2

INTRODUCTION
▪ A single-phase AC power system consists of a
generator connected through a pair of wires (a
transmission line) to a load. It is also known as a
single-phase two-wire system.

3
 INTRODUCTION
▪ There is also a single-phase three-wire system. It
contains two identical sources (equal magnitude
and the same phase) that are connected to two
loads by outer wires and the neutral.
▪ Example, the normal household system.

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 POLYPHASE CIRCUIT
▪ Circuits or systems in which the AC sources
operate at the same frequency but in different
phases are known as polyphase.

Two phase three wire system

Three phase four wire system
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 POLYPHASE CIRCUIT
▪ A three-phase system is produced by a generator
consisting of three sources having the same
amplitude and frequency, but out of phase with
each other by 120o.
▪ A three-phase system is by far the most prevalent
and most economical polyphase system.
▪ Three-phase systems are important for at least
three reasons,
1. Nearly all electric power is generated and
distributed in three-phase at the operating
frequency of 60Hz or 50Hz.
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 POLYPHASE CIRCUIT
▪ Three-phase systems are important for at least
three reasons,
2. The instantaneous power in a three-phase
system can be constant (not pulsating). This
results in uniform power transmission and less
vibration of three-phase machines.
3. For the same amount of power, the three-phase
system is more economical than the single
phase. The amount of wire required for a three-
phase system is less than that required for an
equivalent single-phase system
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 BALANCED THREE PHASE
VOLTAGES
▪ Three-phase voltages are often produced with a
three-phase AC generator (or alternator)
▪ Since the coils and windings are physically placed
120o apart around the stator, the induced voltages
in the coils are equal in magnitude but out of phase
by 120o.

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 BALANCED THREE PHASE
VOLTAGES
▪ The three-phase generator can supply power to
both single-phase and three-phase loads.
▪ A typical three-phase system consists of three
voltage sources connected to loads by three or four
wires (or transmission lines).
▪ The voltage sources can be either wye-connected
or delta-connected.

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 BALANCED THREE PHASE
VOLTAGES

Star connected Sources Delta - connected Sources

▪ Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude

and are out of phase with each other by 120o.
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WYE-CONNECTED VOLTAGES

▪ Van, Vbn, and Vcn are called

phase voltages.
▪ If the voltage sources have
the same amplitude and
frequency and are out of
phase with each other by
120o the voltages are said to
be balanced.

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 WYE-CONNECTED VOLTAGES

▪ There are two possible

combinations (Sequence)
based on the rotation of the
rotor.
▪ The first one is the abc
sequence or positive
sequence. This sequence is
produced when rotor rotates
counterclockwise.

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 WYE-CONNECTED VOLTAGES

▪ In this phase sequence, Van leads Vbn, which in turn

leads Vcn.

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 WYE-CONNECTED VOLTAGES

▪ The second is acb sequence or negative sequence.

This sequence is produced when the rotor rotates
clockwise.

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 WYE-CONNECTED VOLTAGES

▪ In this phase sequence, Van leads Vcn, which in turn

leads Vbn.

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 WYE-CONNECTED VOLTAGES

▪ The phase sequence is the time order in which the

voltages pass through their respective maximum
values.
▪ The phase sequence is determined by the order in
which the phasors pass through a fixed point in the
phase diagram.

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 THREE PHASE CONNECTED
LOADS

▪ Like the generator connections, a three-phase load

can be either wye-connected or delta-connected,
depending on the end application.

▪ The neutral line may or may not be there, depending

on whether the system is four or three wire.
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 THREE PHASE CONNECTED
LOADS

▪ A wye- or delta-connected load is said to be

unbalanced if the phase impedances are not equal
in magnitude or phase.
▪ A balanced load is one in which the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase.

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 THREE PHASE CONNECTED
LOADS
▪ For a balanced wye-connected load,

▪ For a balanced delta-connected load,

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 THREE PHASE CONNECTED
LOADS
▪ Since both the three-phase source and the three-
phase load can be either wye- or delta-connected,
we have four possible connections
1. Y – Y Connection (i.e Y connected source with a
Y connected load)
2. Y - ∆ connection
3. ∆ - ∆ connection
4. ∆ - Y connection

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 POLYPHASE SYSTEM-
CONCLUSION
▪ It is appropriate to mention here that a balanced
delta-connected load is more common than a
balanced wye-connected load.
▪ This is due to the ease with which loads may be
added or removed from each phase of a delta-
connected load.
▪ This is very difficult with a wye-connected load
because the neutral may not be accessible.
▪ On the other hand, delta-connected sources are not
common in practice because of the circulating
current that will result in the delta-mesh if the three-
phase voltages are slightly unbalanced. 21
BALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEM

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 BALANCED WYE –WYE
CONNECTION
▪ A balanced Y-Y system is
a three-phase system
with a balanced Y-
connected source and a
balanced Y-connected
load.
▪ ZS and Zl are often very
small compared with ZL.
So we can assume that
ZY=ZL if no source or line
impedance is given
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 BALANCED WYE –WYE
CONNECTION
▪ Assuming the positive sequence, the phase voltage
(line to neutral voltages) are

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BALANCED WYE –WYE
CONNECTION

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 BALANCED WYE –WYE
CONNECTION
▪ By applying KVL to each phase on the below figure
below, we obtain the line current as

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BALANCED WYE –WYE
CONNECTION

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 BALANCED WYE –WYE
CONNECTION
▪ Phasor diagrams illustrating the relationship
between line voltages and phase voltages.

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 BALANCED WYE –WYE
CONNECTION
▪ The neutral line can thus be removed without
affecting the system. In fact, in long-distance power
transmission, conductors in multiples of three are
used with the earth itself acting as the neutral
conductor.
▪ Power systems designed in this way are well-
grounded at all critical points to ensure safety.
▪ In the Y-Y system, the line current is the same as the
phase current

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 BALANCED WYE –DELTA
CONNECTION
▪ A balanced Y- ∆
system consists
of a balanced Y-
connected source
feeding a
balanced ∆ -
connected load.
▪ Assuming the
positive
sequence, the
phase voltages
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 BALANCED WYE –DELTA
CONNECTION
▪ Assuming the positive sequence, the line voltages

▪ the line voltages are equal to the voltages across

the load impedances for this system configuration.
From these voltages, we can obtain the phase
currents as

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 BALANCED WYE –DELTA
CONNECTION
▪ The magnitude of the line current is times the
magnitude of the phase current.
▪ An alternative way of analyzing the circuit is to
transform the ∆ - connected load to an equivalent
Y-connected load. Using the transformation formula

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BALANCED WYE –DELTA
CONNECTION

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 ASSIGNMENT
Read on:
1. Balanced Delta – Delta Connection
2. Balanced Delta – Wye Connection

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 POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

▪ The instantaneous power absorbed by the load can

be obtained by the analysis in time domain. For Y-
connected load, the phase voltage are,

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 POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

▪ The total instantaneous power in the load is the

sum of the instantaneous powers in the three
phases

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POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

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 POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

▪ Thus the total instantaneous power in a balanced

three-phase system is constant—it does not change
with time as the instantaneous power of each phase
does.
▪ This result is true whether the load is Y- or ∆-
connected. This is one important reason for using a
three-phase system to generate and distribute
power
▪ Since the total instantaneous power is independent
of time, the average power per phase Pp for either
the delta connected load or the Y connected load is
Pp/3 38
 POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

▪ The average power per phase and reactive power

per phase are

▪ The apparent power per phase is

▪ The complex power is

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 POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

▪ The total average power is the sum of the average

powers in the phases

▪ The total reactive power is the sum of the reactive

powers in the phases

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 POWER IN A BALANCED SYSTEM

▪ The total complex power is

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TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
END

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 UNBALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS
▪ An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced
voltage sources or an unbalanced load.
▪ An unbalanced system is caused by two possible
situations:
(1) The source voltages are not equal in magnitude
and/or differ in phase by unequal angles, or
(2) load impedances are unequal
▪ To simplify analysis, we will assume balanced
source voltages, but an unbalanced load.
▪ Unbalanced three-phase systems are solved by
direct application of mesh and nodal analysis 43
 UNBALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS
▪ Consider the given
unbalanced load three phase
system. Since load is
unbalanced ZA, ZB and ZC are
not equal.
▪ The line currents are
determined by Ohm’s law as

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 UNBALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS
▪ This set of unbalanced line currents produces
current in the neutral line, which is not zero as in a
balanced system.
▪ Applying KCL at node N gives the neutral line
current as

▪ In long-distance power transmission, conductors in

multiples of three (multiple three-wire systems) are
used, with the earth itself acting as the neutral
conductor.

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 UNBALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS
▪ To calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase
system requires that we find the power in each
phase.
▪ The total power is not simply three times the power
in one phase but the sum of the powers in the three
phases.

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UNBALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS

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 UNBALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS
Class work: The unbalanced Delta connected loads
of the figure below is supplied by balanced line to line
voltages of 440V in the positive sequence. Find the
line currents. Take Vab as reference.

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UNBALANCED THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS

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 SINGLE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
▪ The average power absorbed by a load is measured
by an instrument called the wattmeter
▪ A wattmeter that consists essentially of two coils:
the current coil and the voltage coil
▪ A current coil with very low impedance (ideally zero)
is connected in series with the load and responds to
the load current.
▪ The voltage coil with very high impedance (ideally
infinite) is connected in parallel with the load as
shown and responds to the load voltage

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 SINGLE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
▪ The current coil acts like a short circuit because of
its low impedance; the voltage coil behaves like an
open circuit because of its high impedance
▪ As a result, the presence of the wattmeter does not
disturb the circuit or affect the power measurement

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SINGLE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT

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 SINGLE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
▪ The wattmeter measures the average power given
by

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 SINGLE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Example 10: Find the wattmeter reading of the circuit
in the figure below

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THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT

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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Three Wattmeter Method
▪ The three wattmeter method of power
measurement, work regardless of whether the load
is balanced or unbalanced, wye or delta-connected

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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Three Wattmeter Method
▪ The three-wattmeter method is well suited for power
measurement in a three-phase system where the
power factor is constantly changing.
▪ The total average power is the algebraic sum of the
three wattmeter readings

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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Two Wattmeter Method
▪ The two-wattmeter method is the most commonly
used method for three-phase power measurement
▪ The two wattmeter's must be properly connected to
any two phases as shown in the figure below

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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Two Wattmeter Method
▪ The current coil of each wattmeter measures the
line current, while the respective voltage coil is
connected between the line and the third line and
measures the line voltage.
▪ The algebraic sum of the two wattmeter readings
equals the total average power absorbed by the
load, regardless of whether it is wye- or delta-
connected, balanced, or unbalanced.
▪ The total real power is equal to the algebraic sum of
the two-wattmeter readings
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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Two Wattmeter Method
▪ How two Wattmeter Method measure power in a
three phase system.
▪ Consider the balance, wye-connected load in figure
below

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THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT

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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT

▪ The average power read by wattmeter W2 is

▪ The sum of the wattmeter readings gives the total

average power,
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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Two Wattmeter Method
▪ The difference of the wattmeter readings is
proportional to the total reactive power

▪ The total apparent power can be obtained as

▪ The tangent of the power factor angle as

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THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT

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 THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
Two Wattmeter Method
▪ The two-wattmeter method cannot be used for
power measurement in a three-phase four-wire
system unless the current through the neutral line is
zero.
▪ We use the three-wattmeter method to measure the
real power in a three-phase four-wire system

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END OF LECTURE 05

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