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Lecture 10 & 11 Three Phase Induction Motor

The document discusses three phase induction motors including their types, construction, theory of operation, slip speed, torque-speed characteristics, and equivalent circuit. Key points include squirrel cage and wound rotor types, stator and rotor construction, how rotating magnetic field induces current in rotor, definition of slip speed, and power flow diagram.

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Mohamed Hosam
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28 views

Lecture 10 & 11 Three Phase Induction Motor

The document discusses three phase induction motors including their types, construction, theory of operation, slip speed, torque-speed characteristics, and equivalent circuit. Key points include squirrel cage and wound rotor types, stator and rotor construction, how rotating magnetic field induces current in rotor, definition of slip speed, and power flow diagram.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Hosam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine

Lecture 10 & 11
‫بـرنامج هـندسـة الـقوى واالالت الكـهربيـة‬
Three phase Induction Motors
Third Year Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Mahmoud Gamal Hemeida


Assistant professor power and machines
Introduction
• The rotor receives electrical power from stator by means of the
electrical induction (the same as transformer).

• Three phase induction motors are the most common types of motors

• They are wide spread and can be used for different applications with
various speed and load requirements.

• It is simple, robust construction, and high reliability.


Types of Induction Motor
Depending on the construction of the rotor circuit there are two types of induction
motors:
• Squirrel cage induction motor: Rotors is very simple and consist of bars of aluminum
(or copper) with shorting rings at the ends.

• Wound rotor induction motor: Rotor consists of three phase windings (star
connected) with terminals brought out to slip rings for external connections.

Why Squirrel cage type is more common compared to the wound rotor type?
a) Robust, as no brushes, no contacts on the rotor shaft.
b) Simple in construction and easy to manufacture.
c) Almost maintenance-free, except for bearing and other mechanical parts.
d) High efficiency as rotor has very low resistance and thus low copper loss.
Construction of three phase induction motors
Construction: The main body of the Induction Motor comprises of two major
parts: stator and rotor
Stator construction

The stator is made up of several thin laminations (0.5


mm) of electrical steel (silicon steel), they are
punched and clamped together to form a hollow
cylinder (stator core) with slots, as shown.

The Coils of insulated wires are inserted into these


slots. Each group of coils, together with the core that
it surrounds, forms an electromagnet (a pair of poles).

number of poles of an induction motor depends on


the internal connection of the stator windings.
Rotor construction – squirrel cage
The squirrel cage rotor is made up of several thin electrical steel lamination
(0.5mm) with bars made up of aluminum or copper evenly spaced along
the periphery and connected at ends mechanically and electrically
by the use of end rings.
Rotor construction –wound rotor
The wound rotor has a set of windings on the rotor slots which are not short
circuited, but they are terminated to a set of slip rings. These construction
is helpful in adding external resistors and contactors
Notes
• Almost 90 % of induction motors have squirrel cage rotors.

• The rotor slots are not exactly parallel to the shaft but, they are given a skew
for two main reasons,
- firstly to make the motor run quietly by reducing magnetic hum and to
decrease slot harmonics,
- secondly to help reducing the locking tendency of the rotor

• locking tendency of the rotor: the rotor teeth tend to remain locked under
the stator teeth due to direct magnetic attraction between the two.

• The rotor is mounted on the shaft using bearings on both ends.


Induction motor theory of operation
• When 3-phase stator winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating
magnetic field is set up which rotates round the stator at synchronous speed
Ns (= 120 f/P).

• The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which
still in stationary condition. Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and
the stationary rotor, e.m.f. is induced in the rotor conductors.

• Since the rotor circuit is short circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor
conductors. This current-carrying conductors are placed in the magnetic field
produced by the stator. Consequently, mechanical force acts on the rotor
conductors.

• The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque
which tends to move the rotor in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field.
Induction motor theory of operation
Slip and Slip Speed
• To induce current in rotor there must be a speed difference between the rotor
and the rotating magnetic field. This speed difference is called slip speed

• The frequency of a voltage or current induced due to the relative speed


between rotor and a magnetic field is given.
Er = S. EBR Fr = S F

Frequency of the rotor circuit = Fr = N P/ 120 but Ns (= 120 F/P) F =Ns*P/120

• S = Slip ns = synchronous speed nr = rotor speed, N = The slip speed = (Ns - Nr)
• Er = voltage induced in rotor at slip S EBR = voltage induced in rotor at n=0 (blocked rotor)
Slip and Slip Speed

Example 1: Four pole motor operating on a 60 Hz system. What


is the speed at which the magnetic field rotates
Solution
Slip and Slip Speed

• The slip is increasing with loading


Example 2: A three phase IM , six poles , 50 Hz is supplied by a
three phase source. The rotor is rotating at 800 rpm. Calculate :
1- The slip.
2- The rotor current frequency.
Solution
Induction motor torque speed Characteristics
Equivalent circuit of induction motor per phase
• Rr = rotor loss resistance
𝑅𝑟 (1−𝑆)
• The resistance that represents mechanical load
𝑆
Power flow diagram for an induction motor
Power flow calculation

air gap power = Rotor input power, Pag = S Pag + (1-S) Pag
The rotor copper loss = s Pag , Mechanical power output(Pm)= (1-S) Pag
Ex 3) A 3-phase 60 Hz, 75 Hp, 4 pole motor operates at a rated terminal voltage
of 230 V Under rated conditions it draws a line current of 186 A and has an
efficiency of 90%. The following losses are measured: Core losses = 1273 W
Stator conductor losses = 2102 W Rotor conductor losses = 1162 W Find:
a) the input power
b) the total losses
c) the air gap power
d) the shaft speed
e) the motor power factor
f) combined mechanical losses
Ex 4) A 3-phase 230V, 25 HP, 60Hz, 4 pole motor rotor absorbs 20,200 W when
supplying an unknown shaft load. The rotor copper losses are measured at
975 W when supplying this load. The friction and windage losses are known to
be 250 W. Determine
a) the shaft speed;
b) mechanical power developed;
c) torque developed in the rotor
d) shaft torque
e) percent of rated horsepower that the motor is delivering.
Example 5: A three-phase, 220-V, 10-hp, 60-Hz, six-pole, wye-connected
induction motor has the following per-phase parameters, which are referred to
the stator: R1 = 0.3 Ω, R2 = 0.15 Ω, X1 = 0.5 Ω, X2 = 0.2 Ω, XM = 15 Ω. The total
friction, windage, and core losses can be assumed to be constant at 400W,
independent of load. While operated at rated voltage & frequency, and at a slip
of 2%, determine the following:
a) Input current and power factor
b) Power input
c) Output power and output torque
d) Efficiency of the motor
• A balanced positive-sequence Y-connected 60 Hz three-phase source has phase
voltage Va=1000V. Each phase of the load consists of a 0.1-H inductance in
series with a 50-Ωresistance.
• Find the line currents, the line voltages, the power and the reactive power
delivered to the load. Draw a phasor diagram showing line voltages, phase
voltages and the line currents. Assuming that the phase angle of Van is zero.

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