Ge 4 Reviewer such nations are in need of assistance from some type

of global governance.
The Global Interstate System
Government - group of people who have the ultimate
Interstate system - the relationship of states, the
authority to act on the behalf of a state.
processes, and how the states interact with each other.
sovereignty - right to govern one’s own territorial
State - the institution that creates warfare and sets
borders.
economic policies for a country.
Civil society includes:
- political unit that has authority over its own affairs –
meaning, its borders are recognized by other countries. ✓ private economy (i.e. innovators, entrepreneurs,
activists),
Global governance - a purposeful order that emerges
from institutions, processes, norms, formal agreements, ✓ unions and other collective-bargaining groups
and informal mechanisms that regulate action for a
common good. ✓ cooperatives and collectives

Treaty of Westphalia – set of agreements signed in ✓ educational institutions,

1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War between the major
✓ churches and other faith-based organizations,
continental powers of Europe. It was designed to avert
wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers ✓ hospitals,
exercise complete control over their domestic affairs
and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs and ✓ fraternities and sororities,
provide stability for the nations of Europe.
✓ nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other
There are factors behind the emergence of global nonprofits
governance:
✓ online groups and social media communities, and
1. Declining power of nation-states
✓ grassroots organizations.
2. Vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and
often right through the borders of nation-states. Four (4) challenges to the government and ultimately
Examples: to state economy

▪ Flow of digital information through the Internet – it is 1. Traditional Challenges – the three (3) challenges
difficult for a nationstate to stop such flow and in any governments have
case, it is likely that such action would be politically experienced since then are:
unpopular and bring much reaction to the nation-state
involved in such an effort. For instance, China’s periodic  External intervention in the autonomy of the
efforts to interfere with the state:

Internet have brought great condemnation both - Invasion by other countries

internally and externally.
-Soviet Era
▪ Mass migration of people and their entry, often
- Intervening in the affairs of people
illegally – if states are unable to control this flow, then
there is a need for some sort of global governance to  Internal political challenges
help deal with the problem.  Regional organizations challenging state
autonomy – Example: the United Nations
▪ Flow of criminal elements and their products (e.g.
intervened in Sudan because of the several
drugs, laundered money, etc.) – a strong factor in the
years of civil war.
call for global governance. There is a need for some
degree of order, some sort of effective authority, and at 2. Challenges from National/Identity Movements
least some potential for the improvement of human life.
• A nation has cultural identity that people attached to,
3. Horrendous events within nation-states that the while a state is a definite entity due to its specific
states themselves either formant and carry out, or boundaries. But different people with different
unable to control. identities can live in different states.
4. Global problems a single nation-state cannot hope to 3. Global Economics
tackle on their own.
• Global economy demands the states to conform to
• Example: global financial crises – some nations like the rules of free-market capitalism.
those in Southeast Asia have often been, and are being,
victimized by such crises. Unable to help themselves,
  Neoliberal economics - requires a state to It is a collective identity grounded on a notion
cooperate in the global market through the of shared history and culture.
free flow of capital, privatization of services,
Ex: the Philippines as a nation refer to our collective
and fiscal austerity or constraint.
notion of democracy, our history and our collective
identity.

4. Global Social Movements  Philippines as a state refer to the Philippine

government, territory and its internal and
• Social movements – movements of people that are
external sovereignty.
spontaneous or that emerge through enormous
 Nation is a cultural concept while state is a
grassroots organization. These social movements are
political concept.
transnational governments which means they occur
across countries and across borders. Thus, states have Nation-state – a territorially bounded sovereign
less control over them. institution that governs individuals sharing a collective
history, identity, and culture.
Examples of Social Movements:
Institutions that Govern International Relations
 Human rights movements create a public
sentiment, value and agenda. The idea is that A. Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and
there are certain rights that states cannot NATO
neglect or generally, what we call human rights.
 United Nations (UN) - one of the leasing
If a country decides that they are going to have
political organizations in the world where
a particular policy and if that policy violates the
nation-states meet and deliberate.
international standard of human rights, there is
a challenge to the ability of states to fully  UN functions in 4 areas: military issues,
implement it. economic issues, environmental issues, and
human protection
 Environmental movement is related to public
policy.  UNICEF- primary goal is to help children around
the world
 Consensus on women’s rights – arguably the
biggest conflict between the West and  UNEP- addressed pollution and hazardous
fundamentalist Islam is over the role of women waste.
in society.  IPCC- took effort to mitigate climate change
 Rights of personal autonomy – includes issues  ICJ- reffered as the World Court, located in the
on homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and Netherlands in a town called The Hague.
gender equality. B. Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
 Increased role in international organizations
(e.g. UN, UN International Criminal Court in - NGOs are not tied to any country, this allows them to
Hague), role of non-governmental operate freely throughout the world.
organizations (e.g. Doctors Without Borders, Examples:
Amnesty International), and role of global
media.  Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries) –
they remain neutral and would help the
The Relevance of the State amid Globalization wounded from both sides of war. It is important
State is a distinctive political community with its own that they remain neutral so gov’ts let them
set of rules and practices and that is more or less come into their countries to help.
separate from other communities.  Doctors Without Borders – provides free
emergency healthcare in disaster areas.
four (4) elements of a state:  Oxfam – fights famine and disease
1. people (permanent population),  Amnesty International – speaks out for human
rights and political prisoners
2. territory (has clear boundaries),  Save the Children – helps kids get health care
3. government (regulates relations among its own and education.
people and with other states) and C. Global Economic Associations: WTO and NAFTA
4. sovereignty  WTO: made up of 162 countries around the
Difference bet. nation and state: world and was created with the goal of
increasing free trade.
 Nation refers to a people rather than any kind
of formal territorialboundaries and institutions.
  NAFTA: an economic treaty between US, Five Permanent members of UN
Canada and Mexico in which they trade freely 1. United States
without taxing each other. 2. Britain
3. Russia
Globalization - increase or decline in the degree of
4. China
globalism
5. France
globalism - network of connections that transcends
distances of different countries in the world. Acronyms
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement
Global citizenship - a moral and ethical disposition that TNC- Transnational Corporation
can guide the understanding of individuals or groups of WTO- World Trade Organization
local and global contexts, and remind them of their OECD- Oraganizational for Economic Cooperation and
relative responsibilities within various communities Development
Three Approaches to Global Economic Resistance OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
IMF- International Monetary Fund
 Trade Protectionism- systematic government WB- World Bank
intervention in foreign trade GATT- General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
IFI- International Financial Institution
 Free Trade- aims at a more moral and equitable
EU- European Union
global economic system
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 Helping the Bottom Billion MNC- Multinational Corporation
GDP- Gross Domestic Product
Four Major Sources of collective insecurity:
NGO- Non- Government Organization
 Terrorism USSR- Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
U.S.A- United States of America
 Economic Globalization UNICEF- United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
 Leading to problem such as outsourcing and SDGs- Sustainable Development Goals
pressures toward downsizing, as well as the MDGs- Millennium Development Goals
current economic crisis (e.g threats to national UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme
identity due to immigration) IPCC- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ICJ- International Court of Justice
 Spread of Global Disease (e.g Aids) ICC- International Criminal Court
ITLOS- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
FedEx- Federal Express
Kinds of global citizenship include MRIs- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
GPS- Global Positioning Systems
 Individuals, who share a set of values and
GNS- Global Navigation Systems
responsibilities.
OHCHR- Office of the UN High Commissioner for
 Corporations, who have focused on
Human Rights
globalization.
UNDG-HRM- UN Development Group’s Human Rights
 Ethical Global Citizenship.
Mainstreaming Mechanism
 Cultural Global Citizenship.
ASEAN- Asian Association of South East Nations
 Civic Global Citizenship. WSF- World Social Forum
 Economic Global Citizenship

Informationalism
-technological paradigm that replaces industrialism
 According to Ritzer (2015), the internet has
prompted as a flat world thesis, anyone can be
involved in it at least theoretically.

The Internet and Technologies are limited by certain

barriers.
 Lack of Electricity
 Illiteracy
 Weak financial Systems
 Government regulations