Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.

org

LABORATORY MANNUAL

D.PHARM, YEAR- II

COMMUNITY PHARMACY &

MANAGEMENT

NAME OF STUDENT :

ACADEMIC SESSION :

ROLL NO :

REGISTRATION NO :

AUROSRI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL

EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (AIPER)
At: Kadei, Po: Uchhapada, Ps: Tangi, Dist: Cuttack, Pin: 754022,
www.aiperodisha.org

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

CERTIFICATE

This is certified to be a bonafide record of subject

………………………………………………… of Subject Code ……………………… and
the experimental work done by ....................................................................................... of B.
Pharm./ D. Pharm. …………… semester / year, bearing Roll no
………………………………… & registration..................................no during
academic session ………………………… at Aurosri Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation
& Research.

Principal Subject Teacher

Submitted to BPUT / OSBP for practical examination held in ..................................... month

atAurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kadei, Tangi,Cuttack.

Date:

External Examiner Internal Examiner

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INDEX

Sl Name of the Experiment Page Date of Signature Marks

No no Experiment of teacher obtained
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

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22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 DATE:

TO REVIEW THE GIVEN PRESCRIPTION AND REPORT FOR ANY ERRORS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To review the given prescription and report for any errors

THEORY:
Prescription
A prescription is a written order from a registered physician, a dentist, or a veterinarian or a surgeon or any
other person licensed by law to prescribe drugs, containing instructions for preparation and dispensing to the
pharmacist along with the mode of administration for the patient. Pharmacist may accept a prescription on
telephone in an emergency and it needs to be followed by a regular written prescription.

PARTS OF A PRESCRIPTION
Prescriptions are generally written on a typical format which is usually kept as pads. A typical prescription
consists of following parts:-
1. Date:
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient
3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Signature
7. Renewal instructions
8. Signature, address, and registration number of the prescriber

Handling of Prescription
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while handling the prescription

1. Receiving dispensing: The prescription should be received from the patient by the pharmacist himself.

2. Reading and checking: On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a proper format i.e.
doctor's pad or OPD slip of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the prescriber along with date.

3. Collecting and weighing the materials: Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected O the left hand side of the balance. After weighing the material it should be shifted to
right hand side of the balance.

4. Compounding, labelling and packaging: Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. Only one prescription should be compounded
at one time. The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers depending on its quantity
and use. The filled containers are suitably labelled. White plain paper of good quality should be used for
labelling the containers. The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container which is
written or typed, giving all the desired information. While delivering the prescription to the patient, the
pharmacist should explain the mode of administration, direction for use, and storage.

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

OMEGA NURSING HOME

Address: 96,Janpath, Bhubaneswar 751009
Reg No: Date:

Name: Suchitra Swain Age: 28yrs Sex: Male

Address: Near BPCL, Chandrasekharpur, BBSR
Contact No:7589652561

High Fever with emesis & Algesia

RX
Paracetamol 650
Diclofenac 50gm
Ondansetron 4mg

10 Tab for 3 Days

Take each Tab after food 2 times/day

Renewal Info: NA

Name of Prescriber: Dr. N.R.Pani

Address: Kadei, tangi, Cuttack
Reg No: 1983/2008 Signature

OBSERVATION:

Result

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 2 DATE:

TO REVIEW THE GIVEN PRESCRIPTION AND REPORT FOR ANY ERRORS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To review the given prescription and report for any errors

THEORY:
Prescription
A prescription is a written order from a registered physician, a dentist, or a veterinarian or a surgeon or any
other person licensed by law to prescribe drugs, containing instructions for preparation and dispensing to the
pharmacist along with the mode of administration for the patient. Pharmacist may accept a prescription on
telephone in an emergency and it needs to be followed by a regular written prescription.

PARTS OF A PRESCRIPTION
Prescriptions are generally written on a typical format which is usually kept as pads. A typical prescription
consists of following parts:-
1. Date:
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient
3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Signature
7. Renewal instructions
8. Signature, address, and registration number of the prescriber

Handling of Prescription
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while handling the prescription

1. Receiving dispensing: The prescription should be received from the patient by the pharmacist himself.

2. Reading and checking: On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a proper format i.e.
doctor's pad or OPD slip of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the prescriber along with date.

3. Collecting and weighing the materials: Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected O the left hand side of the balance. After weighing the material it should be shifted to
right hand side of the balance.

4. Compounding, labelling and packaging: Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. Only one prescription should be compounded
at one time. The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers depending on its quantity
and use. The filled containers are suitably labelled. White plain paper of good quality should be used for
labelling the containers. The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container which is
written or typed, giving all the desired information. While delivering the prescription to the patient, the
pharmacist should explain the mode of administration, direction for use, and storage.

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

SHRUSHTI CLINIC
Address: 96,Janpath, Bhubaneswar 751009
Reg No: 25X/21 Date: 10/05/2023
Name: Urvashi Maharana Age: 31 Yr Sex: Female
Address: Ganapati Nagar, Bhubaneswar
Contact No:98610561235

Hypertension with Hyperglycemia

RX
Telmesartan 40gm
Metformin 500gm
Glimepiride 2mg

20 Tab for 30 Days

Take each Tab after food 2 times/day

Renewal Info: NA
Name of Prescriber: Dr. N.R.Pani
Address: Kadei, tangi, Cuttack
Reg No: 1983/2008 Signature

OBSERVATION:

Result

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 3 DATE:

TO REVIEW THE GIVEN PRESCRIPTION AND REPORT FOR ANY ERRORS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To review the given prescription and report for any errors

THEORY:
Prescription
A prescription is a written order from a registered physician, a dentist, or a veterinarian or a surgeon or any
other person licensed by law to prescribe drugs, containing instructions for preparation and dispensing to the
pharmacist along with the mode of administration for the patient. Pharmacist may accept a prescription on
telephone in an emergency and it needs to be followed by a regular written prescription.

PARTS OF A PRESCRIPTION
Prescriptions are generally written on a typical format which is usually kept as pads. A typical prescription
consists of following parts:-
1. Date:
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient
3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Signature
7. Renewal instructions
8. Signature, address, and registration number of the prescriber

Handling of Prescription
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while handling the prescription

1. Receiving dispensing: The prescription should be received from the patient by the pharmacist himself.

2. Reading and checking: On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a proper format i.e.
doctor's pad or OPD slip of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the prescriber along with date.

3. Collecting and weighing the materials: Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected O the left hand side of the balance. After weighing the material it should be shifted to
right hand side of the balance.

4. Compounding, labelling and packaging: Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. Only one prescription should be compounded
at one time. The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers depending on its quantity
and use. The filled containers are suitably labelled. White plain paper of good quality should be used for
labelling the containers. The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container which is
written or typed, giving all the desired information. While delivering the prescription to the patient, the
pharmacist should explain the mode of administration, direction for use, and storage.

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

OMEGA NURSING HOME

Address: 96,Janpath, Bhubaneswar 751009
Reg No: Date:

Name: Ranjit Kumar Sahoo Age: 20yrs Sex: Male

Address: Kadei, Tangi, Cuttack
Contact No:7589652561

Suspected Diarrohea
RX
Paracetamol 650
Norfloxacin 400gm
Ondansetron 4

12 Tab for 3 Days

Take each Tab after food 2 times/day

Renewal Info: Refill the Medicine after 10 Days from date of Prescription

OBSERVATION:

Result

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 4 DATE:

TO REVIEW THE GIVEN PRESCRIPTION AND REPORT FOR ANY ERRORS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To review the given prescription and report for any errors

THEORY:
Prescription
A prescription is a written order from a registered physician, a dentist, or a veterinarian or a surgeon or any
other person licensed by law to prescribe drugs, containing instructions for preparation and dispensing to the
pharmacist along with the mode of administration for the patient. Pharmacist may accept a prescription on
telephone in an emergency and it needs to be followed by a regular written prescription.

PARTS OF A PRESCRIPTION
Prescriptions are generally written on a typical format which is usually kept as pads. A typical prescription
consists of following parts:-
1. Date:
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient
3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Signature
7. Renewal instructions
8. Signature, address, and registration number of the prescriber

Handling of Prescription
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while handling the prescription

1. Receiving dispensing: The prescription should be received from the patient by the pharmacist himself.

2. Reading and checking: On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a proper format i.e.
doctor's pad or OPD slip of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the prescriber along with date.

3. Collecting and weighing the materials: Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected O the left hand side of the balance. After weighing the material it should be shifted to
right hand side of the balance.

4. Compounding, labelling and packaging: Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. Only one prescription should be compounded
at one time. The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers depending on its quantity
and use. The filled containers are suitably labelled. White plain paper of good quality should be used for
labelling the containers. The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container which is
written or typed, giving all the desired information. While delivering the prescription to the patient, the
pharmacist should explain the mode of administration, direction for use, and storage.

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

JAGANNATH HOSPITAL
Address: 96,Janpath, Bhubaneswar 751009
Reg No: 12/23 Date: 14/04/2021

Name: Amiya Prusty Sex: Male

Address: Near BPCL, Chandrasekharpur, BBSR

RX
Paracetamol 650
Diclofenac 50mg
Ondansetron 4mg

for 3 Days Take each Tab after food 2 times/day

Renewal Info: Renew on 16/04/2021

Name of Prescriber: Dr. N.R.Pani

Address: Kadei, tangi, Cuttack
Signature

OBSERVATION:

Result

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 5 DATE:

TO REVIEW THE GIVEN PRESCRIPTION AND REPORT FOR ANY ERRORS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To review the given prescription and report for any errors

THEORY:
Prescription
A prescription is a written order from a registered physician, a dentist, or a veterinarian or a surgeon or any
other person licensed by law to prescribe drugs, containing instructions for preparation and dispensing to the
pharmacist along with the mode of administration for the patient. Pharmacist may accept a prescription on
telephone in an emergency and it needs to be followed by a regular written prescription.

PARTS OF A PRESCRIPTION
Prescriptions are generally written on a typical format which is usually kept as pads. A typical prescription
consists of following parts:-
1. Date:
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient
3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Signature
7. Renewal instructions
8. Signature, address, and registration number of the prescriber

Handling of Prescription
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while handling the prescription

1. Receiving dispensing: The prescription should be received from the patient by the pharmacist himself.

2. Reading and checking: On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a proper format i.e.
doctor's pad or OPD slip of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the prescriber along with date.

3. Collecting and weighing the materials: Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected O the left hand side of the balance. After weighing the material it should be shifted to
right hand side of the balance.

4. Compounding, labelling and packaging: Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. Only one prescription should be compounded
at one time. The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers depending on its quantity
and use. The filled containers are suitably labelled. White plain paper of good quality should be used for
labelling the containers. The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container which is
written or typed, giving all the desired information. While delivering the prescription to the patient, the
pharmacist should explain the mode of administration, direction for use, and storage.

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

OMEGA NURSING HOME

Address: 96,Janpath, Bhubaneswar 751009
Reg No: 25/12 Date: 11/06/2021
Name: Md.Ayub Khan Age: 56yrs Sex: Female
Address: Near BPCL, Chandrasekharpur, BBSR
Contact No:7589652561

Polycystic Ovarian Disease

RX
Clomiphene 100gm Syrup
Letrozole 2.5gm Tab
Feerous Sulphate 100gm Tab

for 3 Days
Take each Tab after food 2 times/day

Renewal Info: Renew after 3 Days from the date of Prescription

Name of Prescriber: Dr. N.R.Pani
Address: Kadei, tangi, Cuttack
Reg No: 1983/2008 Signature

OBSERVATION:

Result

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 6 DATE:

TO IDENTIFY THE DRUG – DRUG INTERACTION IN THE GIVEN PRESCRIPTION AND

REPORT

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To identify the Drug – Drug Interaction in the given prescription and report.
THEORY:
A drug interaction is a reaction between two (or more) drugs or between a drug and a food, beverage, or
supplement. "The effects of drugs altered by another drug or food that is prior or concurrent administration
with it" Then it is termed as Drug-Drug or Drug-food interaction.
The mechanism of drug interaction comprises pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics which means what the
body does to the drug and drug does to the body respectively. Kinetic includes drug absorption, distribution,
metabolism and elimination, whereas pharmacodynamics is the numerous actions of drug on the body systems
or their organs.
PRESCRIPTION:
GOUT with previous History of Myocardial Ischemia
RX
Aspirin 75mg Tab
Probenecid 250mg Tab

for 30 Days
Take each Tab after food 2 times/day

Renewal Info: Renew after 30 Days from the date of Prescription

Name of Prescriber: Dr. N.R.Pani

Address: Kadei, tangi, Cuttack
Reg No: 1983/2008 Signature

OBSERVATION:

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 7 DATE:

TO IDENTIFY THE DRUG – DRUG INTERACTION IN THE GIVEN PRESCRIPTION AND

REPORT

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To identify the Drug – Drug Interaction in the given prescription and report.
THEORY:
A drug interaction is a reaction between two (or more) drugs or between a drug and a food, beverage, or
supplement. "The effects of drugs altered by another drug or food that is prior or concurrent administration
with it" Then it is termed as Drug-Drug or Drug-food interaction.
The mechanism of drug interaction comprises pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics which means what the
body does to the drug and drug does to the body respectively. Kinetic includes drug absorption, distribution,
metabolism and elimination, whereas pharmacodynamics is the numerous actions of drug on the body systems
or their organs.
PRESCRIPTION:

Heart Failure symptoms are shown in patient

RX
Digitalis 750mcg Tab
Aluminium Hydroxide Gel 500mg Tab
Aspirin 75mg Tab

for 30 Days
Take each Tab after food 2 times/day

Renewal Info: Renew after 30 Days from the date of Prescription

Name of Prescriber: Dr. N.R.Pani
Address: Kadei, tangi, Cuttack
Reg No: 1983/2008 Signature

OBSERVATION:

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 8 DATE:

TO PREPARE THE DISPENSING LABELS AND AUXILIARY LABELS FOR THE GIVEN
PRESCRIPTION

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To prepare the dispensing labels and auxiliary labels for the given
prescription.

THEORY:
Dispensing Labels: Dispensing labels for prescribed medications provide information about administration,
dose, storage and important warnings. It helps the patient to recall the medication instructions after primary
consultation. The following information is provided on a dispensing label:
1. Active ingredients of the medicine and strength.
2. Purpose of active ingredient.
3. Uses of the medicine or problem that will be treated.
4. Warnings include certain drugs or diseases that are not compatible with the medicine.
5. Directions include how, how much and for how much long the medicine sho be used. It also includes other
specific directions in case of paediatric patient.
6. Other information tells about the storage conditions and what the medicine does and does not contain.
7. Inactive ingredients tell about the parts of medicine that are in inactive form but may cause allergic reaction
in some conditions.

Auxiliary Labels:
Also called as cautionary and advisory label or prescription drug warning la is a label added on to a dispensed
medication package by a pharmacist in ad to the usual prescription label. These labels are intended to provide
supplementary information regarding safe administration, use and storage of the medication.

Representation of auxiliary label:

These are represented as small stickers that may contain a pictogram and one or more directions for
administration and safe use of medicines that are ne mentioned in the prescription labels.
These should include a single-step instruction, using easy-to-read text and use of clear, simple icons, different
colours and clarity give good impact.
Font size and style should be easy to understand, including boldface capitalization patterns can also impact the
effectiveness of an auxiliary label.
There are no standard guidelines for how to best formulate auxiliary labels on prescription. The label should be
as simple as possible and written in plain language.

Types of auxiliary label: The following are common types of auxiliary labels
• Do Not Chew or Crush Swallow Whole May Cause Urine Discoloration May Cause
Drowsiness
• Take With Food or Milk Take on an Empty Stomach Keep Refrigerated Shake Well
Before Use
• Protect From Sunlight For External Use Only For the Eye (or Ear) Only For Rectal Use
Only

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

PRESCRIPTION:

OBSERVATION:

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 9 DATE:

TO PREPARE THE DISPENSING LABELS AND AUXILIARY LABELS FOR THE GIVEN
PRESCRIPTION

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To prepare the dispensing labels and auxiliary labels for the given
prescription.

THEORY:
Dispensing Labels: Dispensing labels for prescribed medications provide information about administration,
dose, storage and important warnings. It helps the patient to recall the medication instructions after primary
consultation. The following information is provided on a dispensing label:
1. Active ingredients of the medicine and strength.
2. Purpose of active ingredient.
3. Uses of the medicine or problem that will be treated.
4. Warnings include certain drugs or diseases that are not compatible with the medicine.
5. Directions include how, how much and for how much long the medicine sho be used. It also includes other
specific directions in case of paediatric patient.
6. Other information tells about the storage conditions and what the medicine does and does not contain.
7. Inactive ingredients tell about the parts of medicine that are in inactive form but may cause allergic reaction
in some conditions.

Auxiliary Labels:
Also called as cautionary and advisory label or prescription drug warning la is a label added on to a dispensed
medication package by a pharmacist in ad to the usual prescription label. These labels are intended to provide
supplementary information regarding safe administration, use and storage of the medication.

Representation of auxiliary label:

These are represented as small stickers that may contain a pictogram and one or more directions for
administration and safe use of medicines that are ne mentioned in the prescription labels.
These should include a single-step instruction, using easy-to-read text and use of clear, simple icons, different
colours and clarity give good impact.
Font size and style should be easy to understand, including boldface capitalization patterns can also impact the
effectiveness of an auxiliary label.
There are no standard guidelines for how to best formulate auxiliary labels on prescription. The label should be
as simple as possible and written in plain language.

Types of auxiliary label: The following are common types of auxiliary labels
• Do Not Chew or Crush Swallow Whole May Cause Urine Discoloration May Cause
Drowsiness
• Take With Food or Milk Take on an Empty Stomach Keep Refrigerated Shake Well
Before Use
• Protect From Sunlight For External Use Only For the Eye (or Ear) Only For Rectal Use
Only

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

PRESCRIPTION:

OBSERVATION:

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Studen

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 10 DATE:

TO PREPARE THE DISPENSING LABELS AND AUXILIARY LABELS FOR THE GIVEN
PRESCRIPTION

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To prepare the dispensing labels and auxiliary labels for the given
prescription.

THEORY:
Dispensing Labels: Dispensing labels for prescribed medications provide information about administration,
dose, storage and important warnings. It helps the patient to recall the medication instructions after primary
consultation. The following information is provided on a dispensing label:
1. Active ingredients of the medicine and strength.
2. Purpose of active ingredient.
3. Uses of the medicine or problem that will be treated.
4. Warnings include certain drugs or diseases that are not compatible with the medicine.
5. Directions include how, how much and for how much long the medicine sho be used. It also includes other
specific directions in case of paediatric patient.
6. Other information tells about the storage conditions and what the medicine does and does not contain.
7. Inactive ingredients tell about the parts of medicine that are in inactive form but may cause allergic reaction
in some conditions.

Auxiliary Labels:
Also called as cautionary and advisory label or prescription drug warning la is a label added on to a dispensed
medication package by a pharmacist in ad to the usual prescription label. These labels are intended to provide
supplementary information regarding safe administration, use and storage of the medication.

Representation of auxiliary label:

These are represented as small stickers that may contain a pictogram and one or more directions for
administration and safe use of medicines that are ne mentioned in the prescription labels.
These should include a single-step instruction, using easy-to-read text and use of clear, simple icons, different
colours and clarity give good impact.
Font size and style should be easy to understand, including boldface capitalization patterns can also impact the
effectiveness of an auxiliary label.
There are no standard guidelines for how to best formulate auxiliary labels on prescription. The label should be
as simple as possible and written in plain language.

Types of auxiliary label: The following are common types of auxiliary labels
• Do Not Chew or Crush Swallow Whole May Cause Urine Discoloration May Cause
Drowsiness
• Take With Food or Milk Take on an Empty Stomach Keep Refrigerated Shake Well
Before Use
• Protect From Sunlight For External Use Only For the Eye (or Ear) Only For Rectal Use
Only

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

PRESCRIPTION:

OBSERVATION:

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

Laboratory manual Community Pharmacy & Management Page 22
Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 11 DATE:

TO PREPARE THE DISPENSING LABELS AND AUXILIARY LABELS FOR THE GIVEN
PRESCRIPTION

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To prepare the dispensing labels and auxiliary labels for the given
prescription.

THEORY:
Dispensing Labels: Dispensing labels for prescribed medications provide information about administration,
dose, storage and important warnings. It helps the patient to recall the medication instructions after primary
consultation. The following information is provided on a dispensing label:
1. Active ingredients of the medicine and strength.
2. Purpose of active ingredient.
3. Uses of the medicine or problem that will be treated.
4. Warnings include certain drugs or diseases that are not compatible with the medicine.
5. Directions include how, how much and for how much long the medicine sho be used. It also includes other
specific directions in case of paediatric patient.
6. Other information tells about the storage conditions and what the medicine does and does not contain.
7. Inactive ingredients tell about the parts of medicine that are in inactive form but may cause allergic reaction
in some conditions.

Auxiliary Labels:
Also called as cautionary and advisory label or prescription drug warning la is a label added on to a dispensed
medication package by a pharmacist in ad to the usual prescription label. These labels are intended to provide
supplementary information regarding safe administration, use and storage of the medication.

Representation of auxiliary label:

These are represented as small stickers that may contain a pictogram and one or more directions for
administration and safe use of medicines that are ne mentioned in the prescription labels.
These should include a single-step instruction, using easy-to-read text and use of clear, simple icons, different
colours and clarity give good impact.
Font size and style should be easy to understand, including boldface capitalization patterns can also impact the
effectiveness of an auxiliary label.
There are no standard guidelines for how to best formulate auxiliary labels on prescription. The label should be
as simple as possible and written in plain language.

Types of auxiliary label: The following are common types of auxiliary labels
• Do Not Chew or Crush Swallow Whole May Cause Urine Discoloration May Cause
Drowsiness
• Take With Food or Milk Take on an Empty Stomach Keep Refrigerated Shake Well
Before Use
• Protect From Sunlight For External Use Only For the Eye (or Ear) Only For Rectal Use
Only

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

PRESCRIPTION:

OBSERVATION:

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

Laboratory manual Community Pharmacy & Management Page 24
Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 12 DATE:

TO PREPARE THE DISPENSING LABELS AND AUXILIARY LABELS FOR THE GIVEN
PRESCRIPTION

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To prepare the dispensing labels and auxiliary labels for the given
prescription.

THEORY:
Dispensing Labels: Dispensing labels for prescribed medications provide information about administration,
dose, storage and important warnings. It helps the patient to recall the medication instructions after primary
consultation. The following information is provided on a dispensing label:
1. Active ingredients of the medicine and strength.
2. Purpose of active ingredient.
3. Uses of the medicine or problem that will be treated.
4. Warnings include certain drugs or diseases that are not compatible with the medicine.
5. Directions include how, how much and for how much long the medicine sho be used. It also includes other
specific directions in case of paediatric patient.
6. Other information tells about the storage conditions and what the medicine does and does not contain.
7. Inactive ingredients tell about the parts of medicine that are in inactive form but may cause allergic reaction
in some conditions.

Auxiliary Labels:
Also called as cautionary and advisory label or prescription drug warning la is a label added on to a dispensed
medication package by a pharmacist in ad to the usual prescription label. These labels are intended to provide
supplementary information regarding safe administration, use and storage of the medication.

Representation of auxiliary label:

These are represented as small stickers that may contain a pictogram and one or more directions for
administration and safe use of medicines that are ne mentioned in the prescription labels.
These should include a single-step instruction, using easy-to-read text and use of clear, simple icons, different
colours and clarity give good impact.
Font size and style should be easy to understand, including boldface capitalization patterns can also impact the
effectiveness of an auxiliary label.
There are no standard guidelines for how to best formulate auxiliary labels on prescription. The label should be
as simple as possible and written in plain language.

Types of auxiliary label: The following are common types of auxiliary labels
• Do Not Chew or Crush Swallow Whole May Cause Urine Discoloration May Cause
Drowsiness
• Take With Food or Milk Take on an Empty Stomach Keep Refrigerated Shake Well
Before Use
• Protect From Sunlight For External Use Only For the Eye (or Ear) Only For Rectal Use
Only

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PRESCRIPTION:

OBSERVATION:

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 13 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT THE RECORDING OF BLOOD PRESSURE OF PATIENTS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report the recording of Blood pressure of Patients

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Stethoscope
 Blood pressure cuff
 Sphygmomanometer or Digital Blood Pressure monitor.

THEORY: Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels,
and is one of the principal vital signs. Normal resting blood pressure, in an adult is approximately 120 mmHg
(16 kPa) systolic, and 80 mmHg (11 kPa) diastolic, abbreviated "120/80 mmHg.

Classification
The following classifications of blood pressure are from the American Heart Association, and apply
to adults 18 years and older.

Classification of blood pressure for adults

Category systolic Systolic, mmHg Diastolic, mmHg

Hypotension < 90 < 60
Desirable 90–119 60–79
Prehypertension 120–139 80–89
Stage1Hypertension 140–159 90–99
Stage 2 Hypertension 160-179 100- 109
Hypertensive Crisis > 180 >120

Average blood pressure in (mmHg):

1 year 6–9 years adults

95/65 100/65 110/65 – 140/90

PROCEDURE:
1. Allow the patient to relax for 15 to 20 minutes before taking their readings.

2. Wrap the blood pressure cuff evenly around the patient’s arm above the antecubital fossa for an accurate
reading. It is always better to select the right-hand arm for measuring blood pressure.

3. Now place the bell of the stethoscope over the brachial artery at this location to get the strongest pulse
sounds.

4. Once, after everything is set, start pumping the cuff bulb gradually and listen to the pulse sounds. Keep on

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checking the reading in the Sphygmomanometer.

5. Continue to expand the cuff up to the point where the pulse sound is no longer felt. This reading is recorded
as the diastolic pressure.

6. Now slowly reduce the cuff until the pulse sounds are felt. This reading is recorded as the systolic pressure.

The normal blood pressure of a healthy individual is measured to be 120 – 140 / 70 – 90 mm Hg along with the
normal pulse rate 60 – 80 per min. The normal range of systolic blood pressure should be between 90 – 120
mm Hg. Systolic blood pressure is the reading recorded when the pressure is exerted on the arteries and blood
vessels while the heart is beating.

The normal range of diastolic blood pressure should be between 60 – 80 mm Hg. Diastolic blood pressure is
the reading recorded when the pressure is exerted on the walls of arteries around the body in between
heartbeats when the heart is relaxed.

RESULT:

The systolic pressure obtained was ……………… mm Hg.

The diastolic pressure obtained was …………………… mm Hg.

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 14 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT THE CAPILLARY BLOOD GLUCOSE

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report the Capillary blood glucose.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Glucometer
THEORY:
Blood sugar level is defined as amount of glucose level in blood at any given time. It is also known as serum
glucose level. Blood glucose level is expressed in mill mole/l, mg/dl, mg %, blood sugar remain within narrow
range but at time rises sharply mainly after meals and is least at morning time.
Measurement of blood sugar level
• A very high level of blood sugar if present for many years will have a damaging effect on the body.
• In diabetic patients this causes late stage complications such as Retinopathy, Nephropathy and various
cardiovascular diseases.
• Blood sugar can be determined by an instrument called Glucometer.
• Glucometer has display screen and a specific strip meant for measuring blood glucose level.
• This can be measured in two means with glucometer
a. Colour change method.
b. Digital display method.
Ideal blood sugar values of blood glucose is 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) and 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) and up to
7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) 2 hours after eating.
Control of blood sugar level
The lifestyle of physical instructor is much more different than software engineer. Blood sugar should
be measured at once or twice a month and desirable to be controlled therefore following action should also be
taken –
a. Controlling B.P. more vigorously
b. Lowering cholesterol level.
c. Starting or increasing exercise
d. Smoking ceasing
e. Meditation.
PROCEDURE :
• Firstly finger surface was cleaned with alcohol or any other antiseptic.
• Finger surface was picked by the sterilized needle.
• Discarding the first drop of blood.
• Applied blood sample on the strip, after 45sec, the reading was appeared.
• The hand was washed after test completed
RESULT:

The blood sugar level was found ………………mg/dl.

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 15 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT LUNG FUNCTION ASSESSMENT USING PEAK FLOW

METER

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report Lung function assessment using peak flow meter.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Peak Flow Meter
THEORY:
The peak expiratory flow (PEF), also called peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), is a person's maximum speed
of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter, a small, hand-held device used to monitor a person's ability
to breathe out air. It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways.
Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of litters per minute (L/min).
Function:
Peak flow readings are higher when patients are well and lower when the airways are constricted. From
changes in recorded values, patients and doctors may determine lung functionality, the severity of asthma
symptoms, and treatment. Measurement of PEFR requires training to correctly use a meter and the normal
expected value depends on the patient's sex, age, and height. It is classically reduced in obstructive lung
disorders such as asthma.
Due to the wide range of 'normal' values and the high degree of variability, peak flow is not the recommended
test to identify asthma. However, it can be useful in some circumstances.
Measurements may be based on 1 second or less but are usually reported as a volume per minute. Electronic
devices will sample the flow and multiply the sample volume (Litres) 60, divided by the sample time (seconds)
for a result measured in L/minute:
The highest of three readings is used as the recorded value of the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate. It may be plotted
out on graph paper charts together with a record of symptoms or using peak flow charting software. This
allows patients to self-monitor and pass information back to their doctor
Peak flow readings are often classified into 3 zones of measurement according to the American Lung
Association; green, yellow, and red. Doctors and health practitioners can develop an asthma management plan
based on the green-yellow-red zones.

Zone Reading Description

Green Zone 80 to 100 percent of the usual or A peak flow reading in the green zone
normal peak flow readings are indicates that the asthma is under good
clear. control.
Yellow Zone 50 to 79 percent of the usual or Indicates caution. It may mean
normal peak flow readings respiratory airways are narrowing and
additional medication may be required.
Red Zone Less than 50 percent of the usual Indicates a medical emergency. Severe
or normal peak flow readings airway narrowing may be occurring
and immediate action needs to be
taken. This would usually involve
contacting a doctor or hospital.

RESULT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 16 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND RECORD CAPILLARY OXYGEN LEVEL USING PULSE
OXYMETER

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and record capillary oxygen level using pulse oxymeter
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Oxymeter
THEORY: Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive test that measures the oxygen saturation level of your blood. It can
rapidly detect even small changes in oxygen levels. These levels show how efficiently blood is carrying oxygen
to the extremities furthest from your heart, including your arms and legs. The pulse oximeter is a small, clip-
like device. It attaches to a body part, most commonly to a finger.
Hemoglobin is composed of 4 subunits (2alpha, 2 beta in adults) and exists in two forms:
Taut (T): deoxygenated form with low affinity for O2, therefore it promotes release/unloading of O2.
Relaxed (R): oxygenated form with high affinity for O2, therefore oxygen loading is favoured.
T and R configurations lead to different electromagnetic absorption and therefore different emission of light.
Oximeter operate based on this principle of different absorption and light emission of the T and R
configurations.
The oximeter utilizes an electronic processor and a pair of small light-emitting diodes (LEDs) facing a
photodiode through a translucent part of the patient's body, usually a fingertip or an earlobe.
 One LED is red, with wavelength of 660 nm, and the other is infrared with a wavelength of 940 nm.
 Absorption of light at these wavelengths differs significantly between blood loaded with oxygen and
blood lacking oxygen.
 Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light and allows more red lights to pass through.
 Deoxygenated hemoglobin allows more infrared light to pass through and absorbs more red lights.
PROCEDURE:
 Pulse Oxymeter is taken and switched ON.
 Push the clip and place it on fingertip or ear lobe.
 Press the switch to start measuring the Oxygen Level.
 Remove the oxymeter and switch off the meter.
OBSERVATION:
SL NO Pulse Rate Pulse oximeter pO2 Level in
%

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 17 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT MEASUREMENT OF BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report measurement of BMI (Body mass index)
REQUIREMENTS: Measuring tape and weighing machine
THEORY: The body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of an individual.
The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is universally expressed in
units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres. The BMI is an attempt to quantify the
amount of tissue mass (muscle, fat, and bone) in an individual, and then categorize that person as underweight,
normal weight, overweight, or obese based on that value. BMI categories are generally regarded as a
satisfactory tool for measuring whether sedentary individuals are underweight, overweight, or obese with
various exceptions, such as: athletes, children, the elderly and the infirm.
BMI WEIGHT STATUS
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5–24.9 Healthy
25.0–29.9 Overweight
30.0 and above Obese
PROCEDURE:

• Height of the individual was measured using measuring tape

• Weight was measured using weighing machine
• The formula used to calculate BMI:
BMI = weight (kg) ÷ height2 (m2)
OBSERVATION:

Height of the individual:_____________ m.

Weight of the individual: ____________kg.

REPORT:

CONCLUSION:
The BMI was found kg/m2 of that individual and the person can be Categorized as
Underweight/Normal Weight/ Overweight/ Obese.

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 18 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT COUNSELING OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

PATIENTS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report counseling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients
THEORY: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a state of chronic hyperglycaemia and is
caused due to deficiency of insulin.
Causes of diabetes:
• Hereditary
• Obesity
• Infections some virus like influenza, mumps and coxsackie destroys B-cells of islet of Langerhans.
Types of Diabetes:
1. Insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes:
2. Insulin non-dependant or maturity onset diabetes:
Counselling of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients: Since diabetes is a chronic complication affecting the
diabetic patient at various levels, the counseling should focus on the nature of the disease, lifestyle
modifications, medications, and acute and chronic complications.
I. Counselling regarding the disease:
The diabetic patients should be explained that the disease is lifelong, progressive and needs necessary
modifications in the lifestyle pattern. They should also stress upon the importance of pharmacotherapy,
especially the need for strict compliance with the prescribed medication. The patients should be also explained
that the disease may affect the quality of life if not well controlled.
II. Counseling regarding lifestyle modifications:
While counseling regarding the life style modifications, the pharmacist should focus on the key areas including
diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol intake.
A. DIET:.
Carbohydrates: The blood glucose level is closely affected by the carbohydrate intake. Daily intake should
be kept fairly constant and the amount given should be appropriate to the level of physical activity.
Fat: Since there is an increased risk of death from coronary artery disease in diabetics, it is wise to restrict
saturated fats and to substitute them with unsaturated fats.
Fiber: Dietary fibre increases satiety and delays the digestion and absorption of complex carbohydrates,
thereby minimizing hyperglycemias.
B. EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:. In type 2 diabetes, the desired level of exercise is 50% to
80% of maximal uptake of oxygen three to four times a week.
C. ALCOHOL INTAKE: Even if the blood glucose of the patient is well controlled, modest amount of
alcohol will significantly alter blood glucose levels.
D. SMOKING: People with diabetes, especially those over age 40 years, who smoke and have high blood
pressure and cholesterol, are at a higher risk for cardiovascular problems.
III. Counselling regarding medications:
Though lifestyle modifications play an important role in diabetes management, it is well established by land
mark studies that the chronic complications can be prevented by strict glycaemia control.
1. Oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs): If the patient is diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, he/ she is more likely
to be prescribed OHAs. Some of the commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic agents and the important
counselling points are discussed below

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Insulin: All patients with type 1 diabetes require insulin. Some patients with type 2 diabetes who initially
respond to dietary modification and/ or oral anti diabetic medications eventually require insulin therapy.

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IV. Counselling regarding acute complications:

Though rare and not directly linked with the quality of life the acute complications of diabetes can be morbid if
not treated properly.
Hypoglycemia: It is a condition caused by abnormally low level of blood glucose. Hypoglycemia is caused by
taking too much of certain diabetic medicines, missing a meal or delaying a meal, exercising more than usual,
or drinking alcohol.
Diabetic keto acidosis (DKA): DKA is a serious complications characterized by hyperglycemia, elevated
serum ketones, and an anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Non Ketotic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (NKHS): It is a constellation of severe hyperglycemia, dehydration,
and hyperosmolarity in the absence of severe ketosis.

V. Counselling regarding chronic complications: Since diabetes is a chronic illness and the chronic
complications of diabetes can adversely affect the quality of life, these complications should be emphasised.
Some of the chronic complications and the role of pharmacist in counselling the patients regarding these
complications are mentioned below.
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic retinopathy:
Diabetic nephropathy:
Infections:
VI. Counselling regarding self Monitoring of Glucose:
With the availability of Blood glucose monitoring devices for the monitoring of blood glucose, patients can
monitor glucose levels more frequently and have a control over blood glucose.

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 19 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT COUNSELING OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report counseling of Hypertensive patients

THEORY:

Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. The increase in

systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg is frequently used to describe

hypertension.

Types of Hypertension

1. Primary hypertension: More than 90% of patients with elevated arterial blood pressure without a clear

reason also have what is known as essential hypertension.

2. Secondary hypertension: This type of hypertension has a known underlying cause. The following are the

causes.

Acute/Chronic renal diseases, Renal artery stenosis, Hyperaldosteronism. (Endocrine disorder), Drug induced

hypertension, Oral contraceptives (estrogen, progestins), MAO inhibitors & Cyclosporin.

Counseling of Hypertensive patients:

Encourage patients to follow their treatment plan and visit their doctor regularly in order to keep their HBP

under control. Describe how a good diet, regular exercise, limiting salt intake, and quitting smoking can all

help lower HBP.

Counseling hypertension patients takes intelligence, imagination, and innovation because pre-packaged

messages won't cut it. However, effective counseling addresses three key areas: supporting healthy behaviors,

disclosing information about side effects and contraindications, and improving health status with adherence.

I. Counselling regarding Patients:

 Take all of the HBP drugs that your doctor has advised. Understand how to take the names. Consult your

pharmacist or doctor if you have any questions regarding your medications.

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 Make careful to get your prescriptions renewed before they expire. Do not halve or skip days while taking

your drugs; follow the directions exactly. Inform your pharmacist and consult your doctor if you have any

negative side effects from your prescriptions. He or she might have to change the dosages or recommend

different medicines.

 You shouldn't decide to stop taking your prescriptions on your own.

 Be cautious of any potential drug interactions when using OTCs. Some over-the-counter (OTC) medications

warn consumers not to use them if they have high blood pressure (HBP). When in doubt, seek advice from

your pharmacist.

II. Counselling regarding lifestyle modifications:

When giving advice on lifestyle changes, the pharmacist should focus on the important factors, such as

nutrition, exercise, quitting smoking, and alcohol consumption.

III. Counselling regarding self-monitoring of HBP:

Patients can monitor blood pressure levels more regularly and have control over blood pressure with the use of

blood pressure monitoring devices, which are now readily available.

REPORT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 20 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORTS COUNSELING OF ASTHMA PATIENTS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and reports counseling of Asthma patients

THEORY:
Asthma is a condition in which the airways become narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can
make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and
shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is a minor nuisance. For others, it can be a major problem that
interferes with daily activities and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack.

Signs and symptoms:

Wheezing , Shortness of breath,. Chest tightness., Cough, Use of accessory muscle, Extreme difficulty in
breathing, rapid pulse, sweating and severe anxiety.

Types of Asthma:
Allergic asthma, Seasonal asthma, Occupational asthma, Non-allergic asthma, Exercise induced asthma, Severe
asthma, Brittle asthma, Adult onset asthma & Childhood asthma.

Counselling of Asthma patients:

The pharmacist may be very helpful in many ways with asthma, and counselling is definitely something that is
needed.

I. Counselling regarding disease:

The sufferers should be informed that the illness won't affect their kids or their neighbours. Additionally, it
won't spread if you eat from the same dishes or with the same cutlery, etc. If drugs are used as prescribed,
disease development can be stopped, which could lead to better results and symptom-free conditions.

II. Counselling regarding medication:

The counselling regarding medication depends upon the type of medications.:
I. Beta 2 agonists (salbutamol, salmeterol and bambuterol): Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder
inhalers (DPIs), oral liquids, and tablets are all forms in which these medications are sold. Patients should be
told not to use salbutamol if they have ever experienced an adverse reaction to it and to call their doctors if they
experience any of the following symptoms: tremor, tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, irregular
heartbeat, seizure, and allergic reaction. Patients should be instructed to immediately take any missing doses.
II. Xanthine alkaloids (Theophylline): It is available as tablets or injections. The patients should not change
the dose without doctors’ advice and should inform their doctor if they have any cardiac or lung problems.
III. Anticholinergics (Ipratropium bromide): An MDI form of the medication is offered. If a patient has
experienced an adverse reaction to the medication, atropine, peanuts, or soya beans, they should be cautioned
not to take it.
IV. Corticosteroids (prednisolone, budesonide, fluticasone, beclomethasone): These medications can be
obtained orally, as MDIs, or as DPIs (Prednisolone). If the patient has experienced an allergic reaction to any
of these, they should be cautioned not to take them.
V. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists and leukotrient-synthesis inhibitors: The main drugs of this class are
Montelukast, Zafi rulekast and Zileuton. The patient should not use these medicines if he/she has had an
allergic reaction to these drugs. The patients should not take more medicine than what their doctor has advised.

III. Counselling on inhalation techniques:

1. Metered-dose inhaler (MDI): When compared to more traditional ways of medicine administration for
asthma, MDIs have significant benefits. The primary benefit of inhalation therapy is the direct administration
of drugs in far lower effective levels than systemic methods, which minimises side effects.
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2. Metered-dose inhaler with spacer: Use of spacer with metered-dose inhaler allows greater evaporation of
the propellant, reducing particle size and velocity, which reduces the oropharynx deposition and potentially
increases lung deposition.
3. Dry powder inhaler: The dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are made to be simpler to operate and are propellant-
free. Using a dry powder inhaler is easier for children, the elderly, and people with arthritis than using an MDI
because it doesn't need hand-lung coordination.
4. Nebulizer: A n aerosol or mist-forming machine that produces tiny droplets of liquid medication that can be
inhaled through a mouthpiece or mask.
5. Baby mask: This customised tool facilitates inhaler use by paediatric patients. When a nebulizer is
unavailable, this device is perfect for paediatric patients.
IV. Counselling regarding lifestyle modifications :Patients with asthma should make some lifestyle changes,
just like anyone else with a chronic illness. The following are some examples of these lifestyle changes:
1. Avoiding/recognizing asthma triggers: Patients should be made aware that asthma attacks can still happen
to those with well-controlled asthma if they are exposed to asthma triggers.
2. Wearing a face mask: If the patient cannot avoid exposure to his or her asthma triggers, it should be
suggested that they do so when appropriate.
3. Over-the-counter medicines: A few OTC medicines can also trigger an asthma attack.
4. Exercise: Hard workouts can also make attacks more likely to happen. In these situations, the patient needs
to take a prophylactic dose of the medication (often salmetrol) before working out.
5. Cold weather: Since cold weather can trigger an attack, asthma patients should be encouraged to dress
warmly during the winter months.
6. Emotion/stress: Asthma attacks can also be brought on by excessive emotional stress, anger, etc., so
patients should be advised to avoid such situations.

REPORT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 21 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT COUNSELING OF HYPERLIPIDAEMIA

PATIENT

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report counseling of Hyperlipidaemia patient

THEORY:
Hyperlipidemia is a term that encompasses various genetic and acquired disorders that describe
elevated lipid levels within the body. It is a very common disorder, especially in the Western
hemisphere, but also throughout the world. Hyperlipidemia itself does not typically lead to critical
symptoms itself, however, having this underlying pathology will often lead to serious illnesses that
may ultimately lead to death. There are two main classifications of Hyperlipidaemia: familial and
acquired. The familial type stems from genes you inherit from your parents. Hyperlipidaemia doesn't
cause any symptoms. The condition is diagnosed by routine blood tests, recommended every five
years for adults. Treatments include medication, a healthy diet and exercise. Counseling of

Hyperlipidaemia patients:
Evidence suggests that intensive and thorough hyperlipidemia counseling produces more significant
behavioural improvements. Assessing the patient's knowledge of hyperlipidemia, including LDL
cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides should be the first step in
counselling. The distinction between healthy fats and unhealthy fats can be explained by the
pharmacist. The pharmacist can go through side effects and go over the updated recommendations
with the patient if they are taking cholesterol-lowering medication, stressing that there is no "magic"
figure.

I. Counseling regarding lifestyle modifications:

Make clear that taking a cholesterol-lowering medicine does not give you permission to eat poorly.
Review the effects of elevated cholesterol, which include vascular disease, atherosclerosis, heart
attacks, and strokes. Encourage regular cholesterol checks.
Some recommendations call for screening to start at age 20. Others advise having the initial
screening for women at 45 and men at 35.
Discuss quitting smoking. Giving up smoking can result in a 10% increase in HDL.
Boost your physical activity.
Recommend limiting intake of saturated fats by cutting back on red meat and full-fat dairy products
and increasing omega-3 fatty acids (eg, cold-water fish, walnuts, canola or soy bean oil, flax seeds).

II. Counseling regarding medication:

1. Statins: These medicines, also referred to as HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, function
in the liver to stop the production of cholesterol. As a result, less cholesterol is
circulating in the blood. Statins consist of- Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin,
Pravastatin.
2. Ezetimibe (cholesterol absorption inhibitors): Prevents cholesterol from being absorbed
in the intestine. It’s the most commonly used non-statin agent.

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3. Bile Acid Sequestrants: Also known as bile acid-binding agents, these substances
encourage the gut to expel more cholesterol. These consist of- Cholestyramine, Colestipol ,
Colesevelam Hcl.
4. PCSK9 inhibitors: Inhibitors of PCSK9 are effective LDL-lowering medications. To
reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol, they bind to and deactivate a protein on cells in the liver.
Alirocumab and evolocumab are two of its names.

REPORT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 22 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORT COUNSELING OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and report counseling of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients.

THEORY:
An autoimmune and inflammatory condition known as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) occurs when your immune
system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in your body, resulting in inflammation (painful swelling) in the body
parts affected. Rheumatoid arthritis signs and symptoms may include: Tender, warm, swollen joints; joint
stiffness, which is typically worse in the morning and after inactivity; fever, appetite loss, and exhaustion.

Counselling of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients:

One can better comprehend the symptoms of RA and manage the difficulties associated with your condition
with the aid of education and counselling.

I. Counselling regarding lifestyle modifications:

1. Rest — Fatigue is a common symptom of RA. While it's important to rest inflamed and painful joints, it's
also important to remain physically active to the extent possible. Several studies have shown that staying
physically active improves the quality of sleep, which in turn helps with fatigue.
2. Exercise — Pain and stiffness can make it difficult to exercise, leading many people with RA to limit
physical activity. However, inactivity can lead to a loss of joint motion, contractions, and a loss of muscle
strength. Weakness, in turn, decreases joint stability and further increases fatigue.
3. Physical and occupational therapy — In addition to helping you design an individualized exercise
program, a physical or occupational therapist can offer other approaches to help relieve pain, reduce
inflammation, and help preserve joint structure and function.
Specific types of therapy are used to address specific effects of RA. For example:
●The application of heat or cold can relieve pain or stiffness.
●Ultrasound (the use of sound waves) may reduce inflammation of the sheaths surrounding tendons (called
tenosynovitis).
●Passive and active exercises can improve and maintain range of motion of the joints.
4. Nutrition and dietary therapy — People with active RA sometimes lose their appetite or are unable to eat
enough food. If you have this problem, dietary therapy can help to ensure that you are getting enough calories
and nutrients. If you are overweight or obese, your health care provider might recommend trying to lose weight
in order to reduce stress on your joints.

II. Counselling regarding medication:

Medications are the cornerstone of treatment when rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms are active. The goals
of medication treatment are to achieve remission of symptoms and signs of RA and prevent further damage of
the joints and loss of function, without causing permanent or unacceptable side effects.
MARDs — Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can substantially reduce the inflammation of
RA, reduce or prevent joint damage, preserve joint structure and function, and enable a person to continue his
or her daily activities.
NSAIDs — Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (sample brand names: Advil,
Motrin) and naproxen (sample brand name: Aleve), may be recommended to relieve pain and reduce minor
inflammation.

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Steroids — Steroids, also called glucocorticoids or corticosteroids, have strong anti-inflammatory effects.
Drugs in this class include prednisone and prednisolone. Steroids may be taken by mouth, injected into a vein,
or injected directly into a joint. Steroids quickly improve RA symptoms such as pain and stiffness and decrease
joint swelling and tenderness. Non-NSAID pain relievers — Pain relievers can help with pain, but they have
no effect on inflammation. Examples include acetaminophen (sample brand name: Tylenol) and capsaicin
cream or ointment.

III. Counselling regarding complementary and alternative therapies:

Spa therapy: Also called "balneotherapy," this involves soaking in a mineral water bath, sometimes with mud.
Some people find that this helps relieve joint symptoms associated with RA, and it is unlikely to be harmful.
Fish and plant oils — Certain fish and plant oils have been found to decrease inflammation in the body.
However, it's important to talk to your health care provider before trying these or other supplements, as some of
them can interact with certain medications and be harmful.
Mind-body techniques — "Mind-body" techniques include practices such as biofeedback, relaxation, and
meditation. There is some evidence that these techniques may be helpful in improving symptoms; they might
also help with managing anxiety and stress.

REPORT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 23 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORTS COUNSELLING OF GIT DISTURBANCE PATIENTS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and reports counselling of GIT disturbance patients.

Theory:
Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances commonly include symptoms of stomach pain, heartburn, diarrheal,
constipation, nausea, and vomiting.

Common gastrointestinal disorders include:

Celiac disease is a serious autoimmune disorder where the small intestine is hypersensitive to gluten. Ingestion
of gluten causes the immune system of the body to attack the small intestine, leading to damage to the villi of
the small intestine.

Constipation is the term used to describe difficulty or infrequency in passing stools (feces). Not everybody has
a daily bowel movement, so the passage of time between bowel motions before constipation occurs varies from
person to person.

Crohn’s disease is a chronic bowel disease that causes patches of inflammation in the GI tract anywhere
between the mouth and the anus, although the area where the small intestine joins the large intestine is most
commonly affected.

Diarrheal: Symptoms of diarrhea include frequent, loose, watery stools (feces) which are usually accompanied
by an urgent need to go to the toilet. Abdominal pain or cramping may also occur, and sometimes nausea or
vomiting.

Counseling regarding lifestyle modifications:

Fiber diet: Fiber, a sort of carbohydrates found in plants that cannot be digested, is crucial when it comes to
digestive health. It helps you feel full and aids in the digestion of certain foods. Everyone is talking about gut
health - your microbiome health, and fiber is an important part of this.

Stressed: Stress and anxiety don’t only affect your mental health; they can also take a toll on your digestive
health, especially the gut microbiota. Being stressed has been found to cause a broad range of digestive issues
that include: appetite loss, inflammation, bloating, cramping and changes in microbiota.

Not drinking enough water: - Water is important to your digestive health because it helps cleanse the whole
gastrointestinal tract. In particular, water softens the stool, helping prevent constipation. More crucially, water
is known to aid your digestive system by helping break down food, assisting the GI tract to absorb nutrients
faster and more effectively. If you don’t drink enough water, you are inviting all sorts of digestive problems.

Inactive lifestyle: - Not getting enough physical exercise is not good for your overall health and digestive
health.

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Counselling regarding treatment:

Celiac disease: Celiac disease has no known cure. But the good news is that following a strict gluten-free diet
is in general very effective in reducing and often stopping these symptoms. Multivitamin supplementation may
help complement this lifelong gluten-free diet.

Crohn’s Disease: Medication – You may need to take medications such as antidiarrheal drugs, anti-
inflammatory drugs, immunomodulators, antibiotics, and biologics to block inflammation.

Change in diet – Although there aren’t generally any specific dietary restrictions necessary, a diet with low
impact on areas of the intestine that can be narrowed by the inflammation is usually recommended. Also, other,
more sophisticated changes are likely to be advised by your doctor and dietician.

Surgery – This is a last-resort treatment option if lifestyle changes and medications don’t work. However,
three-quarters of people with Crohn’s disease usually undergo elective surgery at some point.

Chronic Diarrheal: Your doctor will choose the best treatment option based on the underlying cause of
diarrheal that has been identified. It may include steroids, antibiotics, pain killers, immunosuppressant’s, anti-
diarrheal, and other prescription medication. A specific diet and lifestyle changes may also help reduce
symptoms of chronic diarrheal.

REPORT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 24 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORTS COUNSELING OF PYREXIA PATIENTS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and reports counseling of pyrexia patients

THEORY:
Pyrexia, also known as fever, is an increase in the body temperature of an individual beyond the normal range.
This increase in temperature is usually considered dangerous, but it is a natural defensive mechanism of the
body to fight against infections.
Pyrexia is a natural immune response of the body to fight against disease-causing organisms and severe
illnesses. 98.6ᵒF is considered normal temperature, but it varies according to the area of the body from which
the measurement is made.
Hypothalamus, a small gland present in the brain regulates the body temperature.
Fever is clinically manifested as additional signs and symptoms such as: Shivering or chills, Headache,
Generalised body pains and weakness, Irritability, Dehydration, Loss of appetite, Joint pains, Sweating.
People with the following conditions are at a higher risk for developing fever: Bronchitis, Rheumatoid arthritis,
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever).
Counselling regarding treatment
Medications: The medications should be used at the exact doses as recommended by the physician as higher
doses may damage the liver or kidney.
Antibiotics: These drugs are recommended if the doctor suspects that the fever is caused by some bacterial
infections in the bladder or bowel.
Antiviral drugs: These medicines are used if the doctors diagnose that the fever is caused by viral infections.
Rest: The patient should take adequate rest.
Fluids: Adequate fluids along with regular supplements should be taken to prevent dehydration.
Counselling regarding Diet
Miso Soup – Miso soup is an excellent source of vitamins, minerals and beneficial plant compounds. It is
typically made with seaweed, green onion, dashi broth base and tofu although many variations exist. Apart
from providing vital nutrients, it also helps to hydrate you and improves electrolytic balance.

Berries – Berries are high in vitamin C, fibre, antioxidants and anthocyanins. Berries like strawberry,
cranberry and blueberry. The anthocyanins are highly beneficial against respiratory infections while
simultaneously the immune system.
Chicken Soup – The classic chicken soup when you’re sick has enormous benefits to regain your health during

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or after pyrexia. Chicken soup contains proteins and liquids, to meet the higher energy requirements while
you’re sick as well as keep you hydrated.
Counseling regarding lifestyle modifications
Maintaining a proper self-hygiene

Washing hands regularly before eating

Using hand sanitizers where there is no access to water

Covering the nose and mouth when travelling in public transport to prevent the entry of disease-causing
organisms into the body.

Sharing plates, glasses or cups along with other people must be avoided.
Counselling regarding medication
Antipyretic agents, mainly paracetamol and NSAIDs, and physical cooling methods can be used to control
pyrexia. Cooling with surface devices is usually preferred for fever control while endovascular methods are
more commonly restricted to therapeutic hypothermia.
REPORT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 25 DATE:

TO PERFORM AND REPORTS COUNSELLING OF SKIN INFECTIONS PATIENTS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To perform and reports counselling of Skin infections patients.
THEORY:
A skin infection is a condition in which germs (bacteria, viruses, or fungi) infect your skin and sometimes the
deep tissues underneath it. In some cases, it's caused by a parasite invading your skin.
There are different types of skin infections:
Bacterial skin infections:
Bacterial skin infections often begin as small, red bumps that slowly increase in size. Different types of
bacterial skin infections include: cellulitis, impetigo,boils, Hansen’s disease (leprosy).
Viral skin infections:
Viral skin infections are caused by a virus. These infections range from mild to severe. Different types of viral
infections include: shingles (herpes zoster), chickenpox, Molluscum contagiosum, warts, and measles.
Fungal skin infections:
These types of skin infections are caused by a fungus and are most likely to develop in damp areas of the body,
such as the feet or armpit. Different types of fungal infections: yeast infection, ringworm, nail fungus, oral
thrush.
Parasitic skin infection:
These types of skin infections are caused by a parasite. These infections can spread beyond the skin to the
bloodstream and organs. A parasitic infection isn’t life-threatening but can be uncomfortable. Different types of
parasitic skin infections include: lice, bedbugs, and scabies.
Counseling regarding lifestyle modifications
Wash your hands, Clean your nails, Shower or bathe daily using soap, Do not let other touch your infections,
Change into clean clothes, Do not share personal care item, Cover your wound
Counseling regarding treatment
Apply cold compresses to your skin several times a day to reduce itching and inflammation.
Take over-the-counter antihistamines to decrease itching.
Use topical creams and ointment to reduce itching and discomfort.
Antibiotics that may be used include cephalosporins, dicloxacillin, clindamycin, or vancomycin. Swelling can
be lessened by elevating the affected area, such as the legs or arms. To stop cellulitis from occurring again, it is
important to keep applying lotion to the skin and to maintain good skin cleanliness.
REPORT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 26 DATE:

TO DEMONSTRATE THE ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUE OF NASAL DROPS & EYE

DROPS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the administration technique of Nasal drops & Eye drops.
THEORY:
Nasal drops: - A medicated liquid instilled into the nostrils with a medicine dropper.
These medications include phenylephrine hydrochloride (Neo-Synephrine) and oxymetazoline hydrochloride
(Afrin, Dristan, Sinex). You can purchase them from a store. This drug is used to temporarily relieve nasal
congestion brought on by a variety of illnesses, such as the common cold, sinusitis, hay fever, and allergies. It
reduces edoema and congestion by constricting the blood vessels around the nose.
EYE DROPS: liquid medication to be applied in very small amounts to the eyeball. The most common active
ingredients include polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose,
povidone, glycerine, and mineral oil. Eye drops are used to treat a variety of eye disorders, such as glaucoma
(high eye pressure), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye), and dry eye disease. They may also be
recommended following eye surgery, when it may be necessary to lessen swelling or avoid infection.
There are primarily three categories of eye drops: (i) Artificial tears, (ii) Allergy drops, (iii) Anti-redness
drops.
Administration technique of Nasal drops: Administration technique of Eye drops:
Step 1: Gently blow your nose. • Use your drops exactly when and how your doctor
Step 2: Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water. tells you to.If you need to take more than one type
Step 3: Verify that the dropper tip is not damaged or chipped. of eye drop at the same time, wait 3 to 5 minutes
Step 4: -Avoid contacting your clean nose with the dropper tip. between the different kinds of medication.
Step 5: Tilt your head as far back as you can, or lay on a flat • Always wash your hands before handling your eye
surface (like a bed) with your back straight and dangle your drops or touching your eyes.
head over the side. • If you’re wearing contact lenses, take them out
Step 6: Add the appropriate amount of drops to your nose. unless your ophthalmologist has told you to leave
Step 7: Hold the position for a short period of time. Make use them in.
of warm water to wash the dropper tip. Cap the bottle as soon • Shake the drops vigorously before using
as possible. them.Remove the cap of the eye drop medication
Wash your hands to get any medication off. but do not touch the dropper tip.
• Use one hand to pull your lower eyelid down, away
from.Tilt your head back slightly and look up.
• Hold the dropper tip directly over the eyelid pocket.
• Don’t touch the bottle to your eye or eyelid.
• Apply gentle pressure to your tear ducts, where the
eyelid meets the nose. Hold the tear ducts closed for
a minute or two—or as long as your
ophthalmologist recommends—before opening your
eyes.
• It's important to wash your hands with soap and
water after handling medication and touching your
face.

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 27 DATE:

TO DEMONSTRATE THE ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUE OF ENEMAS &

SUPPOSITORIES

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the administration technique of Enemas & Suppositories.
THEORY:
Enemas:
Enemas are rectal injections of fluid intended to cleanse or stimulate the emptying of your bowel. They have
been used for hundreds of years to treat chronic constipation and prepare people for certain medical tests and
surgeries .
Suppositories:
Suppositories are solid or semi solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities other then mouth
where they melt, soften or dissolve and exert local or systemic effect. Ther are different types of suppositories
are available like rectal suppositories, vaginal suppositories, urethral suppositories, nasal suppositories, ear
cones.

Administration technique of Enemas:

• Clamp the tubing to stop liquid from getting out.
• Remove cap from tip.
• Lubricate the tip of the rectal tube.Pour the exact amount of solution as ordered by your healthcare
provided into the bag.
• Unclamp the tubing and allow a small amount of the solution to run into a measuring container.
• Test the temp of the solution by dripping a few drops on your wrist. It should feel warm, not hot.
• Clamp the tubing and gently put the open end of the tubing into your child's rectum (butt) (infants = 1
to 1.5 inches; an older child = 2 to 3 inches; no more than 4 inches) at an angle pointing towards the
navel. If there is any resistance when putting in the tip or the solution, with care take out the tip and try
another angle. If you still have trouble, stop the process and call your doctor.
• Hold the enema bag about 12 to 15 inches above the child's hips. Allow solution to run into the rectum
slowly (about 100 ml/min). If the solution starts to run out of the rectum, briefly squeeze the child's
buttocks firmly together around the tube.
• If cramping occurs (an older child may tell you it hurts and a baby will draw up his knees, and his cry
will be higher pitched) shut off the flow of solution for a few seconds by pinching the tubing together,
then restart the enema when the child is feeling better.
• When all the solution has run in, clamp the tubing and remove it from the child's rectum.
• Ask your child to remain in the same position until the urge to have a bowel movement is strong
(usually within two to five minutes).

Administration technique of Suppositories(vaginal suppositories):

1. Wash your vaginal area and hands with mild soap and warm water, and dry well with a clean towel.
2. Remove any wrapping from the suppository.
3. Place the suppository onto the end of the applicator. If you’re using a pre-filled suppository
applicator, skip this step. A pre-filled applicator already contains medication.
4. Hold the applicator by the end that does not contain the suppository.
5. Get into position. You can either lie on your back with your knees bent, or you can stand with your
knees bent and your feet a few inches apart. If you’re a caregiver.
6. Gently insert the applicator into the vagina as far as it will comfortably go.Press the applicator’s
plunger as far as it goes.
7. This will push the suppository far back into your vagina.

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8. Remove the applicator from your vagina.

Administration technique of Suppositories(Urethral suppositories):

1. The patient is required to initially urinate before using the urethral suppository to lubricate the urethra.
2. The suppository comes in an applicator that is gently placed into the urethra and the deployment
button pushed to release the suppository .
3. After removing the applicator, the penis should be rolled firmly for 10 s to assist in proper setting,
dissolution, and distribution of the medication equally along the urethral epithelium.

Administration technique of Suppositories(Rectal suppositories):

• Remove any wrapping from the suppository. If you need to cut the suppository, carefully cut it
lengthwise with a clean, single-edge razor blade.
• To moisten the tip of the suppository, apply a lubricating jelly. If you do not have lubricating jelly,
apply a small amount of water to your rectal area.
• Get into position. You can either stand with one foot up on a chair, or you can lie down on your side
with your top leg slightly bent toward your stomach and your bottom leg straight. If you’re giving the
suppository to someone else, you may want to place them in this second position.
• Relax your buttocks to make it easier to insert the suppository.
• Insert the suppository into the rectum, narrow end first. Gently but firmly, push the suppository past
the sphincter. The sphincter is the muscular opening of the rectum. For adults, push it in about 3
inches or far enough in so that it will not pop out. For children, depending on their size, push it in about
2 inches. And for smaller children or infants, push it in about a half-inch.
• Sit or lie with your legs closed for a few minutes. If you’re giving the suppository to a child, you may
need to gently hold their buttocks closed during this time.
• Throw away all used material in a trash can.
• Wash your hands right away with soap and warm water.

CONCLUSION:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 28 DATE:

TO DEMONSTRATE THE ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUE OF INHALEAR &

NEBULIZER

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the administration technique of Inhaler & Nebulizer
THEORY:
Inhaler: - A device for giving medicines in the form of a spray that is inhaled (breathed in) through the nose or
mouth. Inhalers are used to treat certain medical problems, such as bronchitis, angina, emphysema, and asthma.
They are also used to help relieve symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking.
Many inhalers contain steroids, like prednisone, to treat inflammation. Others have a type of drug called a
bronchodilator to open up your airways. Some have both -- this is known as a combination inhaler.
The main types of inhaler devices are metered dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers. Examples of dry powder
inhalers include: Turbuhaler, Accuhaler, Handihaler, Ellipta inhaler, Breezhaler.
Administration technique of Inhaler
(a) Using an MDI with a valved holding chamber.
1. Remove the cap from the MDI and chamber. Shake well.
2. Insert the MDI into the open end of the chamber (opposite the mouthpiece).
3. Place the mouthpiece of the chamber between your teeth and seal your lips tightly around it.
4. Breathe out completely.
5. Press the canister once.
6. Breathe in slowly and completely through your mouth. If you hear a "horn-like" sound, you are breathing too
quickly and need to slow down.
7. Hold your breath for 10 seconds (count to 10 slowly) to allow the medication to reach the airways of the
lung.
8. Repeat the above steps for each puff ordered by your doctor. Wait about 1 minute in between puffs.
9. Replace the cap on your MDI when finished.
(b) Using an MDI without a chamber
1. Shake the MDI thoroughly after removing the cap.
2. Complete your exhalation.
3. Tightly seal your lips around the inhaler mouthpiece by placing it between your teeth.
4. Press down on the canister once as you begin to inhale slowly.
5. Continue to inhale as deeply as slowly as you can. (It should take you around 5 seconds to inhale fully.)
6. Hold your breath for 10 seconds while gently counting to 10 to let the medicine enter the lung's airways.
7. Recite the previous procedures for each puff that your doctor has prescribed. Take a minute or so between
each puff.
8. After using the MDI, replace the cap.
Nebulizer:
A nebulizer is an electrically powered machine that turns liquid medication into a mist so that it can be
breathed directly into the lungs through a face mask or mouthpiece.

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Administration technique of Nebulizer

 Wash your hands.
 Connect the hose to an air compressor.
 Fill the medicine cup with your medicine. To avoid spills, close the medicine cup tightly and always
hold the mouthpiece straight up and down.
 Attach the other end of the hose to the mouthpiece and medicine cup.
 Turn on the nebulizer machine.
 Place the mouthpiece in your mouth. Keep your lips firmly around the mouthpiece so that all of the
medicine goes into your lungs. If using a facemask, place it over the mouth and nose. Small children
usually do better if they wear a mask.
 Breathe through your mouth until all the medicine is used. This takes 5 to 20 minutes, depending on
the device and medicine used. If needed, use a nose clip so that you breathe only through your mouth.
 Turn off the machine when done.
 Wash the medicine cup and mouthpiece with water and air dry until your next treatment.

Result

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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Aurosri Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, www.aiperodisha.org

EXPERIMENT NO. 29 DATE:

USE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY SOFTWARE & DIGITAL HEALTH TOOLS

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the use of any freely available community pharmacy
software & various digital health tools .
THEORY:
COMMUNITY PHARMACY SOFTWARE :-
Community pharmacy software is an application created to improve the effectiveness of pharmacy operations
by managing and controlling the medication processes within pharmacies. In addition to helping pharmacists in
improving patient outcomes, it also manages to automate the prescription process, ensures regulatory
compliance, and helps them streamline their workflows. It gives pharmacists significant control over their
customers prescription data and operations.

1. GoFrugal Pharmacy Software

GoFrugal is a comprehensive pharmacy software solution for managing pharmacy billing, expiry management,
and all other pharmacy activities in retail medical shops and multi-chain pharmacies. Some of the outstanding
features of GoFrugal community pharmacy software include easy inventory tracking, medical store billing, and
accounting audits for the retail pharmacy management system.
Besides, it is worth noting that the founder of GoFrugal – GoFrugal Technologies – has been a leader in
providing pharma software for the past 15 years and has excellent expertise and experience to cater to all of the
needs of pharmacy.
Key Features of GoFrugal:
 Automatic refills
 Billing & Invoicing
 Commission management
 Cataloging
 Claims management
 Multi-store scaling
 24X7 customer support
 Periodic training

2. Medicin Software
Medicin is a top-rated ERP software that unifies business and clinical processes to drive operational efficiency.
It is suitable for all sizes and types of pharmacies.
Medicin has a range of innovative features that can help multi-site pharmacies manage operations better. It is
highly user-friendly and has an intuitive, configurable, and navigable interface that makes it easy for quick
adoption.
Key Features:
 Cash management
 Stock management
 CRM and Sales dashboard
 Billing system
 Inventory management
 Point-of-Sale
 Barcode scanning

3. Redbook Pharmacy Software

Redbook is well-known business software for community pharmacy. The software has a plethora of awesome
features that will significantly increase your performance and business. Moreover, Redbook software is

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suitable for almost all types and sizes of companies, including retail stores and pharmaceutical distribution
busines
One of the most impressive features of the Redbook pharmacy software is the GST functionality, which
enables customers to fill their GST returns while also providing continuous access to their GST sales and
purchase details, making it easier to file returns.

Key Features of Redbook:

 User-friendly Interference
 Prompt alerts and reminder
 Compatible with online and offline modes
 Auto order feature
 24X7 vigilant customer support
 Quick Inventory Update

4. Rx30 Pharmacy Software

Rx30 is a pharmacy-focused, solution-centric platform that goes beyond connecting pharmacy management
and POS systems in order to combine business and clinical operations in a single software.
This community pharmacy software is appropriate for pharmacies of all sizes. The Rx30 pharmacy
software has some excellent features that will help you achieve your pharmacy goals, such as central site
management for multiple locations to distribution applications for nursing homes and hospitals, among others.
Key Features of Rx30:
 Automate and expedite prescription processing
 Customizable workflow to streamline your business
 Automatic Refills
 Integrated point-of-sale
 Claim Management
 Campaign Management
 Billing & Invoicing

5. Liberty Pharmacy Management Software

Liberty community pharmacy management software is one of the most user-friendly and innovative
community pharmacy platforms available in the market, built on Microsoft’s cutting-edge technology
framework. The Liberty software aims to fill prescriptions efficiently and effectively while ensuring the safety
of the patients.
Its intuitive and user-friendly interface means that new employees quickly become acquainted with the
program and can begin filling scripts with little to no preparation. As a result, this software is suitable for
independent, outpatient, and chain pharmacies.
Key Features:
 Customizable workflow that fits your requirements
 Text and email alerts
 Auto refills
 Customizable prescription labels
 Extensive reports
 Rx Image Scanning
 Advanced bin management

6. BestRx Pharmacy Software

BestRx is a pharmacy management system for independent and retail pharmacies that runs on Windows. The
majority of the features provided by BestRx community pharmacy software are the same as those provided by
competitors but at a lower cost. Furthermore, the BestRx is simple to use and needs little to no training.
Some of the features that set BestRx software apart from its competitors include intuitive design, fast and
versatile searching for patients, prescribers, drugs, and a highly interactive patient profile screen.
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Key Features:
 Highly visible notification dashboard
 Automated weekly price updates
 Allergy and drug-interaction warnings
 Rx Image scanning & document management
 Cloud backup
 24X7 customer support

7. PrimeRx Pharmacy Software

PrimeRx software community pharmacy platform is a hybrid pharmacy management solution for independent
retail pharmacies, drug store chains, and other businesses. The software can be deployed on-premises or on the
cloud. In addition, retail pharmacies and outpatient hospital pharmacies may also use this software to manage
workflow and accelerate refill processes.
Key Features:
 Customizable workflows to optimize pharmacy operations
 Medication synchronization, clinical reviews, and patient commutation tools
 Every day’s scheduled refills are automatically queued
 Ensure that both state and federal enforcement agencies are in compliance
 All data is automatically backed up

DIGITAL HEALTH:
Digital health, or digital healthcare, is a broad, multidisciplinary concept that includes concepts from an
intersection between technology and healthcare. Digital health applies digital transformation to the healthcare
field, incorporating software, hardware and services. Under its umbrella, digital health includes mobile health
(mHealth) apps, electronic health records (EHRs), electronic medical records (EMRs), wearable
devices, telehealth and telemedicine, as well as personalized medicine
mHealth:
mHealth(mobile health) is a general term for the use of mobile phones and other wireless technology in
medical care. The most common application of mHealth is the use of mobile devices to educate consumers
about preventive healthcare services. However, mHealth is also used for diseases surveillance, treatment
support, epidemic outbreak tracking and chronic diseases management.
Electronic health records (EHRs):
An electronic (digital) collection of medical information about a person that is stored on a computer. An
electronic health record includes information about a patient’s health history, such as diagnoses, medicines,
tests, allergies, immunizations, and treatment plans. Electronic health records can be seen by all healthcare
providers who are taking care of a patient and can be used by them to help make recommendations about the
patient’s care.
electronic medical records (EMRs):
Electronic medical records (EMRs) are a digital version of the paper charts in the clinician’s office. An EMR
contains the medical and treatment history of the patients in one practice. EMRs have advantages over paper
records. For example, EMRs allow clinicians to:
 Track data over time
 Easily identify which patients are due for preventive screenings or checkups
 Check how their patients are doing on certain parameters—such as blood pressure readings or
vaccinations
 Monitor and improve overall quality of care within the practice

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Wearable device:
Wearable healthcare technology refers to health monitoring devices worn on the body, such as the wrist, to
help monitor the wearer's health data. These devices use biosensors to collect different data from the patient,
such as heart rate, blood pressure, sleep patterns, and activity.
wearable devices:
Wearable healthcare technology refers to health monitoring devices worn on the body, such as the wrist,
to help monitor the wearer's health data. These devices use biosensors to collect different data from the
patient, such as heart rate, blood pressure, sleep patterns.
Telehealth:
Telehealth is the use of digital information and communication technologies to access health care services
remotely and manage your health care. Technologies can include computers and mobile devices, such as tablets
and smartphones. This may be technology you use from home.
Telemedicine:
Telemedicine can be defined as using telecommunications technologies to support the delivery of all kinds of
medical, diagnostic and treatment-related services usually by doctors
personalized medicine:
A type of medical care in which treatment is customized for an individual patient.

Result

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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EXPERIMENT NO. 30 DATE:

TO DEMONSTRATE THE ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUE OF INSULIN PEN

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study and report administration technique of Insulin pen.
THEORY:
Insulin pen: An injectable tool with a needle that administers insulin to the subcutaneous tissue is known as as
insulin pen.
Importance: - Insulin pen devices have several advantages over the traditional vial-and-syringe method of
insulin delivery, including improved patient satisfaction and adherence, greater ease of use, superior accuracy
for delivering small doses of insulin, greater social acceptability, and less reported injection pain.
There are the 5 types of insulin are:
Rapid-acting insulin
Short-acting insulin
Intermediate-acting insulin
Mixed insulin
Long-acting insulin
Administration Technique for using Insulin Pen

Step 1: Remove pen cover or cap.If using milky-white (intermediate-acting) insulin, gently roll pen between
palms 15 seconds to mix.

Step 2: Get the needle ready Pull paper tab off pen needle Screw needle onto insulin end of pen Remove outer
needle cover Remove inner needle cover to expose the needle. Throw inner needle cover in trash.

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Step 3: Get the pen ready. Prime the pen and clear air from needle. This adjusts the pen and needle for good
accuracy when it's time to measure your insulin dose. Turn the dose selector knob at end of the pen to 1 or 2
units (watch dose markings change with turning of knob).Hold the pen with needle pointing upward. Press dose
knob up completely while watching for insulin drop or stream to appear. Repeat, if necessary, until insulin is
seen at needle tip. The dial should be back at zero after completing the priming step.

Step 4: Turn dose knob to "dial in" your insulin dose. (You can dial backward, too.) The pen will allow you to
receive only the amount that you have set. Double-check the dose window to assure your proper dose.

Step 5: Select an injection site. The abdomen is the preferred place for many types of insulin--between the
bottom of the ribs and pubic line, avoiding 3-4 inches surrounding the navel. The top of the thighs and back of
upper arms (if you are flexible) may also be used.

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Step 6: Inject insulin.Curl fingers around the upper end of the pen to hold secure. Poise thumb, in air, above
dose knob.Gently pinch up skin with your free hand.Quickly insert the needle at a 90-degree angle. Release the
pinch.
Use your thumb to press down on the dose knob until it stops (the dose window will be back at zero). Leave the
needle in place for 5-10 seconds to help prevent insulin from leaking out of the injection spot (see package
insert to learn timing recommendation for your pen).

REPORT:

Signature of Teacher Signature of Student

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