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LESSON OUTCOMES ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS

• Identify the concept selection methods: Analytical Hierarchy Method • Designed to solve multi-criteria decision problems
• Several alternatives are compared in AHP on the basis of the same set of attributes
• Discuss the benefits of the concept selection process
• Steps:
• Identify the importance of ‘communication of the design’ (a) make pairwise comparisons
(b) synthesize judgments
• Recognize the steps in detailed design analysis
(c) check for consistency
• Identify types and importance of prototypes

MAKE PAIRWISE COMPARISONS

PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF COST, DURABILITY AND TIME TO
PRODUCE
• Pairwise comparison is widely found to be
effective with the assignment of relative
weights

• Compare alternative with each other in a

pairwise manner for each criterion

• Scale/rating used for selection of hinge

When compare cost and durability, the cost criteria is strongly
preferred than durability criteria for hinges

PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT

HINGES FOR “COST” HINGES FOR “DURABILITY”

When compare butt hinge with flush hinge with regard to When compare flush hinge with butt hinge with regard to
cost, butt hinge is moderately to strongly preferred than durability, flush hinge is strongly to very strongly preferred than
flush hinge butt hinge

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PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT

HINGES FOR “TIME TO PRODUCE” SYNTHESIS
• The priority of each criterion in terms of its contribution to the overall goal is
computed in this step.

• It involves the following step.

[a] Sum the values in each column of pairwise comparison matrix
[b] Divide each element by its column total
(gives normalized pairwise comparison matrix)
[c] Compute average in each row by dividing each element by the column total
When compare butt hinge with flush hinge with regard to time (gives estimate of relative priorities of elements being compared)
to produce, butt hinge is strongly preferred than flush hinge

ASSIGN PRIORITY RATING OF EACH CRITERION COMPUTE AVERAGE PRIORITY OF EACH CRITERION
FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “COST” FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “COST”

1÷(17/4) = 0.235 0.333 0.226

1/4÷(17/4)=0.05 0.083 0.096

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0.705 0.583 0.677

• These relative priority means that with respect to Cost, the barrel hinge will be
preferred first (65%), followed by butt hinge (27%) and flush hinge (8%).

• We can do similar calculations for durability and time to produce.

ASSIGN PRIORITY RATING OF EACH CRITERION FOR COMPUTE AVERAGE PRIORITY OF EACH CRITERION
PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “DURABILITY” FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “DURABILITY”

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ASSIGN PRIORITY RATING OF EACH CRITERION FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “TIME TO PRODUCE”

ASSIGN RATING OF EACH CRITERION FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “RELATIVE PRIORITY”

COMPUTE AVERAGE PRIORITY OF EACH CRITERION FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “TIME TO PRODUCE”
COMPUTE AVERAGE RATING FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISON OF “RELATIVE PRIORITY”

OVERALL RANKING OF THE THREE HINGE ALTERNATIVES

CHECK FOR CONSISTENCY
• A key step in making several pairwise comparisons is considering the consistency
of the pairwise judgments.

• Example: If A compared to B = 3 and B compared to C = 2, then A compared to C

should be 6 (3 x 2).

• Find the consistency ratio. Then, if it is less than 0.1, we can consider our
results as good judgment

Recognize the need

Problem definition
Gathering of information
Concept generation
BENEFITS OF CONCEPT SELECTION Concept selection
COMMUNICATION OF THE DESIGN
Communication

1. Customer-focused product
• The purpose of the design is to satisfy the needs of the client.
2. Competitive design
• Designer must provide oral presentations and written design reports.
3. Better product-process coordination

4. Reduced time to ‘product introduction’ • Continuous communication is important in order to avoid surprises.
5. Effective group decision-making
• Many great designs and inventions have been lost simply because the originator
6. Documentation of the decision process was unable or unwilling to explain his/her accomplishments to others.

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COMMUNICATION OF THE DESIGN

• There are only three forms of communication available to us: written, oral, and • Ability in speaking can be obtained in educational, public, and professional
graphical. activities.

• The successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three. • To acquire drawing ability, pencil sketching should be applied to illustrate
Competency only comes from practice. every possible idea. CAD work should complement this, not replace it.

• Ability in writing can be acquired by writing letters, reports, memos, and papers. • Sketches, drawings, visual aids, computer graphics, and models are important
It doesn’t matter whether the articles are published or reviewed—the practice is in the communication process.
the important thing.

Recognize the need

Problem definition

Gathering of information
STEPS IN DETAILED DESIGN ANALYSIS:

DETAILED DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Concept generation

Concept selection 3. Modelling – 3D CAD model, manufacturing drawings, and mathematical modelling
• Accurately simulate the real physical world
Communication
• All real physical systems are complex
6 Steps in detailed design analysis: Detailed design and analysis • Creating a mathematical model of the system means we are simplifying the system to the point that it
can be analyzed
• Assumptions are made in creating a meaningful model
1. Check design safety – calculate all important parameters
Eg: Stress, Strain, uncertainty, design factor, factor of safety 4. Check the manufacturability with available manufacturing methods
» Use rapid prototyping
» CNC machining
2. Select materials – make a list of materials that satisfy stress and other design
requirements and select the best using decision matrix 5. Cost analysis for a prototype and production unit

6. Aesthetics

Recognize the need

Problem definition PHYSICAL VS. ANALYTICAL PROTOTYPES

PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING Gathering of information
Physical Prototypes Analytical Prototypes
Concept generation 1. Tangible approximation of the 1. Mathematical or visual model of the
• Prototype - A design representation of some aspect such as
product product, Non-tangible
form/fit or function of a design Concept selection
2. Used to test idea quickly, 2. Can only exhibit behavior arising from
• An early stage/version of the design Validate the functionality explicitly modelled phenomena
Communication

• Intends to prove/validate/test the design idea

Detailed design and analysis 3. Often best for communication 3. Often allow more experimental freedom
• Communicates the design idea to both the design team and than physical models
clients Prototype Development and Testing

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FOCUSED VS. COMPREHENSIVE PROTOTYPES PROTOTYPING

Focused Prototypes Comprehensive Prototypes • Alpha prototypes

• first testable prototype variant of a potential product
1. Implement one or a few attributes of 1. Implement many or all attributes of the
the product product
• Beta prototype
2. Answer specific questions about the 2. Offer opportunities for rigorous testing
• much closer to the commercial product than alpha prototypes
product design
3. Generally several are required 3. Often best for milestones and
integration

TYPES OF PROTOTYPES
Physical
IMPORTANCE OF USING PROTOTYPES
Physical-Focused Physical-Comprehensive
prototypes prototypes
1. Learning

Focused Comprehensive 2. Communication

Focused-Analytical Focused-Comprehensive 3. Integration

prototypes prototypes

4. Milestones
Analytical

A prototype may reduce the risk of Costly Iterations

PRINCIPLES OF PROTOTYPING

• Analytical prototypes are generally more flexible than physical prototypes

Example: changing a dimension in 3D CAD modeling is really quick

• Physical prototypes are required to detect anticipated phenomena

Physical prototypes often exhibits unanticipated phenomena

Physical prototypes intended to investigate purely geometric issues will also have
thermal and optical properties

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A prototype may reduce the risk of Costly Iterations A prototype may expedite other development stage