Scribd
Upload
17 views

Unit 1 - Introduction To Transmission Line Theory (Notes + Problems)

Uploaded by

Harish Narayanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Unit 1 - Introduction To Transmission Line Theory (Notes + Problems)

Uploaded by

Harish Narayanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

1 of 36

2 of 36
3 of 36
4 of 36
5 of 36
6 of 36
7 of 36
8 of 36
9 of 36
10 of 36

If uniformly spaced points are selected on the line or if uniformly increasing a values, such as s1,
s2, s3, ,are chosen, then voltage phasors may be drawn for each point as in (a), Fig. 6-5. These
phasors may be considered as representing maximum instantaneous voltage values, and are seen to
vary in magnitude as and in phase by uniform angle increments. It may then be assumed that all the
phasors are rotating in the counter clockwise direction with an angular velocity equal to that of the
generating source at the sending end. At a given time t and the
instantaneous values of voltage plotted as a function of distance, as in (b), Fig. 6-5. This plot shows
a portion of an infinite line, with the instantaneous voltage conditions existing at each point along
the line. Such an oscillating and attenuating voltage condition exists over the whole length of the
line. At (c), Fig. 6-5, the rotating phasors have been stopped at a time t2, which is one-eighth of a
cycle later than time t . The instantaneous values of voltage are again plotted as a function of
distance in (d). Comparison of sketches (d) and (b) shows that the wave of (b) has moved to the
right and become that of (d). This movement discloses the existence of a voltage ware traveling
down the line from the generator.

If terminal a,b be considered as any point on the infinite line, then E and I at any point are
expressed as, E = Es e- s and I =Is e- s
The voltage along the infinite line as measured by meter is as follows;
11 of 36
12 of 36
13 of 36
14 of 36
15 of 36

Waveform distortion

a) Frequency distortion

The value of the attenuation constant has been determined and given as,

is a function of frequency. All frequencies transmitted on a line will then not be


attenuated equally. A complex applied voltage, such as a voice voltage containing many
frequencies, will not have all frequencies transmitted with equal attenuation, and the received
wave form will not be identical with the input wave form at the sending end. This variation is
known as frequency distortion.

b) Delay or phase distortion

is given by,

and can be seen to be a complicated function of frequency, in general. Since the velocity of
propagation has been stated as

and do not both involve frequency in the same manner and that the
velocity of propagation will in general be some function of frequency. All frequencies applied
to a transmission line will not have the same time of transmission, some frequencies being
delayed more than others. For an applied voice-voltage wave the received wave form will not
be identical with the input wave form at the sending end, since some components will be
delayed more than those of other frequencies. This phenomenon is known as delay or phase
distortion.

c) Overcome of frequency distortion


Frequency distortion is reduced in the transmission of high quality radio broadcast programs
over wire lines by use of equalizers at the line terminals. These circuits are networks whose
frequency and phase characteristics are adjusted to be inverse to those of the lines, resulting in
an over-all uniform frequency response over the desired frequency band.

d) Overcome of delay distortion


Delay distortion is of relatively minor importance to voice and transmission because of the
characteristics of the ear. It can be very serious in circuits intended for picture transmission,
and applications of the coaxial cable have been made to overcome the difficulty. In such cables
the internal inductance is low at high frequencies because of skin effect, the resistance is small
because of the large conductors, and capacitance and leakage are small because of the use of
air dielectric with a minimum of spacers. The velocity of propagation is raised and made more
nearly equal for all frequencies.
16 of 36
17 of 36
18 of 36
19 of 36
20 of 36
21 of 36
22 of 36
Standing Waves: Nodes 23 of 36
Standing Wave Ratio: 24 of 36
25 of 36

SWR Measurement:
26 of 36
27 of 36
28 of 36
29 of 36
30 of 36
31 of 36
32 of 36
33 of 36
34 of 36
35 of 36
36 of 36

You might also like