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BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatmet

or immunization of human beings or animals or in research
activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of
biologicals.

Handing of biomedical waste sustem in Indioa :

198% :environment protection act.
1998 :eiomedical waste management guidelines.
aollo : Biomedical waste managenment guidelines
(amendmentd, aala.
ar march, aoig :Government of India banned the use of
chilorinated bags.
aoao-aoal : CovID management quidelines.

Biomedicoal waste moanagement quidelines (aol> was made by

Central foidtoh Control sbara erCs). His under the ministry
of Forest, environment and Climatic change.

Common Biomedical waste Treatment Facility (CewTF):

medical waste seoregation is done at the same site where
waste is qenerated. It is then sent to a common area at the
hospital. Aperson Prom cawTF picks up the segregated medical
waste in oan authorized transport vehicle. At CawTF, disposa/
treatment of medical waste is done.

There are tour categories of waste : yellouw, red, blue and

white. Pretreatment is not required to be done in the hospital
except in certain situations.

60c6b3eeaa8dedOe4e7e5ea7

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are not considered under biomedical waste :

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Follouwing are not cosidered under biomedical waste :

Waste Covered under
Solid waste Solid waste management rules,
aolo.
60c6b3eeaa&ded0e4e7e5ea7
& waste
ewaste managernent rules,
ao).
Radioactive wastes Atomic enerqy act, 9%a.
Hazardous chemicals manufacture, storage and import
of haardous chemicals rues,
I989.
Construction and demolition waste construction and demolition waste
management rules, aOla
Lead acid batteries Batteries Gmanagement and
handing rules, aoo.
Hazardous wastes Hazardous and other wastes
Gmanagement and transboundary
movement rules, aala.
Hazardous mieroorgoanisms, manufacture, use, import,
genetically engjneered export and storage of hazardous
microorganisms and cells
ammerogonotes
engineered micro
cells rules, I989.

Symbols 00:10:48

Biohazard waste :

Cytotoxic waste:

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Radiclogical waste not under biomedical uwaste):

Biomedical waste cotegories :

Yellow * intectious (may or not be pretreated)’Goes tor
incineration. [email protected]
Redit Intectious rubber/plastie/tube (o pre treatment)
Goes for recycling or reuse.
mnemonie : RPT for Rubber/plasic tube f reuse, no
pre treatrment, recyle.
Blue Glass ho pre treatmentoes for reoying or
reuse.

white Sharps (no pre treatmetGoes tor recycling or

reuse ater
EfaetOgition6notes
Some exAmples :
Blood bags including bloodtranstusion set Yellow

urine bag Red

ortho metallic implants elue

Needles, scalpeks white

Gloves contaminated with HIV blood Red

Any glove stained/unstained)
elood rom the syringe goes into yellou, and 2ed
Syringe
white
Syringe with bced neede system
Immunization waste :
wrapper/cover goesintoblackeategoryunicipal uaste).
" Vaccine vial qoes into blue category
Needle goes into white category after destruction
Syringe goes into red category
" Live vaccines qo into yellouw Category

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Yellow category 00:21:12

8sub cateqories 60c6b3eeaa8dedOe4e7e5ea7

Yellow ) - Humananatomical waste:
Human tissues, organs, body parts, fetus belouw viablity period,
placenta and extracted tooth

Yellow (b)- Animal anatomical waste:

Animal carcasses, body parts, organs, tissues, waste generated
Arom animas used in experiments or testing in veterinary
hospitals or colleges or animal houses.
yellow - Soiled waste:
tems contaminated uwith blbod/body luids lke dressings,
plaster casts, cotton suwabs f bags containing residual
or discarded blood { blood components, used infectious
material such as caps, shoe cover, blotting paper/gauze,
wooden swab stick parafin blocks, indicator tapes
disposable (single use non-linen based) masks i gouns
@marrowedition6notes
Yellow - Expired and discarded medicines :
This cotains :

xpired or discarded medicines uith biohazard sumboD.

Cytotoxác drugsi separate bags are used for cytotoxie
drugs (anticancer drugs which can be sent back to the
pharmaceutical or remanufacturing, The cytotoxic waste
sumbol is used for these druqs.
yellow (e-chemical waste (solids/iquids):
Chemicals used in production of biclogical, discarded containers
of chemicas and disinfectants etc.
Includes solid or liquid residual chemicas used in HCES (Heath
Care Facilities).

Yellow - Chemical liquid waste (uids):

X- ray Alm liquid : Not radioactive waste. Contains AgNo,
used for developing Alrs. The liquid is recycled by the
manfacturing company
Liquid chemicals (detergents) rom lab, Aoor uwoshings,
cleaning, house keeping and disinfecting activties etc.
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Infected secretions/aspirated body uids such as
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infected secretions/aspirated body uids such as ascitic

Aluid, pleural luid, csF, sputum, Peces, urine, saliNa except
blood.

yellow ( Discarded linen, mattresses, beddings

contaminated with blood, body luids, routine mask and goun.

yelow h - Biotechnology, microbioloqy and other clinical

laboratory uwaste :
microbiology, biotechnology lab uwaste.
Other cinical laboratory waste, waste blood bags (containing
date expired or contaminated blood), vacutainer with blood.
Laboratorycutures, stocks or specimen of miero-organisms, ive
or atteruated vaccines, human cell cutures used in research,
industrial laboratories, production of biological, residual toxins,
dishes and devices used Por cutures.

Humanss ania OWPabetabpes Soiled waste Discarded

anatomicol wastes yelouw (yelouw yelouw ) linen
yelou aoc6b3eeasbdedoeae7e5ea7 beddings
yelow a

mierobiolbgy cinical laboratory,

Biotechnology waste incuding blood
Epired/ discarded Cytotoxic bags qbiood samples
medicines yellow d e r e treat in autoclave safe plastie
yellouw c bag/microuawe/ non chiornated
chemical dsinfection)
yelow h)
Siver x ray Aim infectious liquid Silver x ray Am
developing Tiquid waste developing
lquid
tnfected secretions
Sputum / faces/
urine /serum
spirated bods luids
pleural /peritonea
CSF /sunoval Muid
The Huids are in the yelow category

Red category 00:32:24

Tubina, bottles, intravenous tubes and sets

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Catheters, urine bags

Syringes (without needles and Auxed needle syringes witth
their needles cut).
" Vacutainers (without blooc) and glbves.
" waste pipette tips, plastic pipette, rubber teats, drains,
oygen mask, thick plastic splash proof gouns, rubber
apron, LISA plate and vials not containing blood samples.
Vacutainer with blood goes into yelouw category

Foles's Urosae v bottle Heavy duty rubber Syringe Vacutainer Rules

Cathter Bag 1Drp set Goves 4urgjcal wthout Tube
gjoves needde

white category
Needles, syringes witth heed needles, needles rom
needle tip cutter or bumer, scalpels, blades, or any other
contarninated sharp object that may cause puncture
and cuts
This includes waste sharps such as lumbar puncture
@mauowedtionndtes
needle, trocar cannula, iASe carmuio, arthroscopy
blade, insulin pen needle, lancet needle, eye needle,
cardioplegia needle and surgical stab Knife.

Scalpels Razor SutureSuringe with Lumbar puncture Needles from

kumarankindia1@gnailisotheedle neede syringe

Slue category
" Broken or discarded and contaminated qlass including
medicine vials and ampoules except those contaminated
witth cutotoxic wastes.
This incudes qlass slides and qlass pipettes, metal sternal space
Active
wire, aigli sauw wire and orthopaedic splints and implants.

eroken eroken ampoules empty va metalie body implants, sereus

glass Tplates

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Pretreatment:

Pretreatment is done ony tor yellouw (), yelou gand

yelow ( categories.
In yellow ), siver x-ray Ain liquid does not require
-dOe4e7e5ea7 pretreatment, it onky needs to be sent or recovery
Disinfectant is neutralized usinq acids/alkali. Infected
secretions are pretreated with S% pherno/hupochlorite
solution.
In yellow (o, soiled linens are cut ad disinfected using
S% phenol/hypochlorite solution.
In yelow ), microbiologica/biotechnological uwastes are
pretreated using chenical methods nypochiorite/
pheroD, mechanical (autoclave, hydroclave, microuave).
CategoryComponent Pre-tret CewTF No CewTF
YellowaHuman Ni Incinerate Plasma pyrolysis/
deep burial
Yellow (b)Animal Incinerate Alasma pyrolysis /
deep burial
yellow ( Soiled i Incinerate Plasma pyrolusis /
deep burial
YellowdDiscarded Back to manufacturer
medicine pharma
Yellow (eChemical Nil Incinerate Incinerate

X-Rays Recovery
Yellow )
Disinfectant neutralize uent
Infected Pre-treot uent
secretions

Yellow linen Cut and Incinerator Cut/disinfect/

disinfect incinerate
Yellowhmicro/ Pre-treatIncineratorPlasmoa purolysis/
biotech deep burial

Bags and bins in biomedical waste guidelines 00:40:54

Yellouw category iBag biohazard and cytotoxáe sunmbol).

Red categoryi eag biohazard symbob.
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tegory : Puncture proof transkucent/transparent bin

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white category: Puncture proof transkucent/transparent bin

Slue category Cardboard bin or blue colored plastic bin.
Bag should be > oS micron thick and non-chlorinated.
For covidi eBag should be double lauyered and labeled as
'Covo waste'.
covID waste handling guicdelines (revision 4on Sept, aoac) :
CoVID isolation/ward:
General solid uwaste shouldl be colected separately as per
solidl waste management guidelines
" waste comprising of wrappers or medicines/syringes.
" Fruit peel offs, empty juice bottles or tetra packs, used
water bottles, discarded papers, carton bOxeS of
medicines, empty bottles of disinfectants, letover food,
disposable tood plates et.
yellow category:
" Heath staff : used mask (including triple loyer mask,
NS mask etc), headcovereaps shoe cover disposable
linen gown, non plastic/semi plastic coveral.
Covid patient : used masks, tissues and toiletries etc.

Red category: used PPES Such as goggqles, face shield, splash

proof apron, plastic coverall, hazmat suit, nitrile gloves.
white category: Sharps, metals.
elue :Glass, broken ampules.
CoVID care at home/quarantine Pacity:
General waste Biomedical waste (Yelkow Bags)
waste qenerated rom kitchen used suringes, date expired
Packaging material, waste food or discarded medjcines, emptuy
material, waste papers, waste ampules
spac
Activ
plasties, oor cleaning dust, ete. "used masks/goves by covid
" Letover food, disposable potient, health staff.
utensils, water bottles, tetra " In case of patients with other
a8dedgeg7e5ea7 chronic diseases may also
quarantined persons or covid include drain bags, urine bags,
patients in home care. body uid or blood soaked
tissues/cotton

The wet and dry solid waste bags should be tied securely

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(gooseneck tie) in leak proof bags, sprayed with sodium

hupochlorite solution and handed over to authorized woste
collector.
Yellow colored bags.shouldnotbe used or collecting general
kumarahkitindiai@®gmall.com
solid waste.

Compostabe bags should be used Por collecting wet waste.

Faeces/exereta !
Diaper/dloth: yellow bag/container.
Bed parn:Clean with deterqent, disinfect witth o.s%
chlorine solution

Standards of biomedical waste treatment 00:50:06

Vacuum autoclave Gravity ow autoclave :

iai °c /s psi /45 mins. ia1 ° c /s psi /oo mins.
135° c/a psi /30 mins. 135 °c/ psi /4s mins.
microwave :

Indicator :Baths atroohoeus spores strips wth io4 spores per

strip.
Incinerator :

Temperature is 800--1050°c in the commonly used incinerator.

Types:
Pyrolytie chamber : Temperature is >1300°c.
Single/double chamber. mostty usedi double chamber.
Not used in an incinerator : Pressurized gas eulinders, reactive
chemicals, sharps, heovy metals.
Standards for incinerator :
Temperature should be maintained between 800-I00°c.
" For discarded or expired medicines, temperature should
be >laoo c(norder to achieve complete combustion).
Combustion eficiency (ce) should be >99.
CE = X IO0

Gross volume reduction of the waste 85-95%.

Pre-treat as per rules.

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In rural area or if there is no access to CewTF:

area is > Skms away: Special approval rom Director health
service/ local areoa in charae to have aternate measures
(burials/sharp pits).
wastes could be dressings/placenta/tetus/mmunizotion
waste (syringes, needles, vials, cotton suuabs)/anima/
anatomical wastes).

For animal/ anatomicalwastes/dressings (ylow category:

Deep burial can be done or sent to an incinerator.
criteria or deep burial:
" CBwTF iS.not available within 75 Kms.
water table below o-7 meters belouw ground level.
" At least a meters deep.
" At least Io ems of soil should be put.

Waste material
am Wecononotes
deep
kumarankitindia1@gmai cöt Waste material

Vwater table

Immunization wastes :
Disinfect using 0.s-%% huypochlorite sokution or s-ao hours
and put into sharp pit.
Sharp pit should be ImxImxlm in size and should be
brick lined/cemented f not brick lined, metal container
to be used
They are buried and covered,
Asign board is also placed
Act
Biomedical waste handers should be vaccinated to Hepatitis
B and tetanus ad should wear minimum b elements of
personal protective equipment mask/Race shietd, eye cover/
goggjes, head cover/cap, gloves, boots/shoe cover, apror/
goun

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