Why Do We Fall ill

Sources of Disease

Intrinsic factor Extrinsic factor

Types of Disease

Acute Acquired Congenital Chronic

Infectious Non- Infectious

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 Why Do We Fall ill
Health
The world Health organisation (WHO) defines health as:
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of
disease or infirmity”.
BASIC CONDITIONS FOR GOOD HEALTH

• Balanced Diet:
A balanced diet is one that provides all nutrients required by the body in correct
proportions. The nutrients required are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and
minerals.
Deficiency diseases- when our diet lacks one or more of these nutrients, we get deficiency
disease for example – ‘anaemia’ is caused due to lack of iron mineral.
• Personal Hygiene:
One should always take care of personal hygiene to stay healthy. Not brushing teeth
regularly can cause pyorrhea disease.
• Clean Surrounding:
Lies and mosquitoes carry germs that cause diseases.
• Clean Air:
Breathing polluted air causes respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis.
• Exercise and Relaxation
Jogging, Bicycling, Yoga, Aerobics or sports according to one’s age & health are important for
physical and mental health.
Diseases
A disease is an abnormal condition of the body which does not let the body function properly.
Sources of Disease
Internal Factors External Factors
1. The factors which exist within the human 1. The factors which exist outside the human
body are called internal factors like body are called external factors, like
improper functioning of body parts such Viruses Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoans,
as heart, kidney, liver etc. Worms etc
2. Example – Cardiac failure, Kidney failure, 2. Example – Malaria, AIDS, Cholera,
Cataract etc. Pneumonia etc.

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Types of Diseases
Diseases

Inherited Acquired

Infectious or Non Infectious or

Communicable Non Communicable

Contagious Non Contagious

‘Based on cause’ disease can be grouped as infectious/ Communicable disease and Non
Infectious/Non Communicable disease.

Infectious or Communicable Diseases Non Infectious or Non-Communicable Disease

1. They are cause by attack of pathogens. 1. They are caused by factors other than living
pathogens.
2. Caused by external factors mostly. 2. Caused by internal factors mostly.
3. Can pass from infected person to 3. Cannot pass from infected person to healthy
healthy person through direct contact person.
or air, water & vectors.
4. Examples – Cold, Cholera, Tuberculosis 4. Examples – Diabetes, Hypertension, Goitre
(𝑻. 𝑩), Pneumonia, Malaria,
Chickenpox.

Congenital Diseases Acquired Disease

1. These are present since birth and are 1. These develop after birth and can be
genetic. classified as communicable and Non
communicable diseases.
2. They are permanent and not easily 2. They are caused by pathogens and can be
curable. cured.
3. Examples - Cleft lip, Down Syndrome 3. Example – Cold, Cholera, Chickenpox etc.
etc.

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Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
1. Air Borne diseases –
• Diseases that spread through microbes in air.
• Microbes occur through the little droplets coughed out by an infected person who sneezes
or coughs.
• Example – Common cold, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia
2. Water - Borne diseases –
• These diseases spread through water.
• Diseases like cholera & amoebiasis gets mixed with drinking water which can enter host
body and infect them.
3. Sexually - transmitted diseases –
• Diseases which are transmitted by sexual contact from one person to another.
• Example – Syphilis, AIDS, warts and Genorrbea.
4. Formite borne diseases –
• Diseases that spread through contact (like door handles, taps, garments, utensils) where
microbes are present.
• Diseases like Malaria, Typhoid, Dengue can spread through vectors.
(Mosquitoes, Flies, louse, Rat Flea).

Symptoms and Signs

Symptoms of a Disease Signs of a Disease
1. They indicate the presence of disease. 1. They provide information about the
presence of particular disease.
2. These are collective indication of 2. These are particular evidences of a disease.
diseases in an organ.

Organ Specific & Tissue Specific Manifestations

• The signs and symptoms of a disease will thus depend on the tissue or organ which the
microbe targets.
• If the microbes enter the nose, they are likely to go to the lungs. If the microbes enter the
mouth, they can stay in the get lining like typhoid causing bacteria or they can go to the liver
like the viruses that cause jaundice.
• If the lungs are the targets, symptoms will be cough & breathlessness.
• If the liver is targeted, there will be jaundice.
• If the brain is the target, we will observe headaches, vomiting, fits or unconsciousness.

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Inflammation:
• It is a process, when an active immune system sends many cells to the affected tissue to kill
of the disease-causing microbes.
• This increases the amount of flood in the wounded area and raises the temperature.

Principles of Treatment:
There are two ways to treat an infectious disease.
1. To reduce the effects of the disease.
→ The effects or symptoms of a disease can be reduced by taking medications or
sometimes by taking bed rest.
2. To kill the cause of the disease
→ Microbes are mostly the cause of the disease.
→ Microbes are of different categories like viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. All of
these will have a particular biochemical life process. These microbes enter our cells
and use our machinery for their life processes. Antibiotics block their biochemical
pathway and save the cells of the body.
Q. What are Antibiotics? Why making anti-viral medicines is harder than making anti-
bacterial medicines? NCERT
Ans. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. They
destroy the growth of microbes or pathogens.
It is harder to make anti-viral drugs than antibacterial drugs because viruses have a very
few biochemical pathways of their own. They enter our cells and use. Our machinery for
their life processes.
Principles of Prevention:
There are three limitations for the approach for the approach to deal with infections disease.
Prevention is better than cure because-
1. If someone gets a disease he may never recover completely.
2. Treatment takes time
3. The infected person can spread disease to other people.
Ways of Prevention of infectious diseases
→ Maintaining hygiene, using safe drinking water and by avoiding mosquito breeding,
infections can be avoided.
→ By Immunisation or having a strong immune system.
Q. Define Immunity NCERT Exemplar
Ans. Immunity is the ability of the body to resist infections.
Q. How immune system provides a general prevention of infectious diseases?
Ans. Immune system works with the help the White blood cells or, leucocytes.

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 When any infectious foreign particle enters our body, white blood cells move to the area
of infection. WBCs isolate, engulf, kill and digest the infectious agents.
In this way, they reduce the number of foreign particles. Hence, our immune system
provides a general prevention to infectious diseases.
Q. What are diseases specific means of prevention? NCERT Exemplar
Ans. Specific prevention is provided by the immune system when it produces some specific
molecules called antibodies to fight specific microbes called antigens.
Antigens are usually proteins. They can be present on the surface of bacteria and viruses.
For each type of antigen, the body produces a corresponding antibody to bind with and
destroy it.
→ Some antibodies bind to the antigens on the microbes and make them stick together so
they cannot multiply.
Immunisation
• Immunisation is stimulating the body to produce antibodies by artificial means.
• These antibodies fight against infections later. Immunisation can be stimulated by taking
vaccines.
• ‘A vaccine is a preparation of weekened-infectious agents that can be injected or given orally
to prevent specific diseases.
For example:
• BCG – For Tuberculosis (TB) prevention polio drops – for polio prevention.

Basis of Principle of Immunisation

• When an infectious agent enters body for the first time, the antibodies are produced slowly.
After destroying the antigens, they remain in the body.
• When there is second infection, the already produced antibodies recognized the specific
antigen and more antibodies are produced much faster this time. As a result, we do not suffer
from the severe form of the disease.
• For example, if we had mild chicken pox once, we will not suffer from it later.
‘SMALL POX VACCINE’
• Edward Jenner observed that people who got cowpox (a mild disease), did not suffer from
smallpox (a sever disease). Usually, the girls who milked cows got cowpox, a disease that
causes rashes on hands.
• E. Jenner look some pus with a sterile needle from the cow pox rashes of an infected girl and
injected it into an uninfected boy. Who soon got cowpox. After he recovered, he injected the
boys arm with pus from the spots of a person suffering from small pox.
• They boy did NOT get small pox and Jenner’s experiment was successful.

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Some Infectious Diseases
Malaria
Cause – Plasmodium (Protozoa)
Sign & Symptoms
• Shivering in body followed by high fever.
• Headache and muscular pain
• Anaemia
Prevention
• Female ‘Anopheles mosquitoes’ are the vector of Malaria disease.
• Plasmodium also grow in the gut of the female ‘Anopheles mosquito’.
• By breaking the contact between ‘Anopheles’ mosquito and human beings, spread of
Malaria can be prevented.
Aids (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Cause – Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
Sign & Symptoms
• Destroys the ability of immune system to fight diseases.
• Swollen lymph glands, weight loss, frequent fever, night sweats and diarrhea.
• Affect on Central Nervous system.
Transmission
• HIV is transmitted through blood, semen and breast milk.
• By sharing of needle with an infected person.
• By having sexual intercourse with an infected person.
• By mother’s milk from mother to infant.
Prevention
• Disposable needles and syringes should be used.
• We should not share shaving blades or razors.
• Usage of Condoms to prevent transmission of HIV
• Blood banks and hospitals should test potential flood donors for HIV.
Infectious Agent Disease Symptoms Prevention
Viruses Dengue • Pain in abdomen, back, • Use mosquito
joints or muscles. repellents, indoors or
• Nausea or Vomiting outdoors.
• Rashes or red spots.
• Chills, fever, loss of
appetite.
Bacteria Hepatitis – A • Inflammation in liver. • Use chlorinated,
or Jaundice • High temperature boiled and ozonised
headache, fatigue, general water.
weakness & joint pains.

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 • Dark yellow wine and light • Proper cleaning of
coloured stool after 3 to 10 hands after handling
days of infection. bed & vessels of the
patient.
• Getting Hepatitis -A
vaccine.

Typhoid • Headache & fever • Proper sanitation

fever • Slow pulse • Disposal of faecal
• Water-green stools matter properly.
• TAB – vaccine
provides immunity
for 3 years.
Tuberculosis • Loss of appetite and • Isolation & proper
weight. rehabilitation of the
• Typical fever and night patient.
sweats. • BCG vaccine provides
immunity for 3-5
years.
Cholera • Watery diarrhea. • Vaccination against
• Vomiting & loss of several Cholera which lasts
litres of fluid from body. for 6 months
• Dehydration, muscle • Personal hygiene and
cramps & weight loss good sanitation in the
community.
Protozoa Malaria • High fever, extreme cold • Using insect
and shivers repellents & nets.
• Using insecticides
• Breeding grounds
should be destroyed.

Kala-azar • Pain in abdomen, • Using insect

(caused by darkening of the skin, repellents & nets.
Leishmania) diarrhea, swollen lymph • Using insecticides
nodes • Breeding grounds
should be destroyed

Notes End

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 Important NCERT Questions
Q.1 Write the abbreviation of PPI?
Ans. Pulse Polio Immunisation.
Q.2 Write two symptoms of Jaundice?
Ans.
• Dark yellow urine and light-yellow stool.
• High fever, nausea.
Q.3 Give an example of vector of a disease.
Ans. Female Anopheles mosquito (vector of Malaria).
Q.4 Name the drugs used against Malaria.
Ans. Quinine (Cinchona tree)
Arteether (Artemisia annua)
Q.5 Name the disease for which vaccine DPT-Hib is taken?
Ans. Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus.
Q.6 Which disease is treated by Pasteur’s treatment?
Ans. Rabies
Q.7 Which drug is used to control kala-azar?
Ans. Drugs containing antimony are used to control kala-azar.
Q.8 Name the diseases caused by Mycobacterium?
Ans. The disease caused by Mycobacterium is Tuberculosis. (TB)
Q. What is Paraplegia?
Ans. Paralysis of the lower part of the body including the legs.
Q. The BCG vaccine is for the immunity against___?
Ans. Tuberculosis
Q. How does cholera become an epidermic in a locality?
Ans. Cholera is an infectious disease that spreads due to unsafe water. It can spread in a locality.
In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the faeces of an infected person.
Hence, this disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage &
drinking water.
Q. What causes Japanese encephalitis? How it can be prevented?
Ans. Japanese encephalitis is caused by a Virus. This virus can transmit through mosquito bite.
• It can be prevented by taking proper measures and by keeping the surrounding clean.
Q. Why is AIDS considered to be a “syndrome” and not a disease?
Ans. Syndrome is a group of symptoms, signs, physical and physiological disturbances that are
common due to a common cause AIDS is also. A complex of diseases and symptoms in
which the immune system is damaged. As a result, small cold leads to pneumonia, get
infection leads to diarrhea and blood loss and skin rashes to ulcers. Hence ‘AIDS’ is
considered to be a syndrome.
Q. How do children in many parts of India get immune to hepatitis – A by the time they are
five-year-old?
Ans. They are made immune to Hepatitis – A by vaccination.

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Q. Which disease can be caused by animal biting or dog biting?
Ans. Rabies
Q. Which bacterium causes peptic ulcer? Who discovered the pathogen first time?
Ans. Bacterium Helicobacter Pylori causes peptic ulcer. Robin Warren and Barry Marshall
discovered the pathogen for the first time.
Q. How does Kwashiorkor disease develop?
Ans. Kwashiorkor develops due to malnutrition. It occurs due to low protein diet.

Ab Phod Do!

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