique to handle probabilistic events. Whereas Decision Support Systems
improve the quality of decisions by providing powerful analysis capabilities
that enable the exploration and comparison of a set of mutually incompatible
alternatives (Hak et al. 2022). In addition, to the clear trend owards the applica-
tion of solutions capable of supporting and improving project risk management
activities, from the analysis of the 215 papers it was impossible to individuate a
clear-cut divide among PM processes, AI categories and AI tools. It means that
research is still in a primordial state comparing to application of AI in other top-
ics (i.e. medicine, etc.), as well as that there is an important gap to fill. In fact
the lack of a trajectory to take makes the application of AI in PM very chaotic
and probably uneffective. Table 18 summarizess the challenges for the construc-
tion sector and for the IT sector with AI integration in project management.
Definitely, the study allows us to affirm that AI’s role in project manage-
ment is multifaceted and expanding. Its ability to handle large datasets, provide
insightful analysis, and support complex decision-making processes signifi-
cantly enhances the effectiveness of PM, especially in sectors characterized by
high complexity and rapid technological change. The insights from AI appli-
cations in PM not only aid current practices but also pave the way for future
innovations and research directions in this field. As AI continues to evolve, its
integration within PM processes is expected to become more profound, offer-
ing new opportunities and challenges for project managers and organizations.
For the previous considerations, practitioners should select AI tools that align
with their specific project needs, team size, industry, and the complexity of the
tasks at hand. The key is to leverage these tools to enhance efficiency, decision-
making, risk management, and overall project success. Table 19 offers a concise
overview of various AI tools and platforms, highlighting their primary functions
and key features. It serves as a guide for project management practitioners to
select appropriate tools based on their specific needs and project requirements.
It is equally important to keep some considerations in mind for choosing AI
Tools, as follows:

– Compatibility with Existing Systems: Ensure the tool integrates well with
current project management software and systems.
– Scalability: Choose tools that can scale with the growth of projects and
organization.
– User-Friendly Interface: Prioritize tools with intuitive interfaces to facilitate
quicker adoption by the team.
– Cost-Effectiveness: Consider the cost–benefit ratio, especially for small and
medium-sized projects.
– Data Security and Privacy: Ensure the tool adheres to data security and pri-
vacy standards.

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 Table 18  Challenges for the construction sector and for the IT sector with AI integration in PM
13

Challenges Opportunities AI Tools (Clusters) Technological implications and AI Categories and PM integra-
Expert Systems tions

Construction sector
Data quality and availability Enhanced data accuracy and Case based reasoning (CBR), Data quality tools, standardized Classification, knowledge extrac-
availability Fuzzy logic formats tion
Data integration Seamless integration of project Network analysis, DSS Integration platforms, APIs Clustering, knowledge extraction
data
Change management Smooth transition to AI-based DSS, algorithm Change management frame- Guiding, classification
processes works
Expertise shortage Skilled personnel for AI imple- Machine learning, DSS Training programs, AI experts Knowledge extraction, classifica-
mentation tion
Cost and investment Cost-effective AI integration Algorithm, DSS Budget planning tools, ROI Optimization
calculators
Complexity of construction Improved project complexity Simulation, machine learning Advanced AI algorithms, simu- Modeling, prediction
projects understanding lation tools
Regulatory and legal considera- Compliance with industry DSS, Fuzzy logic AI compliance frameworks, Classification, guiding
tions regulations legal guidance
Ethical concerns Ethical AI utilization in project Algorithm, Fuzzy logic Ethical AI guidelines Knowledge extraction, classifica-
management tion
Risk assessment Enhanced risk prediction and Algorithm, FMEA, machine AI-driven risk assessment Prediction, modeling
mitigation learning platforms
Customization and scalability Tailored AI solutions for Machine learning, algorithm Custom AI development Classification, modeling
diverse projects platforms
Interdisciplinary collaboration Effective team collaboration DSS, network analysis Project management collabora- Guiding, knowledge extraction
tion tools

M. E. Nenni et al.
Data security and privacy Secure handling of sensitive DSS, Algorithm AI-driven data encryption, Classification, knowledge extrac-
project data privacy tools tion
 Table 18  (continued)
Challenges Opportunities AI Tools (Clusters) Technological implications and AI Categories and PM integra-
Expert Systems tions

IT sector
Rapid technological changes Agile adaptation to tech Machine learning, support vec- AI-powered trend analysis tools Prediction, classification, mod-
advancements tor machine eling
Software development lifecy- Streamlined software develop- Algorithm, DSS Agile project management tools Modeling, prediction, classifica-
cles ment processes tion
Budget constraints Efficient IT project budget DSS, Algorithm Cost estimation AI models, Prediction, classification, regres-
management tools sion
Risk and change management Proactive risk identification and Algorithm, FMEA, DSS AI-driven risk assessment Prediction, classification, mod-
mitigation platforms eling
Stakeholder collaboration Enhanced communication and DSS, network analysis AI-driven collaboration plat- Guiding, classification, clustering
alignment forms
Global teams and remote work Seamless remote collaboration DSS, network analysis Virtual project management Guiding, prediction
environments
Quality assurance Improved software quality and Algorithm, DSS, machine AI-powered testing automation, Regression, classification, cluster-
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

testing learning tools ing

Scalability Flexible project scaling for Simulation, algorithm AI-based scalability prediction Optimization, prediction
growth models
Agile methodologies Agile project execution and Machine learning, algorithm, Agile AI frameworks, tools Modeling, classification
delivery DSS
Resource allocation Efficient allocation of IT Algorithm, machine learning AI-based resource management Optimization, classification,
resources systems regression

13
13
Table 19  Practical AI tools for project management practitioners
AI tool/platform Primary function Key features

Asana Project Management Software AI-driven task automation, deadline predictions, workflow optimization
Trello Project Management Software Machine learning for task prioritization, smart recommendations
nTask Risk Management and Analysis AI-based risk identification and assessment
Riskturn Risk Management and Analysis Probabilistic risk modeling and forecasting
LiquidPlanner Resource Management and Optimization Auto-adjusting schedules and resources
Saviom Resource Management and Optimization AI-powered resource allocation and forecasting
Zoho Analytics Analytics and Reporting AI for data analytics, integrated reporting
Tableau Analytics and Reporting Advanced data visualization and AI analytics
Talla Chatbots and Virtual Assistants Automates project-related queries, task updates
MobileMonkey Chatbots and Virtual Assistants Chatbot platform for team communication, task management
Forecast Predictive Analytics and Forecasting Predictive project planning, insights into timelines and resources
Monday.com Predictive Analytics and Forecasting AI for predicting project outcomes, identifying bottlenecks
Slack Collaboration and Communication Integrates with AI tools for enhanced team communication
Microsoft Teams Collaboration and Communication AI for meeting transcriptions, translation, workflow automation
Expert Choice Decision Support System (DSS) AI with AHP for complex decision-making
Ganttic Decision Support System (DSS) AI-powered for project planning, resource scheduling
M. E. Nenni et al.
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

4 Future development and research agenda

This present research provided a global picture of AI in project risk management

and a few concerns arose to constitute the base for future developments and to struc-
ture a research agenda:

1. Construction and IT sectors made the most progress in applying AI to project

risk management processes: most of research in the literature addressed the issue
specifically or, if presenting an application, it was in either of the two industries.
Such concentration of papers asks for a deep investigation to identify a scientific
rationale that could boost AI in project risk management even in other industries.
2. There exists no pathway in applicating AI to project risk management: despite the
large amount of research developed in the last years, scientifically substantiated
choices in selecting an AI category/tool under specific circumstances don’t seem
to occur, as well as best practices to guide the effective application. This leads to
the conclusion that the topic remains relatively disintegrated theoretically.
3. Project risk management processes are mostly involved by AI in an integrated
way: the majority of papers address AI not only in a specific project risk manage-
ment process, but by developing a tool or a procedure to cover more processes.
This trend sends a clear message that researchers and practitioners intend to
recognize a pervasive role played by AI or even it might mean the pursuing of a
fully automated approach to project risk management.

Throughout this review, we critically evaluated the literature related to our

research questions and highlight potential gaps for further study. We outlined a four-
pronged agenda for future AI in PM research that build from the identified gaps:

1. Providing general frameworks for introduction of AI in PM: in the previous sec-

tion we highlighted as the theoretical knowledge on the topic is large yet unorgan-
ized and it leads to chaotic implementation trajectories. In other fields, as such as
medical application (He et al. 2019), researchers and practitioners have been able
to develop guidelines, good practices, check lists, and even regulatory documents
to support and make more effective AI implementation. Clearly, the project risk
management would also benefit of frameworks to guide choices towards the most
suitable methods/tools adjusted to the characteristics of the context or the project.
Throughout this review we also glimpsed possible drivers to structure knowledge
as such as number and type of processes involved, aim to be pursued, proposed
role for AI. In the next future we hope for researchers focussed on exploring those
drivers or even finding new ones.
2. Developing criteria for evaluating AI performance: this area of research is con-
nected and serving the previous point as well. In fact, despite a large amount of
KPIs aimed at evaluating technical performance of AI, criteria to assess instead
the effectiveness of AI implementation methods are missing. Addressing this
issue might be very helpful also to provide effective frameworks for introduction
of AI in PM.

13
 M. E. Nenni et al.

3. Selecting enabling factors for implementing AI in PM: factors as such as a better

organizational culture and a higher level of maturity in project risk management,
as well as availability of data and processes of knowledge management might
easily represent enabling factors and for this be explored together with new ones
coming from analysing current implementation. A good starting point for this line
of research is the analysis of construction and IT, as industries with the greatest
number of applications AI to PM.
4. Hard Skills Development: Training and skill development are crucial for project
managers in the digital age, allowing them to understand and effectively apply
AI technologies. This not only improves efficiency and innovation in projects,
but also ensures competitiveness and adaptability in a rapidly changing business
environment.

Table 20 provides a structured overview of the key recommendations for both

practitioners in the field of project management and researchers focusing on the
future of AI in this domain. It highlights actionable steps for current practice and
areas of interest for academic and practical research.

5 Conclusion

Project risk management is a crucial phase for project success, especially in

dynamic environments where traditional tools are proving inadequate due to their
lack of planning, collaboration, automation, and smart functionalities. To address
these gaps, recent research has increasingly focused on the application of AI in pro-
ject risk management. A literature review was conducted on 215 articles published
between 1996 and 2023 to understand the scientific community’s progress in this
area. The review aimed to answer research questions about AI’s application areas in
project risk management and to explore any patterns between AI categories or tools
and PM processes. The research indicated that AI in PM is predominantly applied in
the construction and IT sectors. The AI categories most employed in these sectors
are those with capabilities for analysis, processing, and learning, which are neces-
sary to support project managers in handling large amounts of data. The most popu-
lar AI tools are those that can manage ill-defined and seemingly disconnected infor-
mation, predict events, compare alternatives, and deliver accurate results quickly. AI
algorithms, complemented by human skills and experience, are essential for rapidly
evaluating data and providing effective responses to achieve project objectives. The
role of AI is seen as strategic, not to replace humans but to enhance human capabili-
ties with data analysis power. An interesting trend identified in the study is the inte-
grated approach to addressing PM processes, aiming to provide a unified and auto-
mated solution for a substantial portion of PM. Despite analyzing a large number of
studies, the research could not identify clear trajectories, patterns, or best practices
for AI application in PM. This gap, along with the trend of integrating PM pro-
cesses and the advancements in IT and construction sectors, forms the basis of the
proposed research agenda. This research is among the first to quantitatively evalu-
ate AI’s application in PM through a literature review. However, it reveals that this

13
 Table 20  Recommendations for practitioners and future research
Category Recommendations for practitioners Recommendations for future research

Adoption of AI tools Integrate AI-driven tools into project management processes for Explore the effectiveness of AI tools in various industries and
enhanced efficiency project types
Training and skills development Invest in AI and data analytics training for project teams Study the integration of AI into project management education and
training
Custom AI solutions Evaluate and implement custom AI solutions tailored to specific Research the development of customizable AI solutions for diverse
project needs projects
Ethical AI practices Implement ethical guidelines for AI use, focusing on data privacy Investigate ethical and legal aspects of AI in project management
and bias mitigation
Monitoring and evaluation Regularly monitor and evaluate the impact of AI tools on project Conduct longitudinal studies on the long-term impacts of AI in
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

outcomes project management

Cross-industry studies – Conduct cross-industry studies on AI’s role in project management
AI in agile methodologies – Investigate AI’s role in agile and hybrid project management meth-
odologies
Advanced AI technologies – Explore advanced AI technologies like deep learning in project
management
Human-AI collaboration – Study the dynamics and optimization of human-AI collaboration in
projects

13
 M. E. Nenni et al.

solution is still in its early stages, lacking a well-defined path for successfully inte-
grating PM processes and AI categories. Future studies are encouraged to develop
ad hoc tools and methods for applying AI in specific industries, with potential for
replication in other fields. The findings suggest an urgent need for future research
to focus on identifying clear trajectories and best practices for the integration of
AI in PM processes (such as Identify Risks + Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
associated with Prediction and Advising, and Risk + Perform Quantitative Risk
Analysis + Planning Risk Responses associated with Advising). This future research
should aim to develop tailored AI tools and methodologies for specific industries,
potentially establishing a well-defined framework that can be replicated across vari-
ous sectors. Such studies could significantly contribute to bridging the current gap
and advancing the field of AI in project management. Based on the latest scientific
research, it is clear that adopting AI in project management presents significant chal-
lenges, such as data privacy and security issues, which require robust protocols to
protect sensitive information. Ethical considerations, such as algorithmic bias and
impact on work, need special attention to ensure fairness and transparency. Barriers
to adoption include resistance to change, lack of technical expertise and the cost of
initial investments. Overcoming these challenges requires ongoing training, stake-
holder engagement to develop trust in AI technologies, and strategic investments in
security and skill development, ensuring that AI is used responsibly and effectively.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://​doi.​
org/​10.​1007/​s11301-​024-​00418-z.

Author contribution Conceptualization, M.E.N., and F.D.F.; methodology, M.E.N. and F.D.F.; software,
C.D.L.; writing—original draft preparation, M.E.N., A.F., C.D.L.; writing—review and editing, M.E.N.
F.D.F. and A.F.; supervision, M.E.N. and F.D.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published ver-
sion of the manuscript.

Funding Open access funding provided by Università Parthenope di Napoli within the CRUI-CARE
Agreement. We have not received any funding for this study.

Data availability All data and resources discussed in this document are freely available and accessible to
the public.

Declarations
Conflict of interest We all authors declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative
Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this
article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line
to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended
use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permis-
sion directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/.

13
How artificial intelligence will transform project management…

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Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Authors and Affiliations

Maria Elena Nenni1 · Fabio De Felice2 · Cristina De Luca2 · Antonio Forcina2

* Fabio De Felice
[email protected]
Maria Elena Nenni
[email protected]
Cristina De Luca
[email protected]
Antonio Forcina
[email protected]
1
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio. 80,
80125 Naples, Italy
2
Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Isola C4, Centro Direzionale
Napoli, 80143 Naples, NA, Italy

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