PHYSICS DEPARTMENT T.E.B.

I/ ST BENEDICT

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT A/L

TEMPERATURE
Question 1
(i) What is the difference between heat and temperature?
(ii) The emf of a thermocouple can be used as a thermometric property.
Explain the underlined terms.
(iii)Name a thermometric property other than emf.
(iv) Explain why it is necessary to have a standard thermometer.

Question 2
(i) A thermometer uses a thermometric property to measure temperature.
The thermometric property of a thermocouple thermometer is emf.
Explain the underlined terms.
(ii) What is the SI unit of temperature?
(iii)Give an advantage of using this unit in scientific measurements.
(iv) Describe a laboratory experiment to demonstrate the principle of operation of a
thermocouple.
(v) Give an advantage of using a thermocouple thermometer instead of a mercury-in-
glass thermometer.
Question 3
(i) A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of the steam.
How would you demonstrate the principle of operation of a thermocouple?
(ii) Describe how to establish a calibration curve for a thermocouple.

Question 4

(i) What is meant by the term thermometric property?

This graph was obtained during an experiment where the resistance R of a thermistor was
measured as its temperature θ was raised from 0 °C to 100 °C (as measured by a mercury-in-
glass thermometer).

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TEMBENG
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT T.E.B.I/ ST BENEDICT

The thermistor is used in a circuit to keep the water in a tank at a constant temperature.
(ii) What is the temperature of the water when the resistance of the thermistor is 420 kΩ?

(iii)A thermocouple thermometer has emf values of 0 μV at 0 °C and 815 μV at 100 °C.
When the thermocouple thermometer was placed in the tank of water, its emf was found to
be 319 μV.
What is the temperature of the water in the tank as measured by the thermocouple
thermometer?
(iv) Why do the thermistor and the thermocouple thermometer give different temperature
readings for the water in the tank?

HEAT

Question 1
(i) Define power.
(ii) Define specific heat capacity.
(iii)400 g of water at a temperature of 15 oC is placed in an electric kettle.
The power rating of the kettle is 3.0 kW.
Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the water to 100 oC.
(iv) Calculate the energy supplied by the kettle per second.
(v) Calculate the least amount of time it would take to heat the water to 100 oC.
(vi) In reality, the time taken to heat the water will be greater. Explain why.
(specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1)

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TEMBENG
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT T.E.B.I/ ST BENEDICT

Question 2
(i) Define specific latent heat.
(ii) A drinking glass contains 500 g of water at a temperature of 24 °C.
Three cubes of ice, of side 2.5 cm, are removed from a freezer and placed in the water.
The temperature of the ice is –20 °C.
Calculate the mass of the ice.
(iii)Calculate the minimum temperature of the water when the ice has melted.
density of ice = 0.92 g cm–3
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1
specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J kg–1 K–1
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105 J kg–1

Question 3
(i) When making a hot drink, steam at 100 °C is added to 160 g of milk at 20 °C.
If the final temperature of the drink is to be 70 °C, what mass of steam should be added?
You may ignore energy losses to the surroundings.
(ii) A metal spoon, with an initial temperature of 20 °C, is then placed in the hot drink, causing
the temperature of the hot drink to drop to 68 °C.
What is the heat capacity of the spoon?
You may ignore other possible heat transfers.

(cmilk = 3.90 × 103 J kg–1 K–1, cwater = 4.18 × 103 J kg–1 K–1, chot drink = 4.05 × 103 J kg–1 K–1
specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.34 × 106 J kg–1)

Question 4

(i) Define specific heat capacity.

(ii) Define specific latent heat.
(iii)500 g of water at a temperature of 15 0C is placed in a freezer.
The freezer has a power rating of 100 W and is 80% efficient.
Calculate the energy required to convert the water into ice at a temperature of –20 oC.
(iv) How much energy is removed every second from the air in the freezer?
(v) How long will it take the water to reach a temperature of –20 oC?
(vi) Allowing a liquid to evaporate in a closed pipe inside the freezer cools the air in the freezer.
The vapour is then pumped through the pipe to the outside of the freezer, where it condenses
again.
Explain how this process cools the air in the freezer.
(vii) The freezer causes the room temperature to rise. Explain why.

specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J kg–1 K–1;

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1;
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105 J kg–1

Question 5
(i) Name two processes by which a hot drink cools.

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TEMBENG
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT T.E.B.I/ ST BENEDICT

(ii) How is the energy lost by each of these processes reduced for a hot drink supplied in a
disposable cup?

Question 6
At a lecture in Cork in 1843, James Joule, while describing his work on heat and temperature,
suggested the principle of conservation of energy. Later in the nineteenth century, the work of
Joule and Lord Kelvin led to the invention of the heat pump.
(i) Distinguish between heat and temperature.
(ii) State the principle of conservation of energy.

(iii)As part of his presentation, Joule proposed that the temperature of the water at the bottom of
the
Niagara Falls would be 0.12 °C greater than that at the top, due to gravitational potential
energy being converted into heat energy.
Calculate the height of the Niagara Falls.

(iv) In reality the increase in temperature will be much smaller.

Suggest a reason for this.

(v) In a heat pump, a fluid is used to transfer energy from a cold body to a warmer body.
Describe the operation of a heat pump and explain how a heat pump can be used to reduce
the temperature of a cold region, for example the interior of a refrigerator.
(vi) State two desirable physical properties of the fluid used in a heat pump.

The fluid in the heat pump of a refrigerator has a specific latent heat of vaporisation of 4.6 MJ
kg–1.
The internal volume of the refrigerator is 0.6 m3.
The heat pump removes 12 kJ of energy from the air in the refrigerator as the fluid evaporates.
(vii) Calculate the mass of fluid that has evaporated
(viii) Calculate the fall in temperature of the air in the refrigerator.

(specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1; acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m s–2;
density of air = 1.23 kg m–3; specific heat capacity of air = 1005 J kg–1 K–1)

Question 7

The graph shows the variation in temperature θ of 150 g of crushed ice when it was supplied
with energy ΔE at a constant rate.

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TEMBENG
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT T.E.B.I/ ST BENEDICT

(i) Explain the shape of the graph.

(ii) Describe how energy could have been supplied at a constant rate.
(iii)Using the graph, estimate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

Question 8

Read the following passage and answer the accompanying questions.

The sun is a major source of ‘green’ energy. In Ireland solar heating systems and geothermal
systems are used to get energy from the sun.
There are two main types of solar heating systems, flat-plate collectors and vacuum-tube
collectors.
1.
A flat-plate collector is usually an aluminium box with a glass cover on top and a blackened
plate on the bottom. A copper pipe is laid on the bottom of the box, like a hose on the ground;
water is passed through the pipe and transfers the absorbed heat to the domestic hot water
system.

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TEMBENG
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT T.E.B.I/ ST BENEDICT

2.
In a vacuum-tube collector, each tube consists of an evacuated double-walled silvered glass tube
in which there is a hollow copper pipe containing a liquid. The liquid inside the copper pipe is
vaporised and expands into the heat tip. There the vapour liquefies and the latent heat released is
transferred, using a heat exchanger, to the domestic hot water system. The condensed liquid
returns to the copper pipe and the cycle is repeated.
In a geothermal heating system a heat pump is used to extract solar energy stored in the ground
and transfer it to the domestic hot water system.

(a) What is the maximum energy that can fall on an area of 8 m2 in one hour if the solar constant
is 1350 W m–2?
(b) Why is the bottom of a flat-plate collector blackened?
(c) How much energy is required to raise the temperature of 500 litres of water from 20 0C to 50
0
C?
(d) The liquid in a vacuum-tube solar collector has a large specific latent heat of vaporisation.
Explain why.
(e) Name the three ways that heat could be lost from a vacuum-tube solar collector.
(f) How is the sun’s energy trapped in a vacuum-tube solar collector?
(g) Describe, in terms of heat transfer, the operation of a heat pump.
(h) Give an advantage of a geothermal heating system over a solar heating system.
(specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1; density of water = 1000 kg m–3; 1 litre = 10–3
m3 )

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TEMBENG