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Supplementary Optics Notes

The document provides information about optical concepts including Malus' law, focal length, angle of view, lens magnification, and how to diagram rays passing through converging and diverging lenses. Malus' law describes how light intensity changes when passing through polarizers. Focal length determines angle of view and magnification. Equations are provided for focal length, magnification, and angle of view. Converging lenses cause rays to converge at a focal point while diverging lenses cause rays to diverge.

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Eva Maria Louis
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7 views

Supplementary Optics Notes

The document provides information about optical concepts including Malus' law, focal length, angle of view, lens magnification, and how to diagram rays passing through converging and diverging lenses. Malus' law describes how light intensity changes when passing through polarizers. Focal length determines angle of view and magnification. Equations are provided for focal length, magnification, and angle of view. Converging lenses cause rays to converge at a focal point while diverging lenses cause rays to diverge.

Uploaded by

Eva Maria Louis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Supplementary Optics Notes

Malus' law, I=I0cos^2(θ)


, where
I is the transmitted intensity,
I0 is the initial intensity and
θ is the angle between the pass axis of the polarizer and the polarization axis of light. Supposing the first
filter to have been rotated by 45 degrees, we have I1=I02
. Since the final filter now makes an angle of 45 with the second one, I2=I1cos245o=I04>0
, representing an increase.

The point is that the polarization of light changes after passing through the first polarizer-which is to say, it
changes from horizontal to a 45 degree one (which in turn makes it 45 degrees with respect to the second
polarizer). Had it been that (half) the light passes through the first polarizer and remains horizontally
polarized, we would have retained the intuitive result that the final transmitted intensity is zero.
Focal Length:the distance between the center of a lens or curved mirror and its focus.
Angle of View: The focal length determines the angle of view—how much of the scene will be
captured. A longer focal length results in a narrower angle of view, while a shorter focal length
provides a wider view.

Magnification: Focal length also affects magnification. Longer focal lengths yield higher
magnification, making distant objects appear closer. Conversely, shorter focal lengths result in lower
magnification.
The typical focal length formula looks as follows:

1/Focal length = 1/Image distance + 1/Object distance,

where:

Image distance and Object distance are given in mm.


And here's the transformed equation that we use:

Focal length = (Object distance / ((1 / Magnification) + 1)) × 1000,

where:

Object distance is given in mm; and


Magnification does not have a unit.

In order to copy the lens magnification calculator, you'll need the following equation (take a closer
look - it may also serve as an image distance formula!):

Magnification = Image size / Object size = -(Image distance / Object Distance),

where:

Object size - is the real size of an object, given in mm; and


Image size - is the size of the camera's digital sensor or 35mm film, given in mm.

To calculate the angle of view, you need to use the most complex equation of them all:

Angle of view = (180/π) × 2 × aTan(Image size / (2 × Focal length × (Magnification + 1))),

where:

aTan(x) means the arc tangent , described as the inverse tangent of a function x (in radians).

Lens’ Maker Equation


Lens Diagramming
1. **Converging Lenses (Convex Lenses)**:
- Converging lenses are thicker in the middle and cause parallel rays of light to converge (meet) at
a focal point.
- Here's how to create a ray diagram for a converging lens:
1. **Draw the Principal Axis**: Draw a horizontal line representing the principal axis of the lens.
2. **Place the Lens**: Position the lens on the axis. The center of the lens is the optical center.
3. **Object Placement**:
- Place an object (usually an arrow or an inverted "L") above the lens on the left side of the axis.
- Draw a ray from the top of the object parallel to the principal axis.
4. **Ray Refraction**:
- The ray refracts (bends) as it passes through the lens.
- Draw another ray from the top of the object through the center of the lens (straight through).
5. **Focal Point**:
- Extend the first ray until it intersects the principal axis.
- The point where the rays converge is the **real image** formed by the lens.
6. **Image Characteristics**:
- The image can be real or virtual, depending on the object's position.
- The image can be magnified or diminished.
- The orientation (upright or inverted) depends on the object's position relative to the focal point.
- Repeat this process for different object positions to understand how the image changes.

2. **Diverging Lenses (Concave Lenses)**:


- Diverging lenses are thinner in the middle and cause parallel rays of light to diverge (spread out).
- The procedure is similar to converging lenses, but with a few differences:
- The rays diverge after passing through the lens.
- The focal point is virtual and located on the same side as the object.
- The image formed is always virtual, diminished, and upright.

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