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2nd SEMESTER, 2016 E.C

Adama Science and Technology University
Chapter 1: Overview of Transportation System

Chapter 2: Highway Route Survey and Location

Chapter 3: Geometric Design of Highways

Chapter 4: Earthwork Quantities and Mass Haul

Diagram

Chapter 5:Highway Drainage

Chapter 6:Intersection and Interchanges

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I CENG 3206

Chapter I
Overview of Transportation
System

ASTU CIVIL ENGINEERING 2016 E.C

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 Introduction
 Modes of Transportation
systems
 Economic and Environmental
impact of Transportation
System
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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

What is Transportation?

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

People are involved in various activities such as living, working and relaxing.

In the pursuit of greater happiness and well-being for many years, the society has been

changing from self-sufficient to labor division.

The movement and exchange of people, things, money and information beyond the

restrictions of space. This movement and exchange is Transportation.

Usually, transportation is not a goal in itself but arises as the “derived demand” from

the primary demand, i.e., the activity conducted at a different place.

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
What is Transportation System?
A system: a group or assemblage of parts or elements used for a common purpose
so interrelated that a change in one component has an effect.
 A transport system: as consisting of the fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the
control system that permits people and goods to overcome friction of
geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some
desired activity.
 Fixed facilities: are the physical components of the system that are fixed in
space (e.g. Roadway segments, tracks, pipes, cableways,
intersections/interchanges, transit terminals, harbors and ports etc.)
 Flow entities: are the units that traverse the fixed facilities.
(e.g. vehicles, container units, railroads car, airplanes etc.)
 Control system: consists of vehicular control. (e.g. Traffic sign & Signals)
 Demand/Desired Activity: to serve people in undertaking their economic,
social and cultural activities 7
1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Objective of Transportation system
 Helps in the movement of passengers and freight from one location to
another.

 Relates the population to the land use.

 Acts as an integrating and coordinating factor in the highly complex and

industrialized society.

 Provides the place utility and time utility to product.

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 1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Time Utility Place Utility

 When Utility of a commodity  When a change in the place of a

increases by storing it and making commodity increases its utility.
it available during the time of need.
 Is created by transporting the goods
 Is created by storing the goods
from place of production to place
from the time of production to the
of consumption.
time of consumption.
 Transport service create place
 Warehouse create time utility.
utility.
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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Transport Planning Process
Transport Planning- deals with
 Development of a comprehensive plan
 Construction and operation of transport facilities
 It should use a rational planning process (not political, or biased)
Elements of Transportation Planning
 Statement of goals and objectives
 Identification of needs
 Generation of alternatives
 Evaluation of alternatives
 Implementation Plan
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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Elements of Transportation Planning
I. Goals and objectives
Policy making body
Local authorities, state or federal gov’t
Definition of T. goals and objectives as part of development plan
Vision: Achieving a certain level of connectivity and ease of mobility
Examples:
• connecting villages to nearest markets/towns
• Improvement of air quality in large cities
• Reduction of travel time on a certain highway
• Increasing the level of service

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Elements of Transportation Planning
II. Identification of Needs
Refers to the needs of transportation system that can satisfy the stated goals.
Done on the basis of:
 Taking the inventory of the existing system
 Forecast of future conditions
 Travel demand
 Traffic volume
III. Generation of Alternatives
 Several alternatives can be proposed.
 Improving an existing system to meet the objectives
 Implementing a new project (Roadways, Airways, Railways)
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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Elements of Transportation Planning
Analysis of Alternatives:
a) Financial feasibility
 Capital investment
 Timing of investment
 Operation costs
 Maintenance costs
 Availability of funds
…. then, lastly RANKING projects to decide those that need to be
implemented immediately.

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Elements of Transportation Planning
Analysis of Alternatives:
b) Economic Impact Analysis
 Improved business opportunities to the community
 Travel time to users
 Out-of-pocket cost to users
 Contribution to the overall economic and market activity facilitation
c) Technical Analysis
Assessing if the project at hand is technically feasible with the available
resources at discharge.

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Elements of Transportation Planning
Analysis of Alternatives:
d) Land use and Demographic Impact Analysis
 Land use can rage from: “Unused land” to “Shopping complex area”
 Change in land use can cause changes in demographics

e) Environmental Impact Analysis

 Changes in the natural features of the land.
 Loss of habitat for wild life.
 Air pollution, Noise pollution,
 Strategies for reducing the environmental impact

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1.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM?

 Transportation system in a nation consists of an aggregation of vehicles, guide ways,

terminals, and control systems that move freight and passengers from one place to the
other.

Modes of transport in transportation system

• Road transport

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 1.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM?

Heterogeneous
traffic
Vietnam, 2017

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 1.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM?

• Rail Transport (which type of railway is implemented in Ethiopia?)

Conventional rail

Highspeed railway
e.g. shinkansen (>350km per
hour)
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1.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM?
• Air Transport

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1.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM?
• Water Transport

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1.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
• Other transport systems – Pipe lines, Rope ways, and Conveyors

3/12/2024 22
1.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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 1.3 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Dimensions Social:
Historical: Played several • Access to healthcare, welfare,
different historical roles. and cultural or artistic events.
• Rise of civilizations (Egypt, • Shape social interactions.
Rome and China).
Political:
• Development of political
and cultural societies. • Fulfills the defense and strategic
• National defense (Roman
needs of a country
empire, American road • Nation building and national
network and Ethiopian hero unity.
horsemen).
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1.3 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
 Economic:

 Linked to economic development and job creation both indirectly

and directly.

 Factor in the production of goods and services.

 Contributes to the value-added of goods and services.

 Facilitates economies of scale.

 Influences land (real estate) value.

 Contributes to the specialization of regions. 25

1.3 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

 Environmental
 Direct impacts; The immediate consequence of transport activities on the environment where the
cause and effect relationship are generally clear and well understood. For instance, noise and carbon
monoxide emissions are known to have direct harmful effects.

 Indirect impacts; The secondary (or tertiary) effects of transport activities on environmental
systems. They are often of a higher consequence than direct impacts, but the involved relationships are
often misunderstood and more challenging to establish. For instance, particulates, which are mostly
the outcome of incomplete combustion in an internal combustion engine, are indirectly linked with
respiratory and cardiovascular problems since they contribute, among other factors, to such conditions.

 Cumulative impacts; The additive, multiplicative or synergetic consequences of transport

activities. They consider the varied effects of direct and indirect impacts on an ecosystem, which are
often unpredictable. Climate change, with complex causes and consequences, is the cumulative impact
of several natural and anthropogenic factors, in which transportation plays a role.
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1.3 ECONOMIC AND INVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
TRANSPORTATION
Negative impact of Transportation:

 With the development of large scale industries the cottage industries

have been eliminated.
 The area loses its distinguishing characteristics.
 The environmentalist pollutions related to air, water, noise, aesthetics,
vibrations get increased and create health problems.
 The expansion of transportation system sometimes affects the
recreational activities provided in the area.
 It has changed the traditions and customs of families along with modes
of living.
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Description of the proposed action and alternatives
considered
 Location, type, and length of facility, termini, number of
lanes, right-of-way width.
Other design features such as general horizontal and
vertical alignment, structures, etc.
Deficiencies of existing facilities, anticipated benefits

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Land use planning: description of planning processes for the
area
Probable impact of proposed action on the environment
• Natural, ecological impacts
• Relocation of individuals and families
• Social impacts
• Air quality impacts
• Noise impacts
• Water quality impacts
• Construction impacts

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Alternatives to the proposed action
Probable adverse environmental effects that can not be
avoided.
The relationship between local short-term uses of man’s
environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-
term productivity.
Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources.
The impact on properties and sites of historic and cultural
significance
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Question?

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