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UNIT 3
 Syllabus
⚫Unit III Equilibrium (06Hrs)

A)Free body diagram, Equilibrium of concurrent, parallel forces in a plane,

Equilibrium of general forces in a plane, Equilibrium of three forces in a plane,
Typesof beams, simple and compound beams, Type of supports and reaction,
B)Forces in space, Resultant of concurrent and parallel forces in a space,
Equilibrium of concurrent and parallel forces in a space.
Equilibrium
⚫ Equilibrium of single force doesn’t exist.
⚫ If two forces are in equilibrium then they are equal, opposite and collinear.
⚫ Equilibriumunder three forces –
• Can be solved by Lami’s theorem or ∑Fx = 0, Ʃ Fy = 0
⚫ Equilibrium under four or more forces
• 1) ∑Fx = 0
• 2) Ʃ Fy = 0 3)Ʃ M = 0
4

Conditions of Equilibrium
 Free Body diagram (FBD)
⦿ An isolated body separated from all other connected bodies or
surfaces is free body diagram.
Free Body diagram
Free Body diagram
Free Body diagram
┌

Equilibrium
⚫ Lami’s Theorem ( applicable for three concurrent coplanar forces)
If body is in equilibrium under three concurrent coplanar
forces then each force is proportional to sine of angle
between remaining two forces.
R

β α
P Q
γ
 Equilibrium of Beams
Sub Unit -2
⚫ Beamsare structural elements with various engineering
applications like roofs, bridges, mechanical assemblies
Types of loading

Point load
Types of loading
Problems
Problems
Problems
Representation
1 of Force In three-dimensional space
Engineering Mechanics

2. . re re ent tIon oF Force In t ree dI en Ion ce

Force vector F in three-dimensional space is shown in Fig. 2.11 using right hand coordinate system.
The force F is written as

F = Fxi + Fyj + Fzk (2.21)

where Fx, Fy, Fz are rectangular components of the force F and i, j, k are unit vectors along x, y, z
axes respectively.
y α is the angle between force vector F and x-axis.
β is the angle between force vector F and y-axis.
is the angle between force vector F and z-axis.
F Fy x
β F x = F cos α, cos α =
=l
α L
γ
O x y
Fz F y = F cos β, cos β = = m
L
Fx z
z F z = F cos , cos = = n (2.22)
L
Fig. 2.11 ree dimensional orce.
( Fx ) + ( F y ) + ( Fz )
2 2 2
F= (2.23)

If F is represented by length L to some scale and similarly Fx by x, Fy by y and Fz by z and l, m, n

are called direction cosines.
2 2 2
 α L
γ
O x y
Fz F y = F cos β, cos β = = m
L
Fx z
z F z = F cos , cos = = n (2.22)
L
Fig. 2.11 ree dimensional orce.
( Fx ) + ( F y ) + ( Fz )
2 2 2
F= (2.23)

If F is represented by length L to some scale and similarly Fx by x, Fy by y and Fz by z and l, m, n

are called direction cosines.

l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 (2.24)

Fx F y Fz F
= = = (2.25)
x y z L
F
is known as force multiplier.
L

Force is also written as

F = F(li + mj + nk) (2.26)

Let n be the unit vector in the direction force

nF = li + mj + nk (2.27)

F = FnF (2.28)
 Force Systems and Resultants 1

Resultant force F given the rectangular components Fx, Fy, Fz:

(i) Let us take Fy and Fz

YOZ plane. (Fig. 2.12)
(ii) Adding Fx component to R vectorially the resultant force F is obtained (Fig. 2.13).

Y Y
Fx

Fy Fy
R
R F
X
Fz O
O
Fz
Z Z

Fig. 2.12 Resultant in YOZ lane. Fig. 2.1 Resultant in t ree dimensional s ace.

2. . re u t nt oF co n r concurrent Force

R = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 (2.29)
O
 Fz
Z Z

Fig. 2.12 Resultant in YOZ lane. Fig. 2.1 Resultant in t ree dimensional s ace.

2. . re u t nt oF co n r concurrent Force

R = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 (2.29)
O
F4 R
F1

F3 F4
F2

F1 F2 F3

Fig. 2.1 o lanar concurrent orces. Fig. 2.1 olygon o orces.

Resultant of forces with be obtained by adding the vectors graphically and the closing side of the
polygon will be the resultant R.

2. . re u t nt oF non concurrent co n r Force

In general a system of forces acting in a plane on a body may be non-concurrent. The system of
forces acting on the body must be reduced to a simple force system which does not alter the external
effect of the original force system on the body. The equivalent of the forces acting on the body is
 Resultant of forces with be obtained by adding the vectors graphically and the closing side of the
polygon will be the resultant R.

2. . re u t nt oF non concurrent co n r Force

In general a system of forces acting in a plane on a body may be non-concurrent. The system of
forces acting on the body must be reduced to a simple force system which does not alter the external
effect of the original force system on the body. The equivalent of the forces acting on the body is
the resultant force F acting at an arbitrary point and a couple. The choice of this arbitrary point will
depend upon the convenience for the particular problem under consideration.

Chapter2.indd 19 9/12/2009 8:16:03 PM

2 Engineering Mechanics

M F M

O F4 F4
O
= F3 = O
F1 F1
F2
F3
F2

Fig. 2.1 Force system.

Let F1, F2, F3, F4 are the forces acting on the body. The system of forces are moved to an arbitrary
point o so that it can be reduced to a resultant force F and corresponding resultant couple M.

2.1 . cou e

A couple is formed by two equal and opposite forces acting along two non-coincident parallel straight
4
5
Forces in space Sub-topic-3
Moment of Force
⚫Moment of force
⚫ R= F1+F2+F3+……Fn;
⚫ ΣFx=Rx; ΣFy=Ry; ΣFz=Rz
⚫ R= ΣFx i+ΣFy j+ΣFz k
⚫ Moment of force about any lineAB
⚫ Three cables DA,DB,DC support a vertical mast OD with ball
and socket joint at ‘O’ as shown n the figure. Tension in cable
DA=100kN.Find the tension in the other cables and the force
in the mast
Unknowns are TDB, TDC and force in mast.
TDA+ TDB+TDC+P=0
ΣFx=0
ΣFy=0
ΣFz=0
Solving unknowns can be found out
Unit vector along DA=0i+30j-40k/50
= 0i+0.6j-0.8k
Force along DA=TDA=100(0i+0.6j-0.8k)TDA=0i+60j-80k
Similarly TDB=-22.3872i+6.5296j-37.312k
TDC=22.35i+53.636j-178.788k
R=TDA+ TDB+ TDC
R=-0.034i+0.166j-296.1k
 Parallel Force
System in equilibrium
The direction of the forces can be taken as one of the three
coordinate axes.
Say z-axis
ΣF has no components in other axes x &y
Also moment around an axis parallel to itself is zero; ΣM has no
component along z axis
Hence ΣF =0, ΣM =0 give three scalar equations ΣFz =0, ΣMx
=0 ,ΣMy =0 to evaluate up to three unknowns.
A homogenous metal plate of 805.205 N weight is held in
position by three wires. Determine tensions Ta, Tb, Tc in the
wires.
z

Ta Tc

A C
y
Tb

m
m
D B E 00
x 9
900mm 300mm
 ΣFz =0, ΣMx =0 ,ΣMy =0 to evaluate up to three unknowns
Ta,Tb,Tc.
ΣMy =0
900xTb=805.205x450
ΣMx =0
900xTb+1200xTc=805.205x600
ΣFz =0 Tc
Ta
Ta+Tb+Tc=805.206
C
Check: ΣM@DE =0 A y
Tb
(Ta+Tc)x900=805.205x450

m
0m
D B E

90
900mm 300mm
 Problems

Determine Resultant and its position for given force system.

3kN 5m
6kN C
O Y
4kN (2,3)
(1,1) (1,4,) 4m
5kN
X
A B
R= ΣF =5k-4k-3k-6k =-8k
We assume the resultant to act at (x, y)
Z

• ΣMx = MR
• -(3x1)+(5x4)-(6X3) = -(8xy)
3kN 5m
• Y= 0.125m 6kN C
O Y
• ΣMy= MR 4kN (2,3)
(1,4,)
(1,1) 4m
• (4x4)+(3X1)-(5X1)+(6X2)= 8xx 5kN
X
• X=3.25m A B
University Question paper problems