Particle Dynamics

Force

Pull / Push
which
changes or
try change
to

state of rest state

the or
of
uniform motion in a
straight
line.

Force

field farce Contact force

e.g. 2.9.
· electric force
·Tension a
e in

magnetic force
string
·force of force
~- Spring
gravity
~ . frictional force
·

Weight Normal Reachon

~.
altruction
force of
Earth
on a
by
particle.
S.I. unit is N
 -
Normal Reaction By
surface
on block
to
·

Always 1

contact surface
·
Pushing force

N
inclined
(
by
surface
" on block)

plane
is
by
<2>
NI blane()
(by

(2)

(1)
<

X - -"
B
 Tension in a
string ->

Ideal and
) string massless
=>

inextensible)
---- ----

I by string
al
surface)

(
by string
block)
.
on

brg
Tis tension produced in
string
pulling force

i.e.
away from object.
by - ---by
string an

C
pully
string
on & T

byseethe
S
surface i
----
~T
"

"
-> by string
on block
 Tz Tz T
Tz

T2
I

Tz Tz

T,

Ti

spring force: K

k >
-
spring
-

Ne
constant
=- lo - >
or

stiffness

<
length
 lo

·nee
EY-

-Me
Es
Es

x
Is kY
=

m /

f
Is S

As k2
=

t=K ( deformation)
↳ force by spring on
objects
in contact with the

spring.
 Free body diagram:
· select the
system
show
·
all field forces acting
the
on
system
all contacts
·
Replace by
corresponding contact forces.
,111/

string
---- by
block
T on

by Earth
mg----> on block
, , 11
Make fBD of
M> m both blocks

T
T
N

m mg
M
R Mg
1 I / 11 I
 Es

10 2 =
R -
⑧

·
R
-> radi
smooth
of
wing

Make f BD

bead D
of -

vertical
wing

Newton's Laws
of
otion?
M

flust Law
If no net force
then
is applied on a
system,
will continue its state
system
rest or state of uniform
of
line.
motion in a
straight
 Inertial frame of reference -

which
A frame of reference in

motion
Newton's firstlaw of
is applicable is called inertial

frame of reference.
Second Law
Rate of change

of linear momentum of a
system
net
is
directly proportional to

external force acting on system.

->
I
a
E =
d ~ I M =

It
M -> const
-> -
=
D f M Ch
=

=i
->
-> f
a I --

M
Third Law
Action and reaction

equal and
are in
magnited e
opposite in direction.

Earth moon

I I

(by Earth
( by moon

a Earth)
on moon)

----
(by
T
string
surface
(by an
string)
on surface)
T (by string
on block)

mg
( by block

on string)
 motion
Use of Newton's Laws
of
to solve problems:

·
select the system
·
Make fBD
of system
·
Resolve inclined forces if any
·
Use It= Maxe

Ifz May
=

Ifz Maz =

- -- ----
&l C
(1)
↳
BL (2)
Find tension
in each
string T

.
E
So:
T2 cos
B 3
.

T,cos =
m . .

I
. . . . . . . . .

-.......

TSInc + 2
sinB =

m_-I Hig

T,sinst win
in
->

S(n(x
B)
+
 T2
T 180-14p)
......... B
aota"o+
Ti x +

mg
~
90- f...
I

-
Tz
mg

=
--

sin
(90-B) Sin (90 -
x)

w
sinos stores Sin
kr]

(Lami's theorem)
 vertical
N2 NI
-

= in
Q2 I
m
3 L
(1)
' - (3 S

III

11 "..
X B
mg

11 III

All surfaces are frictionless.

Find normal reaction exerted by
planes on sphere.
So
N2
mg NI -

siso-y *sinciso-)
=

+)
M

N =

o
N2
=
&3 Mo
k
meson Me

case (i)

be
i " 22

me, career
case (ii)

accelerations
find magnitude of
and (ii)
of m, me in case

Sot: -s K
=

(deformation)

)
(+
a=
->

am
(x)
=
=
 111 I
T 2mg
=

E
Q4 -s T mg
3mg
= + =

Es
+s 3
mg
=

P
ungt
a.
T

mg
T

↓
2m ↓
2mg 2mg az
Blocks are in equilibrium.
Now
string between m and 2m

is cut.
find initial acceleration of blocks.

Sot? 9
--
az -
am
-= 9
am

a, = -mg
2g
=
Y
m
 a
=
05 ,O

mgcosO
mg
126
126
S .....,
url
I
mgsin ~
120° Initially
disc is in

equilibrium.
Both springs
are identical 10
and are having
same extension.
is removed then
If one
spring I

initial acceleration small disc.

find of
sol
-
f =

mgsina
-> -> ->
O
mgsino
=

I I f t
I 2

when It is removed ,
then
->
->
is -fl
net of EC and mgsinc
->

a
=>
=
- 41/m
IaI
=>
o=gsina
=

M
 111 I

A uniform rope
&G
and
of mass in

length ↳ is hanging
in a vertical plane.
Let tension in rope
a
at point, at
distance
a
from
lower end is far.
between for and 2
plot a
graph
Sot:

falby?an()
⑧

p
=iq) (2)
⑧

p(2) (1)
-( )g
-

mg xg
=

I I

fr fu
(59)x
=

(by I

2)
on

2
OT L
(i) O ②

uniform rope of mass in and length

↳ is in
equilibrium in vertical
plane. find tension at mid
point of rope. I
I
so
.0_1- -1

2 f SInc M
g
=

I
to
=

s
M9

W ↓
M8/2
(by2
T
m 1)

T FcOSR
= =

c0sO
T I MG Got O
I
 (ii) And radius of curvature of
shape of rope at lowest point.

↑
R
-
T
T_(_IO dO.._.d.
2 T sino) =
(* 2Rdo]g

k 40= [
+

/
4Rdo] 9

T I
8R
· mcoto I
-
M9 R

2
I

cot O
R
- >
=
=]
S
 / 11

&8 02 B

/ 1
Uniform A
SP,
rope of
mass M and

length L is

equilibrium vertical plane.

~

in in in

And tensions at ends A and B.

Fz
Sot!

-2
Fi

...I__

->,cOSO, faCOSO2
=

Mg f,
=

sinO, + f2 SInD2 Mg

+,
cowhe
=> =
 Dynamics

09

F Mi Me M3
, , , , , 111

All
frictionless. Find
surfaces are

exerted
force
by me, on me

and force exerted M3

by me on

Sot:
--
a
wmz
=

m3 +

a
->

(m, mz)a
* R = +

by
res
mi

(
..=
an M2

- Ch

N
N Mya
=

(by Me
an m3) mut
~N I -

↳, mz+ M3
+
 *
=kt

&10
- K -> constant

M - -
o constant

At t 4 0
/
0,
/ / / = =

Fachonless

when it
find velocity of block

will leave contact with

horizontal surface.
Sot: contact
-
block will leave
when
Mg
kt.Sinx=

to -

inc
fur block

ma
-kt cOSX

m
E KLOSC
=
t
to

kc0sc)
W
t dt
m(av
=

~
-
2m
 Constraint Relations

ay 0
=

- --- /

(1) constraint of a tightstring

B
02

Vz

Ol
A Vi
V, COSR, Y
=

COSP2

VI

F,

De
V2
Ol

O
Vb
/ / S / / /

block t
welocity
a
find of
this instant.

V COS O
~COSR
=

Sol?

vb Y/cosO
=

02
Wire is B

sliding in a
-...
vertical plane.

finch velocity
end B
of
this instant
at D

So:VSInO= VCOSO a.
Up YcOO
=
v
= cotO
 W
V

03

11 I O 11/I

Find O

velocity of
block at ⑧

this instant

Sot!
-

VCOSO
VCOSO
=
b

vo Es
=

04

Two
dogs are

pulling a sledge X

velocities
(O
with
·

~, and V2 0-X

strings are tight

and angle between
is
strings 0.

find velocity of sledge

 VLOS X Y
= . . . . .
(i)

~ cOS(0-2) V
=

-.-- (ii)

=X V [COSO cos x + sino sinx] =

V

=>
r[CoSo x
+sind /
= V, cOSR sind
+

JE =

=] Sino
JE Ve-Y,cOSO
=

sino(v2 ) +cos
=>
-
=

2V, VCOSR

v, =rust-2,
2

v
=>
-
rest
Sim"D

r=

3, co o
=>
Constraint of two surfaces in
contact

↓
to common surface
and
velocity
accelevation is

same.

wod

Ver
O
-

90.8
wedge &

God at this
find velocity of
ins tant. VSIRR
So YCOSR=
 02
Ac

O
find -....

acceleration
Aw
of cylinder. C1x
is
Cyclinder
not rotating 0

Sot? a,COSO an SInc

=

ac Aw
= tanD

03

01
horizontal
Wedge is given leftward
acceleration such that normal reaction
between block and wedge 18 tending
to zero find acceleration of wedge.
Sot:

aw
-

-
&

q
&S

OW
SID =
gcOSR
aw
=>
gcotO
=

connected bodies
13) Motion of
⑰ ----
L y, yz
= +
C
+

Atwood
w.r.t. time Machine
Diff
0 =?? o
+

"
Ye
0 R Y,
v2 0
V,
+

0 = -
+

v, Vs
=
------.(i)

---- +a 0
=

a= ---(i)*
az
--
 .
R

T a,t- T
19ct 0
=

I F. 0
=

(yp- y,) (y, yz)

L =
+
-
+
c Ap
⑧

1 24py,
= -

x C
+
al Yp
Az
w.r.t
Diff yI
time Y2
->
0
2Y
= -
->-V
r,
/ / S - / / /

= I
->= a
 -

Fret ma
↓
=

&l find relation

0
between
⑧ fnet
=
0
=

acceleration
blocks.
of
92 32
Yp
Metod If
= I
· ⑧
T
"T

-
(2)
2T4, TAz 0
-
= T

t Az
92 2a,
=

~ 2 T

a,
⑧

Method #2
x2T

p (1)
a
l
a=
a
=P G2 2a,
=

L 2Y
=

yz
+
C
+

Dilf turc w.r. t. time

0
2p [z
=
+ 0
+

34p Gz
=

2a,
=> = 92
 - - ~ ~ ...

Q2

d
#

relation N
-
acceleration
of
blocks. xT
of (1)
C1

↑
· ↓
. zero

So: as - T
T

Mod
#I

Ta,-2Taz 0
=

-
a, 242=

(2)
↓ Ge
d#2

az
=
0
2

=Y a =292
 Atwood Machine

is
② Pulley
massless and

frictionless.
And acceleration
blocks and
of T

tension in
string. ↳1
AT
↓ A
sol: Ch Mc
mig
I
-T
M29 M, a
=

Mag
T- m,g m,a =

D
=
a = 9
imm,
M2 M,
+

AND
T -
2m,m. I
-

M2+m/
 M
&2

All
surfaces
are
frictionless
system is

Aw set free.
find acceleraton
-
of rod
O
M and
Ar O wedge.
So: (i)
AW SInD =
Ar COSO ------

my
⑧

N( by wedge on
rod)
-

I
IN EDGE
ROD

= +Ig R
NCOSO =

⑧
mg-NCOS D
by God an wedge)
=mar
N ( NSInO=MAw
↑

(i))
is
-...-

----

Mg
R

wedge)
Ar=
sincethe
mg
153 surface on
&3
Friction is
24
=
absent
m
everywhere.
I [
·
2T

38
⑧
pulleys are

B · [ massless.
T
2m
a
->
2T; find

3m1 H acceleration
of masses.
3
mg

T 2ma
=

- - -
(i)

(ii)
3mg-2T 3mx
3
=
---

=>
ma =
3mg

a = 68/1
 - - - - ~

Find
&4
acceleration

of blocks.

↑
(2a) (zero)
⑧
⑳

- T xT xT

↓ (1) M
↓ ~2T
a, 2a
*
mg
=

Ch
x2T -

(2) m 1az a =

↓
meg

[mg -
T mx 2 a
=

3 x 2

mxa
27
-mg
=

=>
>
a 8/5
=

a= 28/5t
az 8/54
=
 / T
05
/
⑳ <
⑳ I
/

- M I ·
/

juctioniers
- /

All surfaces are

and bulley is massless. And

acceleration of bulley.
So: F - 2T 0
=
x
Ap
· T
E
=

I - I
GB =
M 2M

Ap
his I am at the
 1) I/II

06

T
7

M
x2T

m
?
=

10

Blocks are with

moving
constant velocities. And M

So I
2 T =

mg
sinc
T Mg
=

=8 2
MgSinO= mg
m 2M
= sinc
-]
07
a
↳

fat
~

(1) T
2
I

t
~ T
i T

T
Sin3 (2)
wig
m
↓
7308 ↓ 2a
my
And
All surfaces are
frictionless.
acceleration blocks.
of

sol ma
2T -mg/2
=

[ mg - T =
mx 2a) x2

I
=

3mg Sma
=

·
a = 39/10
 - A3
2T
08
3M >

/ / / S

/
All surfaces are ⑧

x 2T
and
frictionless /

pulleys are / I ~v T
⑧8

massless. /

find acceleration TX
/
blocks
of z
↓ ↓
x T
sol mg
A,
a
az
->

a= 2m
1,02
Lang
2 T 3m
=

92)........
(
x
is

(ii)
mg-T ma,
=
------

2mg-T 2m
=

az ------
(iii)
m(a, a2)
2mg-3
= +

=>

=
a
=
8, a stating
 -...

99

Find acceleration
of blocks.

= a 2T

x2T
to
3m
3
mg-2T 3m 93 ag
=

---(I)
↓ "T
3mg
T-mg ma, (ii)
=
....

2maz (iii)I ↓
T-2mg
= ---

xT
mg
al A
I
2M
Az
3t
=>
-

2mg m(a,
=
+

a2) ↓
zmg
re
ST A -

T 2
=

=] 17

a=
B,a2 =
-

8,8s=
 Q10
⑳

Go
find accelerations
blocks in
of a,p
frame.
ground
Sol:
m, ↑ az
aa2
-

Go M2
=

:.
a, Gz +
2a,
= -----
(1)

(ii)
T
m,g m,a,--
-- --

- =

az (iii)
T M2g M2
- - - -
=
-

=] m,(g a,)+
m2(9
=

92)
+

*
m, a, -M292 M29 m,g -- - - -
= -

mi)
(m, +
=>
m2) a, 2m240+
= (m> -

g
(m> mi) 9
a,
-
-

=Y =

M2+
m/
 And
&11 2
acceleration
2

of blocks.
2

W function is
W
absent
-

(1)
2
m
N ↳ everywhere.
W

i -

az -
m ...?__)--
N
(2)

asInO COSO
G,
=

al .......(3)
for (2)
NSIO =
ma, -----.(i)

for c) mg-NCOSO ma,

=
---(ii)

a = gsin20
a
= gsinOcOSO
=
 ↑ seudo force

( for linear motion of frame) a

Ch m

mg Ramit

Gunbir
,
⑤
T

mx a
T
mg
=
-

T
m(g a) mg ma
T
= +
+
=

mg
·
Isued o force is applied ma
when observer is working
in accelerated frame
to acceleration
· Direction is opposite
of frame
acceleration
·

IFI=mass of particle X of frame

 &1
a
So

m 17

Pendulum w.r.t car

is
stationary
find tension in
string
and angle D.

Sot!
T
Do
TCOSP =Mg
7
TsinDo
accelerate
max
a
=>

mg
-

ma
=

tano=
9/g T mj
=

+a2

mg
TcuSO=

TsinD ma =
T,
00
ma

tanOo =
4/g Img
T ma2
=
&2

All surfaces ar factionlers. Sphere

is horizontal direction
sliding in

with uniform acceleration a. Block

w.r.t.
is
stationary sphere.
find &

.......
D i
So:
ma -
-
-
NCOSO= mg ↓
NSInO= ma O
mg
Ch
tano= -

g
 case (1)

03

I Ch
case (ii)

m
a
->

force block
Find bsuedo on

in each case

sol !
-
case (i)

-> ma
-

case (ii)

-> =
ma
 04
e
All surfaces
are
frictionless.
is
system M
0
set free.
find accelera on of wedge
release.
after
A
Sot:

*
N D

NSInO MA =

R
. . . . . .
ci) Mg

block wor. t
⑤ N

for
m A
wedge
N +
mA SInD i2
mgcOSO
=
-9
--- (ii) mg 0

."- A -
e
mgsinacosO
in + m sin20
 seen
block
N
fram
ground

Worig
-
O
xSIPR

t
/ mg

I to surface
m A sinO
-N
mgcoso
=

. . . cil)

Q5
I
All surfaces m
I
are
frictionless.
is I
system
M
set free. I

find acceleration
and
wedge
I

of O
block. 1) / / /
 N
mg

:....
- R
O

MG
>O

for wedge w.r. t

ground
along the plane
(N+Mg) SInD =

Mam ------ (i)

for block in vertical direction

mg -N
map-
=
- - -

(ii)
Ab
db Aw =
SInR
---
(iii)

as oc
=

e sol
Aw
aw=
e
Ct
 Method #2

in

aw

·Nedgeground
w.r.t
to "
parallel
plane ing

(Mg +
N) SInc =
Maw . . . .
ciS
-N maw

for block w.r.t.

⑲ (0
wedge 1
1 to wedge surface mg

N+ mawsinO
mg
=

10

:
Aw=(Me
Chb, w - coso-ma(m+m)
i +msin2 0
M

I -
->
Ab, w - ab
-

Aw Ab, w
- -> - T
Ab I
aw I Ab, w 180-0

aw
 Question Practice

--
Joi
-

*
homeontol
8,(
.......... >
E
01 ↓ T

I
mg
7
herzantel And tensions
I 02

Tsi....
m
strings
.............

in
mg
o, and
W

X
my assuming
Or are
given.
T'Img
m

T
+'sInc, mg
=

fsinDz
+

FCOSOz
=

- SinOz = 2
mg f'sinc, = 3
mg
T

I
f'cOSO, + -
COSO2=
 D
02

ma
-
.. a

"mg
.....

M
OS
/ / / / /

All
surfaces are -

functionless. /

m is not /

acclera ling wort M. M

S

find M /
a

sol "
tan R
-
a =
g

But

a
m
=

I
in
Y
= tano -

M+m M
+

I
M - (M m)
+ tan Q
-
1- tand
 -----

03

(1) Find force

exerted by man

on
string if
S in
system
equilibrium.
Also find
normal
reaction

acting on
M

man.

(ii) If
normal reaction acting on man
&

is
equal his
to true weight
exerted
then
find force by
↑

man on
string.
 (i) 2 T (M
=

m)g
+

m)g
T =

my M9
N
M
I
T N +

Mg
=

: N Mg
=
-
T I
m)g
f
(ii) ↑a

al
N
Mg
=

N
mg
!I
=

Mg

F Ma =

- - - -

(i) mg F- (1g mg)

+

frrmcis eciil -- =
ma - - -

(ii)
 ⑦4 An inclined

plane 1s having
fixed
base length ...O
↳
........

La

Angle of
inclination can be varied. A

particle is released from top

well take time to, to reach
to bottom.
find tmin.

Sot:
a gSInR
= migsing-
↳
S =
co O
Now
23
so IX gsinox
-

t =
cosa
-

Siz
tmin=
S when 20 90
=
 ---

All
pulleys
Q5 are massless
and system
m
contains infinite
no,
of bulleys.
m find acceleration

of leftmost
particle.
he

m
i
"
accept:

T2 =

ae C

Mi Mz
 ---- ----

A a

XI T
-T ↑ -

-T a
↓

vo
M

Sh
+2", T2
T mg
=

M m
+ M

Tz =
i

I
=>
a 8/2
=
Q6 Ay

m
IN

. . .
o Aw
I
M N D

If horizontal acceleration
of
wedge is
g.
=

find force +-

Sol Aw sinc = ar COSR

:. Gr g tand
=

fer God in vertical direction

NCOSO-mg m
=

/gtand)
tag in
mg
:.N =

horizonted direction
fur
wedge in

F -
NSINO M
=

9
f Mg
=
NSInD
+
=
mg+mg (tano+tand)
 Q7 M boX

If monkey
starts climbing
up with acceleration

a relative to

rope there
M
(monkey)
S
acceleration
find
of box w.r.t. ground.
So
↓ T

A
T
M9
for box
mg
T
Mq=*
+

for
monkey
A)
mg m(a
Am, =-
->
-

T
-
=

----
(ii)
form(i) a (ii)
as a+AY=

MA
-> my m(a A)
+
-
Mg
+ =

am (a- A)Y
=

A = (m M)g
+
ma
+

= (A -
a)( )
-
-

M M +