Agriculture 2022, 12, 600 3 of 24

Table 1. Some botanicals, parts used, and extraction methods against targeted pests and diseases.

Extraction
No. Scientific Name Family Part Utilized Target Pest Ref.
Method
Aqueous, Microsporum gypseum,
Leaf, Rhizome, Ethanolic, Penicillium marneffei,
1 Acorus calamus L. Acoraceae [37]
Stem Methanolic Trichophyton rubrum,
extraction Sitophilus zeamais
Aqueous,
Leaf, Root, Bark, Ethanolic,
2 Adhatoda vasica L. Acanthaceae Xanthomonas oryzae [38]
Fruit, Flower Methanolic
extraction
Alternaria solani,
Cochliobolus
3 Allium cepa L. Alliaceae Seed Steam distillation heterostrophus, [39–41]
Phytophthora infestans,
Ramularia areola
Bemisia tabaci, Curvularia
lunata, Fusarium
Ethanolic
4 Allium sativum L. Alliaceae Bulb, Leaf guttiforme, Helicoverpa [42–45]
extraction
armigera, Pseudomonas
syringae
Fusarium wilt,
5 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Seed Solvent extraction Phytophthora blight, [46]
Rhizoctonia solani
Aphis spp., Aspergillus
niger, B. tabaci,
Colletotrichum spp,
Aqueous, Echinochloa crusgalli,
Ethanolic, Fusarium oxysporum,
Leaf, Bark, Root,
6 A. indica Meliaceae Methanolic Geotrichum candidium, [47–50]
Seed, Fruit
extraction, Steam H. armigera, Meloidogyne
distillation incognita, Meloidogyne
javanica, Rhizopus
stolonifer, Sitophilus
zeamais
Aqueous
7 Camellia oleiferaAbel. Theaceae Stem, Leaf [35]
extraction
A. solani, Bacillus subtilis,
Escherichia coli,
Maceration,
F. oxysporum,
8 Capsicum frutescens L. Solanaceae Fruit Soxhlet, Ethanolic [41,51,52]
Phytophthra infestans,
extraction
Pseudomonas aerugionsa,
Staphylococcus aureus
A. niger, Dolichodorus
Aqueous,
sp., F. oxysporum,
Ethanolic,
9 Chromolaena odorata L. Asteraceae Leaf, Stem, Root G. candidium, [49,53]
Methanolic
Helicotylenchus sp.,
extraction
M. incognita, R. stolonifer
Ethanolic, Blatta orientalis, Isoptera
Chrysanthemum
10 Compositae Flower Methanolic spp., Lasius niger, [47]
cinerariaefolium L.
extraction Myrmecia gulosa
Acarina spp., Acheta
Steam, domesticus, Aphis spp.,
11 Citrus hystrix DC. Rutaceae Leaf Hydrodistillation, Botrytis cinerea, [44,54]
Solvent extraction Siphonaptera spp.,
Uromyces appendiculatus,
Alternaria alternate,
Steam,
F. oxysporum, Pyricularia
12 Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae Seed, Fruit Hydrodistillation, [55]
oryzae, Trichoconiella
Solvent extraction
padwickii, X. oryzae
Alternaria tagetica,
Aqueous, Colletotrichum
Croton chichenensis
13 Euphorbiaceae Root Ethanolic gloeosporioidese, [56]
Lundell
extraction F. oxysporium,
Rhizopus sp.
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Table 3. Cont.

No. Plant Source Active Compounds Target Site Mechanism of Action Ref.
Prevent octopamine
Monarda spp., Octopaminergic
7 Thymol receptors via tyramine [122,129]
O. vulgare, T. vulgaris system
receptors cascade.
Inhibit Prothoracicotropic
Azadirachtin,
hormone (PTTH); distort
8 A. indica Nimbin, Salannin, Endocrine System [122,130,131]
phagostimulant disruptor
Melandriol
by cholinergic transmission
Dunnione acts as
Squamocin (annonin),
insecticide and fungicide,
9 A.squamosa Debitterized annona Mitochondria [122,132]
disrupting mitochondrial
oil
complex III.
Induced metabolism,
Protoalkaloids impaired cell membrane,
10 Capsicum annum Nerve [132]
Capsaicin and nervous system. Acts
as a physical repellent.
Hyperactivity,
hyperexcitation leading to
rapid knockdown and
11 Citrus sinensis Limonene, Linalool [133]
immobilization. Inhibitory
effects on
acetylcholinesterase.
Serves as feeding restraint,
Karanjin,
repellant, reduced growth,
12 Pongamia pinnata Debitterised karanjin [122,132]
oviposition suppressor, and
oil
low or no fertilization.
Interrupt nerve cell
Cevadine, membrane process, induced
13 S. officinale Mitochondria [122,132]
Veratridine nerve cell membrane,
paralysis, and mortality.

3. Application of Botanical Pesticides

Many plant-based pesticides have been discovered, but significant amounts have yet
to be isolated and analyzed to identify their bioactive ingredients. These sizeable sources
of botanicals have been underutilized and neglected as pesticidal agents to manage a
plethora of destructive pests and diseases. Thus, the application of botanicals as pesticidal
agents and their effectiveness as alternative pest management in sustainable agricultural
and in related fields have been researched. The products are utilized as insect repellents,
antifeedants, insecticides, and insect growth inhibitors. Moreover, these botanical bioactive
ingredients are applied as nematicides, fungicides, bactericides, and virucides, as shown
in Figure 1. Apparently, several plants have pesticidal potential, vast research has been
carried out, and several kinds of efficacies have been confirmed.
Agriculture 2022, 12, 600 21 of 24

152. Kilani-Morakchi, S.; Bezzar-Bendjazia, R.; Ferdenache, M.; Aribi, N. Preimaginal exposure to azadirachtin affects food selection
and digestive enzymes in adults of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera:Drosophilidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2017, 140, 58–64.
[CrossRef]
153. Aribi, N.; Oulhaci, M.C.; Kilani-Morakchi, S.; Sandoz, J.C.; Kaiser, L.; Denis, B.; Joly, D. Azadirachtin impact on mate choice,
female sexual receptivity and male activity in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2017, 143,
95–101. [CrossRef]
154. Bezzar-Bendjazia, R.; Kilani-Morakchi, S.; Aribi, N. Growth and molting disruption effects of azadirachtin against Drosophila
melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2016, 4, 363–368.
155. Poland, T.M.; Haack, R.A.; Patrice, T.R.; Miller, D.L.; Bauer, L.S. Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of systemic insecticides
for control of Anoplophora glabripennis and Plectrodera scalator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2006, 99, 85–93.
[CrossRef]
156. Abedi, Z.; Saber, M.; Vojoudi, S.; Mahdavi, V.; Parsaeyan, E. Acute, sublethal, and combination effects of azadirachtin and Bacillus
thuringiensis on the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. J. Insect Sci. 2014, 14, 30. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
157. Barbosa, W.F.; De Meyer, L.R.; Guedes, N.C.; Smagghe, G. Lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin on the bumblebee Bombus
terrestris (Hymenoptera:Apidae). Ecotoxicology 2015, 24, 130–142. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
158. Sankari, S.A.; Narayanasamy, P. Bio-efficacy of flash-based herbal pesticides against pests of rice and vegetables. Curr. Sci. 2007,
92, 811–816.
159. Sousa, B.M.; Barbosa, D.B.; Santana, G.M.; Vieira, C.; Haralampidou, G. Applying plant oils to control fall army worm (Spodoptera
frugiperda) in corn. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2018, 12, 557–562.
160. Sarma, R.; Adhikari, K.; Mahanta, S.; Khanikor, B. Combinations of plant essential oil based terpene compounds as larvicidal and
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161. Tripathi, A.K.; Prajapati, V.; Verma, N.; Bahl, J.R.; Bansal, R.P.; Khanuja, S.P.S.; Kumar, S. Bioactivities of the leaf essential oil of
Curcuma longa (var. Ch-66) on three species of stored-product beetles (Coleoptera). J. Econ. Entomol. 2002, 95, 183–189. [CrossRef]
162. Pavela, R. Insecticidal and repellent activity of selected essential oils against of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius)
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163. Enan, E.E. Insecticidal activity of essential oils: Octopaminergic sites of action. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol.
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164. Baidoo, P.K.; Mochiah, M.B. Comparing the Effectiveness of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Hot Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in
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165. Tavares, W.S.; Cruz, I.; Petacci, F.; Assis Júnior, S.L.; Freitas, S.S.; Zanuncio, J.C.; Serrão, J.E. Potential use of Asteraceae extracts to
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171. Priyanka, B.; Srivastava, R.P. Larvicidal and growth regulatory activities of some essential oils against Asian army worm,
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172. Abida, Y.; Tabassum, F.; Zaman, S.; Chhabi, S.B.; Islam, N. Biological screening of Curcuma longa L. for insecticidal and repellent
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175. Shah, J.A.; Inayatullah, M.; Sohail, K.; Shah, S.F.; Shah, S.; Iqbal, T.; Usman, M. Efficacy of Botanical Extracts and a Chemical
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176. Nia, B.; Frah, N.; Azoui, I. Insecticidal Activity of Three Plants Extracts against Myzuspersicae (Sulzer, 1776) and Their Phytochem-
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178. Parwada, C.; Chikuvire, T.J.; Kamota, A.; Mandumbu, R.; Mutsengi, K. Use of botanical pesticides in controlling Sitophilus zeamais
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181. Martnez, A. Natural Fungicides Obtained from Plants, Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases. In Fungicides for Plant and
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183. Suleiman, M.N. Fungitoxic activity of Neem and Pawpaw leaves extracts on Alternaria solani, casual organism of Yam Rots. Adv.
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185. Ferreira, F.D.; Mossini, S.A.G.; Ferreira, F.M.D.; Arrotéia, C.C.; da Costa, C.L.; Nakamura, C.V.M.; Machinski, M., Jr. The inhibitory
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186. Sivaranjani, M.; Krishnan, S.R.; Kannappan, A.; Ramesh, M.; Ravi, A.V. Curcumin from Curcuma longa affects the virulence of
Pectobacterium wasabiae and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorumvia quorum sensing regulation. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2016, 146,
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187. Patrice, A.K.; Séka, K.; Francis, Y.K.; Théophile, A.S.; Fatoumata, F.; Diallo, H.A. Effects of Three Aqueous Plant Extracts in the
Control of Fungi Associated with Post-harvest of Yam (Dioscorea alata). Int. J. Agron. Agric. Res. 2017, 3, 77–87.
188. Enikuomehin, O.A.; Oyedeji, E.O. Fungitoxic effects of some plant extracts against tomato fruit rot pathogens. Arch. Phytopathol.
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189. Devi, K.B.; Pavankumar, P.; Bhadraiah, B. Antifungal Activity of Plant Extracts against Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens. Int. J.
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190. Bomfim, S.N.; Lydiana, P.N.; Pinheiro, J.F.O.; Cassia, Y.K.; Galerani, S.A.M.; Renata, G.; Samuel, B.N.; Carlos, A.M.; Benicio,
A.A.F.; Miguel, M.J. Antifungal activity and inhibition of fumonisin production by Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil in Fusarium
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193. Yamamoto-Ribeiro, M.M.; Grespan, R.; Kohiyama, C.Y.; Ferreira, F.D.; Mossini, S.A.; Silva, E.L.; Filho, B.A.; Mikcha, J.M.;
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221. Khan, F.; Asif, M.; Khan, A.; Tariq, M.; Ansari, T.; Shariq, M.; Siddiqui, M.A. Evaluation of the nematicidal potential of some
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222. Bello, L.Y.; Chindo, P.S.; Marley, P.S.; Alegbejo, M.D. Effects of some plant extracts on larval hatch of the root-knot nematode,
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223. Olabiyi, T.I. Pathogenicity study and nematoxic properties of some plant extracts on the root-knot nematode pest of tomato,
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224. Agbenin, N.O.; Emechebe, A.M.; Marley, P.S. Evaluations of neem seed powder for Fusarium wilt and Meloidogyne control on
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225. Rajasekaran, D.; Palombo, E.A.; Yeo, T.C.; Ley, D.L.S.; Tu, C.L.; Malherbe, F.; Grollo, L. Identification of traditional medicinal plant
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226. Kohn, L.K.; Foglio, M.A.; Rodrigues, R.A.; Sousa, I.M.; Martini, M.C.; Padilla, M.A.; Neto, L.D.F.; Arns, C.W. In-vitro antiviral
activities of extracts of plants of the Brazilian Cerrado against the avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV). Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 2015, 3,
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227. Al-Ani, R.A.; Diwan, S.N.H.; Adhab, M.A. Efficiency of Thuja orientalis and Artimisia campestris extracts to control of Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) in potato plants. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am. 2010, 1, 579–583.
228. Abdelkhalek, A.; Al-Askar, A.A.; Alsubaie, M.M.; Behiry, S.I. First Report of Protective Activity of Paronychia argentea Extract
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229. Abdelkhalek, A.; Salem, M.Z.M.; Ali, H.M.; Kordy, A.M.; Salem, A.Z.M.; Behiry, S.I. Antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal
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Agriculture 2022, 12, 600 4 of 24

Table 1. Cont.

Extraction
No. Scientific Name Family Part Utilized Target Pest Ref.
Method
A. solani, Alternaria
Maceration,
Cymbopogon citratus brassicae, P. infestans,
14 Gramineae Leaf Hydro, Steam [57]
Stapf. Pectobacterium
distillation
carotovorum
Aqueous Spodoptera frugiperda,
15 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Root stem [58–60]
extraction Spodoptera litura
Methanolic A. alternata, Aspergillus
16 Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Leaf, Fruit extraction, flavus, Aspergillus [61,62]
solvent extraction fumigatus, A. niger
A. brassicae, Alternaria
Steam, Hydro triticina, A. solani, F.
Eucalyptus globules
17 Myrtaceae Leaf, Bark distillation, oxysporum, P. infestans, [63–65]
Labill
Soxhlet extraction Pythium ultimum R.
solani
Rice stripe virus,
Crude, Solvent Southern rice
18 Gossypium herbaceum L. Malvaceae Leaf [66]
extraction black-streaked dwarf virus,
Tobacco mosaic virus
Colletotrichum falcatum,
Hydnocarpus Aqueous, Colletotrichum
19 anthelminthicus Pierre ex Achariaceae. Leaf, Fruit. Ethanolic higginsianum, [67,68]
Lecomte extraction Phytophthora palmivora,
P. oryzae, R. solani
Maceration,
Solvent, Aqueous,
20 Lantana camara Verbenaceae Leaf, Stem, Fruit A. flavus, A. niger [69,70]
extraction, Steam
distillation
Aphis spp., Cerotoma
trifurcata, Diabrotica
21 Derris elliptical Fabaceae Root Crude extraction undecimpunctata, [47]
Erythroneura variabilis,
Tetranychus urticae
Steam, Hydro
22 Mentha piperita L. Lamiaceae Shoot A. alternata, B. cinerea [71,72]
distillation
Aphis sp., Acarina sp.,
Bradysia sp., Circulifer
23 N. tabacum Solanaceae Leaf Solvent extraction tenellus, F. oxysporum, [47,73]
Penicillium digitatum,
Rhizopus sp.
Steam, Hydro A. solani, Alternaria
24 Ocimum basilicum L. Labiatae Leaf [41,74]
distillation heveae, P. infestans
F. oxysporum,
Ethanolic
25 Ocimum sanctum L. Malvaceae Leaf Macrophomina phaseolina, [75–77]
extraction
Sarocladium oryzae
26 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Lamiaceae Leaf Crude extraction Phyllosticta zingiberi [78]
Aqueous,
Bacillus spp., Serratia
27 Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae Leaf, Flower Ethanolic [79]
marcescens
extraction
n-Butanol Bursaphelenchus
28 Peganum harmala L. Zygophyllaceae Leaf, Stem [80]
extraction xylophilus
A. alternata, A. solani,
B. cinerea, B. subtilis,
Prosopis juliflora (Sw) Ethanolic Candida albican,
29 Fabaceae Leaf, Fruit [81]
DC extraction Geotrichum candidum,
P. infestans, S. aureus,
Xanthomonas campestris
Chromobacterium
Aqueous,
violaceum,
Ethanolic,
30 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae. Leaf P. carotovorum, [57,82]
Methanolic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
extraction
S. aureus, S. marcescens
Aqueous,
Reynoutria sachalinensis Leaf, Stem,
31 Polygonaceae. Ethanolic Leveillula taurica [83,84]
Schmidt Flower
extraction
Agriculture 2022, 12, 600 2 of 24

impairment of neurodevelopmental and endocrine systems, metabolic diseases, cancer, and

infertility [10,11], and these are key health risks related to the continuous use of synthetic
pesticides [12]. In several rural settlements, the quality of synthetic pesticides is often
compromised by dilution, improper mixing, and sale beyond expiry dates [13]. The World
Health Organization reported that 200,000 people die annually across the world due to
the direct impact of pesticides [14]. Notably, a large number of synthetic pesticides persist
in the environment, thereby polluting the soil as well as water bodies and depleting the
ozone layer [15,16]. It is worth noting that the consumption of synthetic pesticides in Africa
was about USD 31 billion, which is 2–4% of the world pesticide market [17]. However,
it has been reported that Africa has the highest human fatality rate risks because of the
inappropriate use of pesticides [18]. The United Nations Environmental Program reported
that the cost of pesticide-related illnesses could reach USD 90 billion in Sub-Saharan Africa
between 2005 and 2020 [19]. The adverse consequences related to the inappropriate and
overuse of chemical pesticides have necessitated the need for alternative means of pest
management [20]. Thus, there is a greater focus on the development and research of
botanical pesticides.
Botanical pesticides were widely utilized for millennia in both subsistence and commer-
cial farming before the development of synthetic pesticides. Botanical pesticide ingredients
are naturally occurring chemical derivatives of plants that act as repellants, attractants,
antifeedants, and growth inhibitors [20–22]. When these compounds are extracted with
appropriate solvents and/or mixed with necessary pesticide adjuvants, they become botan-
ical pesticides. Due to the potency and efficacy of synthetic pesticides upon destructive
crop diseases, the application of plant-based products slowly diminished until recently,
when the heavy utilization of synthetic pesticides started posing an imminent threat to en-
vironmental safety and human health [23,24]. Botanicals are gaining popularity in organic
farming due to their safety profile on crop consumption, and consumers are willing to pay
a premium price for organic produce [25].
Several findings have been carried out to examine the known and unexploited plant
species with pesticidal properties [26,27]. Hundreds of botanical pesticidal compounds
have been discovered from many plants, including wild plants and herbal medicines. Many
plants of Rutaceae, Compositae, Meliaceae, Leguminosae, Araceae, Platycodoniaceae,
Solanaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Labiatae, Loniceraceae, Umbelliferae, Polyg-
onaceae, and Euphorbiaceae possess pesticidal attributes, and numerous compounds of
plant secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids that show
pesticidal activities. Interestingly, some commercially plant-based pesticides are mainly
extracted from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), neem
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss), sabadilla (Schoenocaulon officinale Gray), and ryania (Ryania
speciosa) [28]. The majority of plant-derived pesticides are used to control insect pests [29,30]
and also mitigate plant parasites, such as nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses [31,32].
Botanical pesticides could be useful as alternative tools for integrated pest management
since they have positive impacts on environmental preservation, low toxicity to mammals,
and low risk of developing resistance in target pests [33–35]. Thus, this review discusses
vital information regarding the status, prospects, and challenges of botanical pesticides and
their possible adoption and utilization for sustainable crop management.

2. Status of Botanical Pesticides

Plants offer many bioactive compounds that are vital for the relationship that exists
between plants and their environments. There are several reports on ethnobotanical plants
with known pest and disease compounds, as shown in Table 1. Globally, there are about
2500 species from 235 plant families that are effective in tackling pests [30,36].
Agriculture 2022, 12, 600 23 of 24

204. Hassan, M.A.E.; Bereika, M.F.F.; Abo-Elnaga, H.I.G.; Sallam, M.A.A. Direct antimicrobial activity and induction of systemic
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on tomato bacterial pathogens. Crop Prot. 2009, 28, 807–811. [CrossRef]
206. Govindappa, M.; Umersha, S.; Lokesh, S. Adathoda vasica leaf extract induces resistance in rice against bacterial leaf blight
disease (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). Int. J. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2011, 3, 6–14.
207. Ji, P.; Momol, M.T.; Olson, S.M.; Pradhanang, P.M.; Jones, J. Evaluation of thymol as biofumigant for control of bacterial wilt of
tomato under field conditions. Plant Dis. 2005, 89, 497–500. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
208. Paret, M.L.; Cabos, R.; Kratky, B.A.; Alvarez, A.M. Effect of plant essential oil on Ralstonia solancearum race 4 and bacterial wilt of
edible ginger. Plant Dis. 2010, 94, 521–527. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
209. Alves, A.O.; Santos, M.M.B.; Santos, T.C.G.; Souza, E.B.; Mariano, R.L.R. Biofumigation for managing bacterial wilt of sweet
peppers. J. Plant Pathol. 2014, 96, 363–367.
210. Deberdt, P.; Perrin, B.; Coranson-Beaudu, R.; Duyck, P.F.; Wicker, E. Effect of Allium fistulosum extract on Ralstonia solanacearum
populations and tomato bacterial wilt. Plant Dis. 2012, 96, 687–692. [CrossRef]
211. Rukhsana, J.; Tehreema, I.; Huma, B. Purification and bioassays of bioactive fraction from Curcuma longa against Xanthomonas
oryzae pv. oryzae causing BLB disease in rice. Pak. J. Bot. 2011, 43, 1335–1342.
212. Sinha, B.B.P.; Sinha, R.K.P. Integrated disease management of bacterial blight of rice with special reference to neem products. Ann.
Plant Prot. Sci. 2000, 8, 206–261.
213. Singh, U.P.; Prithiviraj, B.; Sarma, B.K.; Singh, M.; Ray, A.B. Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. Indian
J. Exp. Biol. 2001, 39, 310–322.
214. Pavaraj, M.; Bakavathiappan, G.; Baskaran, S. Evaluation of some plant extracts for their nematicidal properties against root-knot
nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. J. Biopestic. 2012, 5, 106–110.
215. Pesticide Action Network (PAN). Field Guide to Non-Chemical Pest Management in Tomato Production, Hamburg. 2005.
Available online: www.osiat.org (accessed on 25 September 2021).
216. Khan, A.; Sayed, M.; Shaukat, S.S.; Handoo, Z.A. Efficacy of four plant extracts on nematodes associated with papaya in Sindh,
Pakistan. Nematol. Mediterr. 2008, 36, 93–98.
217. Kepenekçi, I.; Erdoğuş, D.; Erdoğan, P. Effects of some plant extracts on root-knot nematodes in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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218. Akyazi, F. Effect of some plant methanol extracts on egg hatching and juvenile mortality of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne
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219. Asif, M.; Tariq, M.; Khan, A.; Siddiqui, M.A. Biocidal and antinemic properties of aqueous extracts of Ageratum and Coccinia
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220. Oka, Y.; Ben-Daniel, B.; Cohen, Y. Nematicidal activity of the leaf powder and extracts of Myrtus communis against the root-knot
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221. Khan, F.; Asif, M.; Khan, A.; Tariq, M.; Ansari, T.; Shariq, M.; Siddiqui, M.A. Evaluation of the nematicidal potential of some
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222. Bello, L.Y.; Chindo, P.S.; Marley, P.S.; Alegbejo, M.D. Effects of some plant extracts on larval hatch of the root-knot nematode,
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224. Agbenin, N.O.; Emechebe, A.M.; Marley, P.S. Evaluations of neem seed powder for Fusarium wilt and Meloidogyne control on
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226. Kohn, L.K.; Foglio, M.A.; Rodrigues, R.A.; Sousa, I.M.; Martini, M.C.; Padilla, M.A.; Neto, L.D.F.; Arns, C.W. In-vitro antiviral
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