HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTAL REPORT

General Chemistry (Lab)

Lecturer: Ms. Châu Ngọc Đỗ Quyên

Class: CC21

Members ID
Phạm Gia Hùng 2110220
Nguyễn Trương Gia Hưng 2053077

Ho Chi Minh City, July 2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 2..............................................................................................................2
I. Experiment results................................................................................2
II. Answer the questions............................................................................5
UNIT 4..............................................................................................................6
I. Experiment results................................................................................6
II. Answer the questions............................................................................7
UNIT 8..............................................................................................................9
I. Experiment results................................................................................9
II. Answer the questions............................................................................10

1
Experimental report of unit 2
Date: 10/12/2022
Group: 03 Class: CC21

Experiments are conducted three times, if the results of two times are similar, the third time is
not necessary.
I. Experimental results
Experiment 1

Temperature oC First time Second time Third time

t1 29.1 29.3 28.8
t2 71.2 72.1 70.3
t3 50.5 51.2 50.3
m0c0 1.69 2.39 3.75

m0c0 ave= 2.61cal/K

(Detail calculation of one value of m0c0)

( t 3−t1 ) −(t 2−t 3) cal
m0 c 0=mc
(t 2−t 3) ( ) K
In which:
m: mass of 50mL of water (50g)
c: specific heat capacity of water (1 cal/g.K)
 mc = 50 (cal/K)

Experiment 2

Temperature oC First time Second time Third time

t1 29 28.9 29.2
t2 29 28.9 29.2
t3 34.5 34.3 34.6
Q 301.125 295.65 295.65
Qave 297.475
ΔH (cal/mol) 11899

t 1 +t 2
If t1≠t2 then Δt is calculated as the difference between t0 and
2

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(Detail calculation of one value of Q)

Q1=( m0 c 0 +mc ) . Δ t= ( 3.75+ 51× 1 ) . ( 34.5−29 )=301.125(cal)

In which, m=V . ρ=( V HCl +V NaOH ) . ρ=( 25+25 ) × 1.02=51(g);

c = 1 (cal/g.K)

(Detail calculation of ΔH)

We have, n NaCl =0.05 ×0.5=0.025 mol

−Q ave −297.475 cal

∆ H1= = =−11899 ( )
n 0.025 mol

In conclusion, because ΔH < 0, so the equation is exothermic

Experiment 3

Temperature oC First time Second time Third time

t1 29 29.2 29.1
t2 34 34.1 34
Q (cal) 288.850 283.073 283.073
ΔH (cal/mol) -11554 -11322.92 -11322.92
ΔHave (cal/mol) -11399.947

(Detail calculation of one value of Q and ΔH)

Q1=( m0 c 0 +mc ) . Δ t= ( 3.75+ 54.02× 1 ) . ( 34−29 ) =288.850(cal)

In which, m=mH O + mCuSO =50+ 4.02=54.02(g); c = 1 (cal/g.K)

2 4

mCuSO 4.02
We have, nCuS O = M = ≈ 0.025(mol)
4

4
CuSO4 160

−Q −288.850 cal
∆ H1= = =−11554( )
n 0.025 mol

In conclusion, because ΔH < 0, so the equation is exothermic

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 Experiment 4

Temperature oC First time Second time Third time

t1 29 29.1 29.3
t2 25.5 25.4 25.5
Q (cal) -202.195 -213.749 -219.526
ΔH (cal/mol) 2695.933 2849.987 2927.013
ΔHave (cal/mol) 2824.311

(Detail calculation of one value of Q and ΔH)

Q1=( m0 c 0 +mc ) . Δ t= ( 3.75+ 54.02× 1 ) . ( 25.5−29 )=−202.195 (cal)

In which, m=mH O + mNH Cl =50+ 4.02=54.02(g); c = 1 (cal/g.K)

2 4

mNH Cl 4.02
We have, nCuS O = M = ≈ 0.075 (mol)
4

4
NH 4 Cl 53.5

−Q −−202.195 cal
∆ H1= = =2695.933 ( )
n 0.075 mol

In conclusion, because ΔH > 0, so the equation is endothermic

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 II. Answer the questions
1.
ΔH of the reaction HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O is calculated based on the molar of HCl
or NaOH when 25 ml of HCl 2M solution react with 25ml of NaOH 1M solution?
Explain.

∆ H of the reaction HCl+ NaOH → NaCl+ H 2 O will be calculated based on the molar of
NaOH . Because ∆ H is the number of moles reacted and the number of moles of HCl
reacted is greater than the number of moles NaOH .

2.
If replace HCl 1M by HNO3 1M, the result of experiment 2 will change or not?

The result of experiment 2 will not change because HCl and HNO3 are both strong acids
that are completely dissociate and also they have the same molar concentration.

3.
Calculate ΔH3 base on Hess’s law. Compare to experimental result. Considering 6
reasons that might cause the error
- Heat loss due to the calorimeter
- Thermometer
- Volumetric glassware
- Balance
- Copper (II) sulfate absorbs water
- Assume specific heat of copper (II) sulfate is 1 cal/mol.K
In your opinion, which one is the most significant? Explain? Is there any other reason?

In my opinion, the heat loss due to the calorimeter is the most significant error. Because
while doing the experiment, we might have incorrect procedure, which will lead to heat
loss due to the outside environment. Moreover, CuSO4 is easily hygroscopic, during
weighing and testing quickly causes copper sulphate to be hygroscopic, which will affect
the test results.

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 Experimental report of unit 4
Date: 10/12/2022
Group: 03 Class: CC21

I. Experimental results
1. Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3

No. Initial concentration (M)

Δt1 Δt2 Δt3 Δtave.
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.1 0.4 140 138 143 140.3
2 0.1 0.4 72 67 65 68
3 0.1 0.4 35 38 36 36.3

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine m1 (sample calculation)

m1=log 2
( )
∆ t1
∆ t2
=log 2 (
140.3
68
¿ )=1.045 ¿

From Δtave of experiment 2 and 3, determine m2

m2=log 2
( )
∆ t2
∆ t3
=log 2 (
68
36.3
¿ )=0.906 ¿

m1+ m2
Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3 = = 0.9755
2

2. Reaction order with respect to H2SO4

No. Initial concentration (M)

Δt1 Δt2 Δt3 Δtave.
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.1 0.4 65 63 64 64
2 0.1 0.4 54 54 52 53.3
3 0.1 0.4 48 49 48 48.3

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine n1 (sample calculation)

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 n1=log 2
( )
∆ t1
∆ t2
=log 2(
64
53.3
¿ )=0.263 ¿

From Δtave of experiment 2 and 3, determine n2

n2 =log 2
( )
∆ t2
∆ t3
=log 2 (
53.3
48.3
¿ )=0.142¿

n1 +n2
Reaction order with respect to H2SO4 = = 0.2025
2

II. Answer the questions

1.
In the experiment above, what is the effect of the concentrations of Na 2S2O3 and H2SO4
on the reaction rate? Rewrite the reaction rate expression. Determine the order of the
reaction.

The concentration of N a2 S 2 O3 is proportional to the reaction rate, while the

concentration of H 2 S O 4 does not.
Reaction rate expression: Rate=k ×[ N a2 S 2 O3 ]0.9755 ×[ H 2 S O4 ]0.2025
The reaction order: m + n = 0.9755 + 0.2025 = 1.178

2.
Mechanism of the reaction can be written as
H2SO4 + Na2S2O3  Na2SO4 + H2S2O3
H2S2O3  H2SO3 + S ↓
Base on the experimental results, may we conclude that the reaction (1) or (2) is the rate-
determining step, which is the slowest step of the reaction? Recall that in the experiments,
the amount of the acid H2SO4 is always used in excess.

Because reaction (2) is the self-oxidation reaction, so the reaction rate is slow. As a
result, the reaction (2) is the rate-determining step, which is the slowest step of the
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reaction.

3.
Base on the principle of experimental method, the reaction rate is considered as
instantaneous rate or average rate.

∆C
The reaction rate is calculated by with ∆ C ≈ 0, while the change of the concentration
∆t
of sulfur is very insignificant in ∆ t so the reaction rate is considered to be instantaneous.

4.
Reverse the order of adding H2SO4 and Na2S2O3, does the reaction order change? Explain?

By reversing the order of adding H2SO4 and Na2S2O3, the reaction does not change.
Because at a determined temperature, the order only depends on the nature of the
system: concentration, temperature, surface area and pressure.

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 Experimental report of unit 8
Date: 11/12/2022
Group: 03 Class: CC21

I. Experimental results

1. Experiment 2

No. VHCl (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation
1 10 9.82 0.1 0.0982 0.0005
2 10 9.91 0.1 0.0991 0.0004

The concentration of 10ml HCl is calculated by: C HCl . V HCl =C NaOH . V NaOH

CHCL ave = 0.0987 N

2. Experiment 3

No. VHCl (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation
1 10 9.08 0.1 0.0908 0.0022
2 10 9.52 0.1 0.0952 0.0022

CHCL ave = 0.093 N

3. Experiment 4

No. Indicator VCH3COOH (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CCH3COOH (N)
1 Phenolphthalein 10 9.22 0.1 0.0922
2 Methyl orange 10 2.34 0.1 0.0234

The concentration of 10ml C H 3 COOH is calculated by:

CCH 3 COOH .V C H 3 COOH =C NaOH .V NaOH

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 II. Answer the questions
1. When changing the concentration of HCl or NaOH, does the titration curve change?
Explain.

When changing the concentration of HCl and NaOH , the titration curve does not change.
Because HCl titration method with NaOH is determined based on the equation:
HCl+ NaOH → NaCl+ H 2 O and C HCl . V HCl =C NaOH . V NaOH .
Therefore, if C HCl increases, V NaOH also increases and vice versa. As a result, we can infer
that the titration curve didn't change.

2. The determination of the concentration of HCl in experiment 2 and 3, which one is more
precise.

The determination of the concentration of HCl in experiment 2 is more accurate.

Because, the phenolphthalein’s pH jump is between 8 and 10 and has the color easy
for human to spot changes.

3. From the result of experiment 4, for the determining concentration of acid acetic
solution, which indicator is more precise?

From the result of experiment 4, the determination by phenolphthalein is more accurate.

Because phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic medium and it will turn into purple in
basic environment. On the other hand, methyl orange changes from red in acidic medium
to yellow or orange in basic environment, so it is hard to distinguish accurately.

4. In volumetric titration, if NaOH and HCl are interchanged, does the result change?
Explain?

In volumetric analysis, if NaOH and HCl are interchanged, the result will not change.
Because the reaction is still a neutralizing reaction, the indicator always changes color at
the equivalence point.

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