Integral Calculus:

𝑏𝑏
The ordinary integral that we know of is of the form: ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
In vector calculus we encounter many other types of integrals.
Line Integral:

𝑏𝑏
� 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥
𝑎𝑎

Vector field Infinitesimal

Displacement vector
Or Line element
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚
𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙 � + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛�
If the path is a closed loop then the line integral is written as
� 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥

• When do we need line integrals?

Work done by a force along a given path involves line integral.
Example (G: Ex. 1.6)

Q: 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑦𝑦 2 𝒙𝒙
� + 2𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝒚𝒚
� ? What is the line integral
from A to B along path (1) and (2)?

� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚
Along path (1) We have 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙 �.

�;
(i) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙 𝑦𝑦=1; ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅=∫ 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1
2
�; 𝑥𝑥=2;∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅=∫1 4(𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑=10
(ii) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒚𝒚

Along path (2): 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚

�; 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦; 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅=∫1 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑=10

∮ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅=11-10=1
This means that if 𝐕𝐕 represented the force vector,
it would be a non-conservative force
Surface Integral:

� 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 or � 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚

Vector field Infinitesimal

area vector Closed loop

• For a closed surface, the area vector points outwards.

• For open surfaces, the direction of the area vector is decided based on a given
problem.

• When do we need area integrals?

Flux through a given area involves surface integral.
Example (Griffiths: Ex. 1.7)

� + 𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧 2 − 3 𝒛𝒛�? Calculate the

� + 𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝒚𝒚
Q: 𝐕𝐕 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝒙𝒙
Surface integral.
“upward and outward” is the positive direction

�; 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝒂𝒂 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧

(i) x=2, 𝑑𝑑𝒂𝒂 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙
2 2
∫ 𝑽𝑽 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝒂𝒂 = ∫0 ∫0 4𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧=16

(ii) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=0
(iii) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=12
(iv) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=-12 Further Details Next Page ------
(v) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=4
(vi) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=-12

� 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 = 16 + 0 + 12 − 12 + 4 − 12 = 8
(i) x = 2, da = dydzx, v · da = 2xzdydz = 4zdydz, so

f v · da = 41 dy1 zdz = 16.

2 2

(ii) x = 0, da = -dydzx, v · da = -2xzdydz = 0, so

f V · da =0.

(iii) y = 2, da = dx dz y, v • da = (x + 2) dx dz, so

f v · da =1 (x + 2) dx1 dz = 12.
2 2

(iv) y = 0, da = -dx dz y, v • da = -(x + 2 ) dx dz, so

f v · da = - 1\x + 2) dx 1 dz = -12. 2

(v) z = 2, da = dxdy z, v · da = y(z2 - 3) dx dy = ydx dy, so

f v • da =1 dx 1 ydy = 4.
2 2
Volume Integral:
� 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• In Cartesian coordinate system the volume

element is given by 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

• One can have the volume integral of a vector

function which V as
�+ ∫ 𝐕𝐕𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝜏𝜏𝒚𝒚
∫ 𝐕𝐕𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝐕𝐕𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙 � + ∫ 𝐕𝐕𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒛𝒛�

Example (Griffiths: Ex. 1.8)

Q: Calculate the volume integral of 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑧𝑧 2
over the volume of the prism
We find that 𝑧𝑧 integral runs from 0 to 3. The 𝑦𝑦 integral
runs from 0 to 1, but the 𝑥𝑥 integral runs from 0 to 1 − 𝑦𝑦 only.
Therefore, the volume integral is given by
The fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 The integral of a derivative

𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓
� 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) over a region is given by the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 value of the function at the
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
boundaries

Example

𝑥𝑥 2
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏
2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑏𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑎2
� 𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑎𝑎
2
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎

• In vector calculus, we have three different types of derivative

(gradient, divergence, and curl) and correspondingly three different
types of regions and end points.
The fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
𝑏𝑏 The integral of a derivative over a
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) region is given by the value of the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 function at the boundaries
𝑎𝑎

The fundamental Theorem for Gradient:

𝑏𝑏 The integral of a derivative (gradient)
� 𝛻𝛻𝑇𝑇 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑇𝑇(𝑎𝑎) over a region (path) is given by the
𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 value of the function at the boundaries
(end-points)

The fundamental Theorem for Divergence (Gauss’s theorem):

The integral of a derivative (divergence)
� 𝛻𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕𝐕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 over a region (volume) is given by the
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
value of the function at the boundaries
(bounding surface)

The fundamental Theorem for Curl (Stokes’ theorem):

The integral of a derivative (curl) over a
� 𝛻𝛻 × 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 = � 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥
𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 region (surface) is given by the value of
the function at the boundaries (closed-
path)
Next lecture problems on:
 The fundamental Theorem for Gradient
 The fundamental Theorem for Divergence
 The fundamental Theorem for Curl
The fundamental Theorem for Gradient:

The integral of a derivative (gradient)

over a region (path) is given by the
value of the function at the boundaries
(end-points)
 Example (Griffith Ex 1.9): Let T = x y2, and take point a to be the origin (0, 0, 0) and b the
point (2, 1, 0). Check the fundamental theorem for gradients.
Solution

x=2
RHS=T(2,1,0)-T(0,0,0)=2
y=0

LHS= +

Hence,
LHS = RHS

fundamental theorem
for gradient is verified
The fundamental Theorem for Divergence (Gauss’s theorem) (Green’s theorem):

The integral of a derivative (divergence)

over a region (volume) is given by the
value of the function at the boundaries
(bounding surface)
 Example (Griffith Ex 1.10): Check the divergence theorem using the function

and a unit cube at the origin (see given Figure).

Solution

LHS=

"upward and outward"

is the positive
direction

---------------

LHS=
 To evaluate the surface
RHS = integral we must consider
separately the six faces of the cube

Students are asked to

apply same concepts in
Ex. 1.7 and HW

Further help see next slide

Hence, LHS = RHS (As expected)
The fundamental Theorem for Curl (Stokes’ theorem):
The integral of a derivative (curl) over a
region (surface) is given by the value of
the function at the boundaries (closed-
### path)

###
Example (Griffith Ex 1.11): Suppose

Check Stokes’ theorem for the square surface shown in the Figure.
Solution

Since x=0 for this surface,

LHS
for RHS

Now, what about the line integral?

We must break this up into four segments:

RHS =

Stoke's theorem is correct, since LHS equals RHS

 Curvilinear Coordinates

Spherical Polar Coordinates:

0 ≤ 𝑟𝑟 ≤ ∞;
0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 𝜋𝜋; 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 sin𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟sin𝜃𝜃 sin𝜙𝜙, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 cos𝜃𝜃
0 ≤ 𝜙𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋
A vector in the spherical polar coordinate is given by
�
� + A𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓
𝐀𝐀 = A𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓� + A𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽

𝒓𝒓� = sin𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝐱𝐱� + sin𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝐲𝐲� + cos𝜃𝜃𝐳𝐳�

� = cos𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝐱𝐱� + cos𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝐲𝐲� − sin𝜃𝜃𝐳𝐳�
𝜽𝜽
� = −sin𝜙𝜙𝐱𝐱� + cos𝜙𝜙𝐲𝐲�
𝝓𝝓
Griffiths: Prob 1.37

The infinitesimal displacement vector in the spherical polar coordinate is given by

dl= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽 �
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓 (In Cartesian system we have 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛� )
 Spherical Polar Coordinates:

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 sin𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟sin𝜃𝜃 sin𝜙𝜙, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 cos𝜃𝜃

A vector in the spherical polar coordinate is given by

�
� + A𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓
𝐀𝐀 = A𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓� + A𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽

𝒓𝒓� = sin𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝐱𝐱� + sin𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝐲𝐲� + cos𝜃𝜃𝐳𝐳�

� = cos𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝐱𝐱� + cos𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝐲𝐲� − sin𝜃𝜃𝐳𝐳�
𝜽𝜽
� = −sin𝜙𝜙𝐱𝐱� + cos𝜙𝜙𝐲𝐲�
𝝓𝝓
Griffiths: Prob 1.37

The infinitesimal displacement vector in the spherical polar coordinate is given by

dl= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒓𝒓 𝒓𝒓� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜽𝜽 𝜽𝜽 �
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓 (In Cartesian system we have 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛� )
�
� + 𝑟𝑟sin𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃𝝓𝝓
dl= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒓𝒓� + 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜽𝜽

The infinitesimal volume element:𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒓𝒓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜽𝜽 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 = 𝑟𝑟 2 sin𝜃𝜃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The infinitesimal area element (it depends):

𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜽𝜽 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝒓𝒓� = 𝑟𝑟 2 sin𝜃𝜃𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒓𝒓�
(over the surface of a sphere)
Cylindrical Coordinates:
0 ≤ 𝑠𝑠 ≤ ∞; 𝑥𝑥 = s cos𝜙𝜙, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠 sin𝜙𝜙, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧
0 ≤ 𝜙𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋;
−∞ ≤ 𝑧𝑧 ≤ ∞
A vector in the cylindrical coordinates is given by
� + A𝒛𝒛 𝒛𝒛�
𝐀𝐀 = A𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔� + A𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓
𝐀𝐀
𝐬𝐬� = cos 𝜙𝜙 𝐱𝐱� + sin 𝜙𝜙 𝐲𝐲�
� = −sin𝜙𝜙𝐱𝐱� + cos𝜙𝜙𝐲𝐲�
𝝓𝝓
𝐳𝐳� = 𝐳𝐳� Griffiths: Prob 1.41

The infinitesimal displacement vector in the cylindrical coordinates is given by

� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛 𝒛𝒛�
dl= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓 (In Cartesian system we have 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛� )
 Cylindrical Coordinates:
𝑥𝑥 = s cos𝜙𝜙, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠 sin𝜙𝜙, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧

A vector in the cylindrical coordinates is given by

� + A𝒛𝒛 𝒛𝒛�
𝐀𝐀 = A𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔� + A𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓
𝐀𝐀
𝐬𝐬� = cos 𝜙𝜙 𝐱𝐱� + sin 𝜙𝜙 𝐲𝐲�
� = −sin𝜙𝜙𝐱𝐱� + cos𝜙𝜙𝐲𝐲�
𝝓𝝓
𝐳𝐳� = 𝐳𝐳� Griffiths: Prob 1.41

The infinitesimal displacement vector in the cylindrical coordinates is given by

� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛 𝒛𝒛�
dl= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝝓𝝓 (In Cartesian system we have 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛� )

� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛�
dl= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔� + 𝑠𝑠𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓
The infinitesimal volume element:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜙𝜙𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The infinitesimal area element (it depends):
𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛 𝒔𝒔� = 𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔�
(over the surface of a cylinder)
 Gradient, Divergence and Curl in Cartesian Coordinate Systems,

 Gradient, Divergence and Curl in Spherical-polar Coordinate Systems,

 Gradient, Divergence and Curl in Cylindrical Coordinate Systems,

• See the formulas listed inside the front cover of Griffiths