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Experiment 1 1

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Experiment 1 1

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norhain4.a
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EXPERIMENT #1

KINDS OF CELLS (Plant Cell or Animal Cell)


AND MOVEMENT OF CELLULAR MATERIALS

Introduction:

In 1665, Robert Hooke discovered the cell from a piece of cork. He called them
cells because they looked like rooms (selda) separated from one another. Johannes
Purkinjie found the cells to be filled with fluid and called them protoplasm, and in 1931
Robert Brown noticed the small solid body called nucleus. In 1938, Matthias Schleiden
and Theodor Schwann formulated the cell theory of staining.

Plants under the microscope appear to have a distinct structure of cells. Plants
and animal cells differ in some respect. Cells may show differences in form, shape and
function. It is important to know the different cell parts to understand the cell, which is
the basic structural unit of life.

Diffusion, also known as passive transport, is the process whereby a substance


moves from an area of its higher concentration to a region where it is less concentrated.
When the diffusing substance is water and when diffusion takes place in a semi-
permeable (selectively permeable) membrane, the process is called osmosis. One
example of a semi-permeable membrane is the cell membrane. If cells are placed in an
isotonic solution (i.e. the concentration of solute and water is the same on both sides of
the selectively permeable membrane, there is no net flow of water on either side. When
cells are placed in a solution which has a lower solute concentration (i.e. a hypotonic
solution), water moves into the cell. The process where red blood cells swell and
rupture when placed in hypertonic solutions is called hemolysis. In hypertonic solutions,
those with higher solute concentrations, cells shrivel because there is a net movement
of water out of the cell. The shrinkage of red blood cells in hypertonic solution is referred
to as crenation.

Figure 1. Cell Membrane.

I. Objectives:
1. To examine the different parts of the cell under the microscope and to take
note of the distinguishing structures of a plant cell.
2. To differentiate the animal cell from the plant cell.
3. To differentiate the movement of cell components when placed in a
hypotonic or hypertonic solution.

II. Materials:
Microscope
Glass Slides and coverslips
Medicine dropper
Stirring rod
Toothpick
3 - 250 mL beakers
Watch Glass

Chemicals:
Iodine solution
Gentian violet
Oil of wintergreen
Sugar
Salt

Provide yourself with the following:


Onion bulb
Wandering Jew leaf
Hydrilla leaf
3-fresh chicken eggs

III. Procedure and Observation:


A. Cells of the onion scale
1. Strip off the thin epidermis of an onion scale and prepare a wet mount. Drop
iodine solution to stain the transparent parts. Cover the onion epidermis with the
cover slip and examine it under the LPO. locate and identify the structures
described below.
a. Cell wall
b. Plasma membrane or cell membrane
c. Vacuole
d. Cytoplasm
e. Nucleus

2. Prepare a wet mount of the Hydrilla and Wandering Jew leaf and examine each
under LPO. In the Wandering Jew leaf, examine the lower and also the upper
epidermis and take note of the difference in their structures. Draw a few groups
of onion, hydrilla leaf, and wandering jew leaf cells as they appear in the LPO
and label. Indicate the magnification of the instrument.

3. Scrape the inner linings of your cheek with a clean toothpick. Place a very small
drop of water at the center of a clean glass slide and mix the scrapings obtained
from your cheek. Dry the mixture using a lighter placed under the glass slide.
Cool and stain the mounted cells using a drop of the gentian violet. Dry the
mount again using the lighter. Drop oil of wintergreen and cover with the cover
slip. View under HPO for clear focus.

B. Osmosis in the Cell

Stage 1
1. Place three eggs in a beaker of vinegar or dilute hydrochloric acid. Let eggs
remain in the beaker keeping eggs completely covered until the vinegar or HCI
has “eaten” away the shell of the egg.
2. Remove eggs, rinse off. Determine and record on a chart.

Stage 2
1. Measure out equal amounts of distilled water, sugar solution (3 g sugar and 150
mL water) and salt solution (3 g NaCl and 150 mL water) into 3 beakers.
Determine the percentage of the sugar and salt solution that you have prepared.
Place one egg in each beaker and cover the beaker with plastic wrap.
2. Determine the mass of the egg and record.
3. Take measurements of the masses of the three eggs on day 0, 1, 3. Record.
4. Write your observations and answers in the answer sheet.
Section:_____________________ Date Submitted:__________________

Score:__________________

EXPERIMENT #1
KINDS OF CELLS (Plant Cell or Animal Cell)
AND MOVEMENT OF CELLULAR MATERIALS

1. List the organelles of the plant cells in the following plants that you saw under the
microscope.

Onion Scale Hydrilla Leaf Wandering Jew Leaf

2. Draw a few groups of onion, hydrilla leaf, and wandering jew leaf cells as they appear
in the LPO and label. Indicate the magnification of the instrument.
3. What cell structure in the Hydrilla and Wandering Jew leaves are not seen in the
onion scale plant cells.

4. Draw a typical plant cell showing the complete parts. Label all the parts of the typical
cell and give their respective functions.

5. Draw a Typical animal cell showing the complete parts. Label all the parts of the
typical cell and give their respective functions.
6. Comparison of plant and animal cell

(Write (/) if the cell is present & (X) if absent)


CELL PARTS ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

1. Cell wall

2. Cell Membrane

3. Cytoplasm

4. Nucleus

5. Mitochondria

6. Lysosome

7. Endoplasmic Reticulum

8. Ribosome

9. Centrosome

10. Vacuole

11. Chloroplastid

12. Chromoplastid

13. Leucoplastid

14. Nucleolus

15. Chromatin

16. Nucleoplasm

7. Draw a table and tabulate the masses of the 3 eggs. Day 0, 1 and 3.

Egg # % Solution Day 0, mass Day 1, mass Day 3, mass


(g) (g) (g)

8. Describe what happened to the three eggs in each of the solutions. Which of the
following egg set-up was in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution respectively?

9. Of what value is osmosis in the living cell?

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