Flowrates LPM t=0 t=45 s t=90s

Configuration Hot water cold water TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4

1.5
5
2

2.5
cocurrent
1

1.5
5
2

2.5

1.5
5
2

2.5
counter current
1

1.5
5
2

2.5
 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4
T = 1 min
T = 2 min
T = 3 min
T = 4 min
T = 5 min
T = 6 min
T = 7 min
T = 8 min
T = 9 min
T = 10 min
counter current 100 50
T = 11 min
T = 12 min
T = 13 min
T = 14 min
T = 15 min
T = 16 min
T = 17 min
T = 18 min
T = 19 min
T = 20 min
 Flowrates LPH t=0

Configuration Hot water cold water TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Hot flow Cold Flow

25 44.2 39.7 37.6 22.8 26.5 28.8 98 24

50 44.2 40.9 39.6 22.9 28.3 32.4 100 55

100
75 43.1 39.3 37.2 22.7 26.4 28.8 97 78

100 44.3 39.3 36.8 22.4 25.7 27.9 99 100

cocurrent
25 44 39.4 37.2 21.8 25.1 27.2 24 52

50 45.3 39 37.4 22.3 23.9 24.9 48 49

50
75 46.1 40.8 37.8 22.4 26 27.9 75 51

100 45.7 41.5 39.1 22.4 26.4 29.1 98 51

25 44.6 40.6 37.5 28.5 25.2 21.9 100 26

50 43.2 39.9 37.1 31.1 26 22 98 59

100
75 43.2 39.1 35.9 28.6 24.6 21.7 98 79

100 43.7 39 35.5 28.1 24.3 21.5 99 104

counter current
25 43.6 39.2 37 26.8 23.7 21.3 22 58

50 44.9 37.8 34.9 25 23 21.4 49 53

50
75 45.9 40.3 36.1 27.9 24.2 21.4 72 54

100 45.3 41.2 37.9 29.2 25.2 21.4 92 52

 t=45 s t=90s

TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Hot flow Cold Flow TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Hot flow Cold Flow

43.7 41.1 39.9 22.8 29 32.4 98 24 43.7 41 39.8 22.8 29 32.4 98 23

43.7 40.2 38.3 22.8 26.6 29.3 99 52 43.5 40 38.1 22.8 26.5 29.2 100 53

44 39.3 36.9 22.5 26 28.1 98 76 44.3 39.7 37.3 22.5 26 28.3 100 73

43.9 38.8 36.1 22.3 25.4 27.3 99 97 43.6 38.4 35.6 22.3 25.2 26.9 98 102

44.2 38.1 36.1 22 23.4 24.3 23 50 44.3 38.2 36.3 22 23.4 24.4 23 50

45.3 39.6 36.7 22.4 25.4 27.3 47 47 45.9 40.1 37 22.4 25.6 27.5 48 48

46 41.3 38.6 22.4 26.3 29.1 74 51 45.6 41.1 38.6 22.4 26.3 29.1 74 51

45.7 42 39.8 22.4 26.9 29.9 100 48 45.6 41.8 39.6 22.4 26.9 29.8 100 48

44.5 42.3 40.2 33.4 28.3 21.9 99 25 44 41.9 39.9 33.6 28.3 22 99 25

44.1 40.7 37.8 29.9 25.9 22 99 57 44.1 40.6 37.6 29.9 25.8 21.9 100 58

43.2 39.1 35.9 28.5 24.9 21.7 97 79 43.2 39.1 35.8 28.4 24.8 21.6 98 77

43 38.3 34.8 27.2 24 21.4 98 104 43.7 38.6 34.9 27.2 23.9 21.3 100 115

43.9 37.7 35 24.5 22.6 21.3 23 59 44.2 37.8 35.3 24.5 22.7 21.3 23 59

44.9 39.2 35.5 27 23.8 21.4 48 53 45.2 39.4 35.4 27.2 23.9 21.4 49 56

45.8 41.5 37.9 29.4 25.4 21.4 75 53 45.8 41.4 37.8 29.7 25.3 21.4 73 53

45.6 41.9 38.8 30.1 25.6 21.4 96 52 45.6 42 38.9 30.1 25.7 21.4 95 53
 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Hot flow Cold Flow

43.5 40.3 37.5 29.5 25.5 21.4 99 52 T = 1 min

43.9 40.7 38 29.7 25.6 21.4 101 51 T = 2 min

44.2 40.9 38.2 29.8 25.5 21.4 100 50 T = 3 min

43.5 40.3 37.7 29.5 25.4 21.4 100 48 T = 4 min

43.4 40.3 37.7 29.5 25.4 21.4 98 47 T = 5 min

44.3 41.1 38.4 29.9 25.8 21.4 101 51 T = 6 min

44.2 41.1 38.4 30.1 25.7 21.4 101 48 T = 7 min

43.5 40.6 38.1 29.8 25.7 21.4 101 48 T = 8 min

43.3 40.2 37.6 29.6 25.6 21.5 98 50 T = 9 min

44.3 41 38.3 29.9 25.8 21.5 101 49 T = 10 min

counter current 100 50
44.2 41.1 38.4 30 25.9 21.6 100 49 T = 11 min

43.6 40.6 38 30 25.7 21.6 102 49 T = 12 min

43.2 40.3 37.7 29.8 25.7 21.7 99 48 T = 13 min

44.1 40.9 38.2 30 26 21.7 101 48 T = 14 min

44.1 41 38.3 30.1 26.2 21.7 100 47 T = 15 min

43.7 40.7 38.1 30.1 25.9 21.8 101 48 T = 16 min

43 40 37.5 29.9 25.9 21.8 99 47 T = 17 min

43.8 40.7 38.1 30 26.1 21.8 100 47 T = 18 min

44.1 41 38.4 30.3 26.1 21.9 101 47 T = 19 min

43.8 40.9 38.2 30.3 26.4 21.9 100 47 T = 20 min

 𝑉 ̇ 𝑉 ̇
(Hot water) (Cold water) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

43.5 40.3 37.5 29.5 25.5

43.9 40.7 38.0 29.7 25.6
44.2 40.9 38.2 29.8 25.5
43.5 40.3 37.7 29.5 25.4
43.4 40.3 37.7 29.5 25.4
44.3 41.1 38.4 29.9 25.8
44.2 41.1 38.4 30.1 25.7
43.5 40.6 38.1 29.8 25.7
counter 43.3 40.2 37.6 29.6 25.6
current 44.3 41.0 38.3 29.9 25.8
100 50
44.2 41.1 38.4 30.0 25.9
43.6 40.6 38.0 30.0 25.7
43.2 40.3 37.7 29.8 25.7
44.1 40.9 38.2 30.0 26.0
44.1 41.0 38.3 30.1 26.2
43.7 40.7 38.1 30.1 25.9
43.0 40.0 37.5 29.9 25.9
43.8 40.7 38.1 30.0 26.1
44.1 41.0 38.4 30.3 26.1
43.8 40.9 38.2 30.3 26.4

1.21
T6 Hot flow Cold Flow Time 𝑉 ̇(Hot water) 𝑉 ̇(Cold water)

21.4 99 52 1
21.4 101 51 2
21.4 100 50 3
21.4 100 48 4
21.4 98 47 5
21.4 101 51 6
21.4 101 48 7
21.4 101 48 8
21.5 98 50 9
21.5 101 49 10
21.6 100 49 11
21.6 102 49 12
21.7 99 48 13
21.7 101 48 14
21.7 100 47 15
21.8 101 48 16
21.8 99 47 17
21.8 100 47 18
21.9 101 47 19 counter
21.9 100 47 20 current
100 50
 Cp,h=Cp,c
Water [KJ/(Kg*K)]
 Uexpt
QHot/Qcold (Kw) [Kw/(m2.K)] T (min) ΔTi ΔTo TLMTD
QHot 0.69
1.24 1 22.1 8.0 14
QCold 0.49
QHot 0.69
1.21 2 22.5 8.3 14
QCold 0.49
QHot 0.69
1.20 3 22.8 8.4 14
QCold 0.49
QHot 0.67
1.20 4 22.1 8.2 14
QCold 0.45
QHot 0.65
1.16 5 22.0 8.2 14
QCold 0.44
QHot 0.69
1.19 6 22.9 8.5 15
QCold 0.50
QHot 0.68
1.18 7 22.8 8.3 14
QCold 0.48
QHot 0.63
1.12 8 22.1 8.3 14
QCold 0.47
QHot 0.65
1.17 9 21.8 8.0 14
QCold 0.47
QHot 0.70
1.22 10 22.8 8.4 14
QCold 0.48 LMTD
QHot 0.67
1.17 11 22.6 8.4 14
QCold 0.48
QHot 0.66
1.19 12 22.0 8.0 14
QCold 0.48
QHot 0.63
1.16 13 21.5 7.9 14
QCold 0.45
QHot 0.69
1.22 14 22.4 8.2 14
QCold 0.46
QHot 0.67
1.19 15 22.4 8.2 14
QCold 0.46
QHot 0.65
1.19 16 21.9 8.0 14
QCold 0.46
QHot 0.63
1.19 17 21.2 7.6 13
QCold 0.44
QHot 0.66
1.19 18 22.0 8.1 14
 1.19 18 22.0 8.1 14
QCold 0.45
QHot 0.67
1.19 19 22.2 8.1 14
QCold 0.46
QHot 0.65
1.18 20 21.9 7.9 14
QCold 0.46
ρ
4.18 Kg/m3(25℃) 997.05 A(m2) 0.04
 Flowrates LPH t=0
Configuration
𝑉 ̇ (Hot water) �(Cold water) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
�
 ̇ 25 44.2 39.7 37.6 22.8 26.5 28.8
50 44.2 40.9 39.6 22.9 28.3 32.4
100
75 43.1 39.3 37.2 22.7 26.4 28.8
100 44.3 39.3 36.8 22.4 25.7 27.9
cocurrent
25 44 39.4 37.2 21.8 25.1 27.2
50 45.3 39 37.4 22.3 23.9 24.9
50
75 46.1 40.8 37.8 22.4 26 27.9
100 45.7 41.5 39.1 22.4 26.4 29.1
25 44.6 40.6 37.5 28.5 25.2 21.9
50 43.2 39.9 37.1 31.1 26 22
100
75 43.2 39.1 35.9 28.6 24.6 21.7

counter 100 43.7 39 35.5 28.1 24.3 21.5

current 25 43.6 39.2 37 26.8 23.7 21.3
50 44.9 37.8 34.9 25 23 21.4
50
75 45.9 40.3 36.1 27.9 24.2 21.4
100 45.3 41.2 37.9 29.2 25.2 21.4

Flowrates (L/h) t = 0s t = 45s

Configuration
Uexpt Uexpt
𝑉 ̇ (Hot water) �(Cold water) QHot/Qcold (Kw) [Kw/(m2. QHot/Qcold (Kw) [Kw/(m2.
� K)] K)]
 ̇
QHot 0.75 QHot 0.43
25 1.32 0.82
QCold 0.17 QCold 0.27
QHot 0.53 QHot 0.62
50 1.02 1.10
QCold 0.60 QCold 0.39
100
QHot 0.66 QHot 0.81
75 1.22 1.42
QCold 0.53 QCold 0.49
QHot 0.86 QHot 0.89
100 1.49 1.57
QCold 0.64 QCold 0.56
cocurrent
cocurrent
QHot 0.19 QHot 0.22
25 0.53 0.33
QCold 0.33 QCold 0.13
QHot 0.44 QHot 0.47
50 0.64 0.77
QCold 0.15 QCold 0.27
50
QHot 0.72 QHot 0.63
75 1.14 1.02
QCold 0.32 QCold 0.40
QHot 0.75 QHot 0.68
100 1.19 1.09
QCold 0.40 QCold 0.42
QHot 0.82 QHot 0.49
25 1.39 0.94
QCold 0.20 QCold 0.33
QHot 0.69 QHot 0.72
50 1.44 1.31
QCold 0.62 QCold 0.52
100
QHot 0.83 QHot 0.82
75 1.58 1.55
QCold 0.63 QCold 0.62
QHot 0.94 QHot 0.93
100 1.74 1.74
counter QCold 0.79 QCold 0.70
current QHot 0.17 QHot 0.24
25 0.60 0.38
QCold 0.37 QCold 0.22
QHot 0.57 QHot 0.52
50 0.90 0.89
QCold 0.22 QCold 0.34
50
QHot 0.82 QHot 0.69
75 1.37 1.14
QCold 0.41 QCold 0.49
QHot 0.79 QHot 0.76
100 1.31 1.25
QCold 0.47 QCold 0.52
Cp,h=Cp,c ρ
Water [KJ/(Kg*K)] 4.18 Kg/m3(25℃)
 t=45 s

𝑉 ̇(Hot water) �(Cold water) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 �(Hot water)

� �
98  ̇ 24 43.7 41.1 39.9 22.8 29 32.4  ̇ 98

100 55 43.7 40.2 38.3 22.8 26.6 29.3 99

97 78 44 39.3 36.9 22.5 26 28.1 98
99 100 43.9 38.8 36.1 22.3 25.4 27.3 99
24 52 44.2 38.1 36.1 22 23.4 24.3 23
48 49 45.3 39.6 36.7 22.4 25.4 27.3 47
75 51 46 41.3 38.6 22.4 26.3 29.1 74
98 51 45.7 42 39.8 22.4 26.9 29.9 100
100 26 44.5 42.3 40.2 33.4 28.3 21.9 99
98 59 44.1 40.7 37.8 29.9 25.9 22 99
98 79 43.2 39.1 35.9 28.5 24.9 21.7 97
99 104 43 38.3 34.8 27.2 24 21.4 98
22 58 43.9 37.7 35 24.5 22.6 21.3 23
49 53 44.9 39.2 35.5 27 23.8 21.4 48
72 54 45.8 41.5 37.9 29.4 25.4 21.4 75
92 52 45.6 41.9 38.8 30.1 25.6 21.4 96

t = 90s t = 0s t = 45s

Uexpt
QHot/Qcold (Kw) [Kw/(m2. ΔTi ΔTo TLMTD ΔTi ΔTo
K)]
QHot 0.44
0.85 21.4 8.8 14.18 20.9 7.5
QCold 0.26
QHot 0.63
1.12 21.3 7.2 13.00 20.9 9.0
QCold 0.39
QHot 0.81
1.40 20.4 8.4 13.52 21.5 8.8
QCold 0.49
QHot 0.91
1.61 21.9 8.9 14.44 21.6 8.8
QCold 0.54
QHot 0.21
0.32 22.2 10.0 15.30 22.2 11.8
QCold 0.14
QHot 0.49
0.80 23.0 12.5 17.22 22.9 9.4
QCold 0.28
QHot 0.60
0.98 23.7 9.9 15.81 23.6 9.5
QCold 0.40
QHot 0.69 LMTD
1.12 23.3 10.0 15.72 23.3 9.9
QCold 0.41
QHot 0.47
0.94 22.7 9.0 14.81 22.6 6.8
QCold 0.34
QHot 0.75
1.37 21.2 6.0 12.04 22.1 7.9
QCold 0.54
QHot 0.84
1.58 21.5 7.3 13.15 21.5 7.4
QCold 0.61
QHot 1.02
1.85 22.2 7.4 13.47 21.6 7.6
QCold 0.79
QHot 0.24
0.41 22.3 10.2 15.47 22.6 10.5
QCold 0.22
QHot 0.56
0.95 23.5 9.9 15.73 23.5 8.5
QCold 0.38
QHot 0.68
1.14 24.5 8.2 14.89 24.4 8.5
QCold 0.51
QHot 0.74
1.21 23.9 8.7 15.04 24.2 8.7
QCold 0.53

997.05 L (m) 0.798 Di (m) 0.006 Do (m)

 t=90s

�(Cold water) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 𝑉 ̇(Hot water) �(Cold water)

� �
 ̇ 24 43.7 41 39.8 22.8 29 32.4 98  ̇ 23

52 43.5 40 38.1 22.8 26.5 29.2 100 53

76 44.3 39.7 37.3 22.5 26 28.3 100 73
97 43.6 38.4 35.6 22.3 25.2 26.9 98 102
50 44.3 38.2 36.3 22 23.4 24.4 23 50
47 45.9 40.1 37 22.4 25.6 27.5 48 48
51 45.6 41.1 38.6 22.4 26.3 29.1 74 51
48 45.6 41.8 39.6 22.4 26.9 29.8 100 48
25 44 41.9 39.9 33.6 28.3 22 99 25
57 44.1 40.6 37.6 29.9 25.8 21.9 100 58
79 43.2 39.1 35.8 28.4 24.8 21.6 98 77
104 43.7 38.6 34.9 27.2 23.9 21.3 100 115
59 44.2 37.8 35.3 24.5 22.7 21.3 23 59
53 45.2 39.4 35.4 27.2 23.9 21.4 49 56
53 45.8 41.4 37.8 29.7 25.3 21.4 73 53
52 45.6 42 38.9 30.1 25.7 21.4 95 53

t = 45s t = 90s

TLMTD ΔTi ΔTo TLMTD

13.08 20.9 7.4 13.00

14.12 20.7 8.9 13.98

14.22 21.8 9.0 14.47

14.25 21.3 8.7 14.07

16.46 22.3 11.9 16.56

15.16 23.5 9.5 15.46

15.50 23.2 9.5 15.34

15.66 23.2 9.8 15.55

13.16 22.0 6.3 12.56

13.80 22.2 7.7 13.69

13.22 21.6 7.4 13.26

13.40 22.4 7.7 13.77

15.78 22.9 8.2 14.31

14.75 23.8 8.2 14.64

15.08 24.4 8.1 14.78

15.15 24.2 8.8 15.22

0.008 A(m2) 0.040

 𝑉 ̇(Hot water) 𝑉 ̇(Cold water) Uexpt [Kw/(m2.K)] T (min)

1.24 1
1.21 2
1.20 3
1.20 4
1.16 5
1.19 6
1.18 7
1.12 8
1.17 9
counter
current 1.22 10
100 50
1.17 11
1.19 12
1.16 13
1.22 14
1.19 15
1.19 16
1.19 17
1.19 18
1.19 19
1.18 20

1.80

Flowrates (L/h) Uexpt 1.60

Configuration Time(s)
𝑉 ̇ (Hot water) �(Cold water) [Kw/(m2.K)]
1.40
�
[Kw/(m2.K)]

 ̇ 1.32 0s 1.20
Uexpt

25 0.82 45s
1.00
0.85 90s
0.80
1.02 0s
0.60
50 1.10 45s

1.12 90s 25 50 75
100
1.22 0s
75 1.42 45s
 100

75

1.40 90s

1.49 0s
100 1.57 45s
90s 1.40
1.61
cocurrent
0.53 0s 1.20

25 0.33 45s 1.00

[Kw/(m2.K)]
Uexpt
0.32 90s
0.80
0.64 0s
0.60
50 0.77 45s
0.40
0.80 90s
50
0s 0.20
1.14
25 50 75
75 1.02 45s 100

0.98 90s

1.19 0s
100 1.09 45s

1.12 90s

1.39 0s
25 0.94 45s
2.00
0.94 90s
0s 1.80
1.44
50 1.31 45s 1.60

[Kw/(m2.K)]
1.37 90s
100 Uexpt 1.40
1.58 0s
1.20
75 1.55 45s
90s 1.00
1.58
1.74 0s 0.80

100 45s 25 50 75
1.74 100
counter 1.85 90s
current 0.60 0s
25 0.38 45s
90s 1.60
0.41
1.40
0.90 0s
1.20
50 0.89 45s
[Kw/(m2.K)]
Uexpt

1.00
0.95 90s
50 0.80
1.37 0s
0.60
75
0.40

0.20
 1.20

[Kw/(m2.K)]
Uexpt
1.00
50 0.80

0.60
75 1.14 45s
0.40
1.14 90s
0.20
1.31 0s
100 45s 25 50 75
1.25 100
1.21 90s
 dout din D A1
0.008 0.006 0.015 0.000028
rout rin R A2
0.004 0.003 0.0075 0.000126

Fhot Fcold uhot ucold

100 50 0.9829 0.1099

Cp ρ
4180 997.05 0.0006579 0.00089

Pr(hot) Pr(cold) Re(hot) Re(cold)

4.47522 6.05403 8,964.31 864.33

hhot hcold 1/U

8958.38583333333 2537.00714285714 0.000510730752826889 0.000510730752826889
1891.63 1957.97882634835 1958

Cold flow rates vs. Experimental U

1.80
1.61
1.57
1.60 1.49
1.42 1.40
1.40 1.32
1.22
[Kw/(m2.K)]

1.20 1.10 1.12

Uexpt

1.02
1.00
0.82 0.85
0.80

0.60
0s 45s 90s

25 50 75 100 Time(s)
 Hot flow rates vs. Experimental U
1.40
1.19
1.20 1.14 1.12
1.09
1.02
0.98
1.00
[Kw/(m2.K)]

0.80
Uexpt

0.77
0.80
0.64
0.60 0.53

0.40 0.33 0.32

0.20
0s 45s 90s
25 50 75
100

Cold flow rates vs. Experimental U

2.00
1.85
1.80 1.74 1.74

1.58 1.55 1.58

1.60
1.44
[Kw/(m2.K)]

1.39 1.37
Uexpt

1.40 1.31

1.20

1.00 0.94 0.94

0.80
0s 45s 90s
25 50 75
100 Time(s)

Hot flow rates vs. Experimental U

1.60
1.37
1.40 1.31
1.25 1.21
1.20 1.14 1.14
[Kw/(m2.K)]

0.95
Uexpt

1.00 0.90 0.89

0.80
0.60
0.60
0.38 0.41
0.40

0.20
0s 45s 90s
 1.20

[Kw/(m2.K)]
0.95

Uexpt
1.00 0.90 0.89
0.80
0.60
0.60
0.38 0.41
0.40

0.20
0s 45s 90s
25 50 75
100
Time(s)
 Dh L

0.00700 1.596

K Flow pattern vs. Experimental U

1.50
0.6145 1.44
1.40
1.37
1.30 1.31
C m
[Kw/(m2.K)]

1.20
Uexpt

1.10 1.10 1.12

1.02
1.00
Nu
0.90
28.9
0.80
0s 45s 90s
cocurrent Time(s)
counter current

1.61

1.40

1.12

0.85

90s
U

1.12
0.98

0.80

0.32

90s

U
1.85

1.58

1.37

0.94

90s

1.21
1.14

0.95

0.41

90s
0.95

0.41

90s
 Flowrates LPM t=0 t=60 s t=120s

Configuration Hot water cold water TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 ΔP1 ΔP2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 ΔP1 ΔP2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 ΔP1 ΔP2

10
10
15

20
cocurrent
5

10
10
15

20

10
10
15

20
counter current
5

10
10
15

20
 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5

T = 30 Sec

T = 1 min

T = 90 Sec

T = 2 min

T = 150 Sec

T = 3 min

T = 210 Sec

T = 4 min

T = 270 Sec

T = 5 min
counter current 20 10
T = 330 Sec

T = 6 min

T = 390 Sec

T = 7 min

T = 450 Sec

T = 8 min

T = 510 Sec

T = 9 min

T = 570 Sec

T = 10 min
 cold water t=0 t=60 t=120
heating
flowrate
power
LPH TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 water flow rate heating power vapor pressure TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 water flow rate heating power vapor pressure TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 water flow rate heating power vapor pressure

10

10 15

25

10

60 15

25

25

240 50

75
 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5

cold water t=180 T = 1 min

heating
flowrate
power
LPH TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 water flow rate heating power vapor pressure T = 2 min

10 T = 3 min

10 15 T = 4 min
0 25
25 T = 5 min

10 T = 6 min

60 15 T = 7 min

25 T = 8 min

25

240 50

75