POTENIAL OF CITRUS LIMON (LEMON) PEEL AS MAIN INGREDIENT

FOR MAKING GUMMY

BASILAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Leroy S. Brown Street, Isabela City, Basilan

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION, AND IMMERSION and
RESEARCH/CAPSTONE PROJECT

Student Researchers:

Nur-allea J. Atalad
Majer K. Jamalul
Aimar K. Ambihal
Fatima Rhanya Mae M. Talah
Aliyah Ken A. Alimuddin
Dehanna U. Tebogsol
Shialom U. Kadil
Sher-ana S. Jumahali
Van-axel Q. Dammang
Agnie J. Amlul
Armel B. Acalul
Nurhana S. Anjabin

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Citrus waste is of great value since it contains a large number of various flavonoids,
carotenoids, dietary fiber, sugars, polyphenols, essential oils, ascorbic acid, as well as some trace
elements (Sharma et al.,2017).

The use of natural ingredients in food products has gained significant attention in recent
years due to the increasing demand for healthier and more sustainable options. Accordeing to
Ranganna, S., Govindarajan, V. S., & Ramana, K. V. (1983). Lemon peel is a rich source of
various nutrients, and when turned into gummies, they retain some of these nutritional
components. Lemon peel contains dietary fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium, and potassium
[1]. The exact nutritional composition of lemon peel gummies may vary depending on the
specific recipe and manufacturing process.

Lemon peel, which is often discarded as waste, contains various bioactive compounds,
such as antioxidants and flavonoids, that have potential health benefits. It is also rich with
Vitamin C and fiber, which helps reduce inflammation in the body, prevent conditions like
constipation, diarrhea, and helps reduce the levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol in the
bloodstream by interfering with the absorption of fats and cholesterol through the presence of
Pectin. That is why this research aims to explore the potential and feasibility of lemon peel as a
primary ingredient in gummy production. Moreover, incorporating lemon peel into gummy
formulations can enhance the nutritional profile of candies, providing health benefits to
consumers. This study will not only help reduce wastes but also provide a unique and natural
flavor.

Lemon peel gummies offer a citrus flavor and aroma, which can provide a delightful
sensory experience. The natural oils present in lemon peel contribute to the distinct taste and
fragrance of lemon. The flavor and aroma of lemon peel gummies can enhance the overall
enjoyment of consuming these gummies.

B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the potential of Lemon peel as the main ingredient for making
gummy.

This project determine the following:

1. Determine if Pure Lemon Peel Gummies are preferable to consumers over the Lemon
Peel Gummies with added lemon juice in terms of:
 a. taste

b. texture

c. appearance

d. odor

e. shelf life

2. Determine if lemon peel gummies are suitable for consumer’s gummy preferences.

C. OBJECTIVES

The general objective of the study is to determine the potential of lemon peel as the main
ingredients for making gummies. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

i.To determine the consumer acceptability and preference for the gummy products.

ii. To investigate the impact of lemon peel on the shelf-life and stability of gummy products.

D.HYPOTHESIS

Ha: A lemon peel gummy with lemon juice extract is better than a pure lemon peel
gummy in terms of taste, texture, appearance, and shelf-life.

Ho: A pure lemon peel gummy is much better than a lemon peel gummy with
extract in terms of taste, texture, appearance, and shelf-life.

E. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will benefit the following beneficiaries:

Community - The findings of this study would be a significant contribution from an

environmental standpoint. The study promotes sustainability by repurposing lemon peel,
thus minimizing food waste and reducing negative environmental impact.

Consumers - It can also contribute to the development of healthier confectionery options to the
consumers, especially to the young ones.
Food candy industry - It has the potential to open up new opportunities for the candy industry,
leading to the development of lemon peel-based candies and capturing the interest of health-
conscious consumers seeking natural and innovative candy options.

Researcher - This study will benefit the researchers by discovering a new healthy confectionery
product that could have a potential to start a small business.

Future researcher - This study may be cited as a reference for future research studies
specifically focusing on further exploration of lemon peel candy.

F. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focuses solely on the potential of lemon as the main ingredient in making
gummies. It will only assess the taste, texture, and quality of the lemon peel gummy and will not
measure ang other variable.

G. DEFINITION OF TERMS

A. Lemon Peel - the outer part or skin of the lemon, which will be the main ingredient.

B. Gummy - a confection coated with sugar, the primary goal of which is to use lemon peel.

C. Lemon - the main fruit from which the lemon peel will be sourced.
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Lemon
The lemon fruit has smooth, porous skin, is oval, and ranges in color from greenish
yellow to bright yellow. The sour taste of lemon juice is due to the presence of citric
acid, making iit a vital ingredient in drinks and food production (Ucan et., al. 2014).

Dimou et al.( 2019 ) concluded in their review concluded that by–products of fruits
such as lemon have an important role to play in cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and
functional foods, either as raw material for additive processes or as ingredients for new
products.

According to Mohanapriya et al. (2013), lemon is a vital medicinal plant of the

Rutaceae family, which originated from Asia. Lemon fruit, otherwise known as (Citrus ×
Limon), grows on small, thorny trees ranging from 10 to 20 feet in height. The leaves
are dark green in color and are alternately aligned on the stem.

Avello et al. (2014) observed that Lemon juice is suitable for lowering elevated
blood pressure level. This is attributed to the hypertensive properties of lemon juice as
well as the high amount of polyphenols and vitamin C found in it. This is an important
self-care approach as there are no protocols that patients or medical care providers can
perform at home should there be a sudden blood pressure rise. Besides, this is an easy,
quick and cost-effective technique for lowering the blood pressure level (Global Food
Book, 2014).

LEMON

Lemon is a bright yellow citrus fruit known for its distinctive sour taste due to its high
citric acid content. It belongs to the flowering plant family Rutaceae, and its scientific
name is Citrus limon. The unique flavor of lemon makes it a popular ingredient in drinks,
desserts, and meals. Almost all parts of a lemon can be utilized in cooking and cleaning.
(Health benefits of lemon; Medically reviewed by Jabeen Begum, MD. Written by
WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2023).

The exact origin of lemons is unknown, but there is documented evidence of their
value dating back almost 2,000 years. Lemon trees thrive in subtropical and tropical
regions and can reach heights of 10-20 feet. Most lemons are cultivated in
Mediterranean countries, as well as in China, India, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and in
U.S. states of California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida. Fresh lemons are available year-
round in supermarkets. Lemon juice serves many purposes, from culinary to medicinal.
Lemons are used world-wide in desserts, drinks, sauces, dips, and as a garnish for
meat and fish dishes. Lemon juice is a natural cleaner and stain remover. Lemon oil is
used to provide fragrance in perfumes, soaps, and skin creams.

TYPES OF LEMON
The most grown lemon in the U.S. is the Eureka lemon. The Lisbon lemon is also
popular. You may also come across the Meyer lemon, a smaller, sweeter lemon that
may have originated as a cross between a lemon and a mandarin orange. These can
make good houseplants, but you’ll need to bring them inside in the winter if you’re not in
a tropical climate.

Nutritional Composition of Lemon Peel

Extract Limonene from citrus peel were prepared and purified according to the
procedures Tian et al. (p14-15).

The principal components detected in lemon peel oil are d-limonene, citric acid and
citral (Norman and Craft, 1968). Citral is a fragrant liquid occurring in citrus and
lemongrass oils and used in flavorings and perfumes. D limonene smells like the citrus
fruits which naturally disinfects and is generally used in food products, cleaning
products and beauty products. Citrus fruits like lemon, naturally contains citric acid that
can

For the health benefits sourced from Dr. Vinod Katiboina's article and the WebMD
contributor:

1. Supports heart health by providing a significant amount of vitamin C, fiber, and plant
chemicals that can help lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of stroke and
cardiovascular disease.

2. Rich in antioxidants like vitamin C and D-limonene, which combat free radicals, lower
the risk of type II diabetes and heart disease, and counteract oxidative stress linked to
tissue damage and aging.

3. Boosts immunity with its high antioxidant content, strengthening the immune system
to fight infections and diseases.

4. Aids digestion as lemon peel is high in pectin, a soluble fiber that prevents
constipation, indigestion, and promotes bile production.
5. May assist in treating gallstones by dissolving cholesterol in gallstones, potentially
providing an alternative to surgery.

6. Supports oral health with antibacterial properties that prevent bacteria growth causing
dental cavities and gum infections.

7. May help treat bacterial and fungal infections by consuming lemon peel tea, which
has antimicrobial qualities, although further research is needed for conclusive evidence.

8. Possibly has anticancer properties due to flavonoid content, including salvestrol Q40
and limonene, showing potential in cancer prevention and treatment.

9. Improves bone health with high levels of calcium and vitamin C, essential for bone
health and potentially preventing bone disorders like osteoporosis.

10. Enhances skin health as an exfoliant that removes dead skin cells and promotes
new cell growth when diluted with carrier oils and applied cautiously.

11. Acts as a natural cleaning solution due to antibacterial and antimicrobial properties,
making it suitable for creating an effective all-purpose cleaner when combined with
vinegar.

The vitamins, fiber, and plant compounds in lemons can be part of a healthy diet. It’s
not common to actually eat a fresh lemon—they’re too sour for most tastes, unless
you’re using preserved lemons. Lemons can also provide important health benefits like;
Vitamin C. Lemons contain about 50 milligrams of vitamin C, which is over half the
amount of vitamin C needed in your daily diet. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, which helps
protect cells from damage. Vitamin C also helps your body make collagen for your skin,
helps your body absorb iron, and supports your immune system. Citrus fruits are some
of the best food sources of vitamin C. Lemon also contains a high level of dietary fiber,
but you don’t get fiber from. Lemons are an excellent source of Dietary fiber, citric acid,
and iron. (Health benefits of lemon; Medically reviewed by Jabeen Begum, MD. Written
by WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2023).

CANDY
Candies are the most favoured eats by people of all age group. At present, due to
increasing nutritional awareness candies are restricted from consumption as they
provide empty calories and also cause dental caries. In order to make the common man
enjoy the flavour and savour of candies, it becomes vital to nutritionally enhance the
sugar candies by value addition so that the candies are no more in the block list of
purchase. As a primitive measure, the study aims to incorporate Annona muricata,
commonly known as graviola or soursop a fruit which is cultivated in the tropical areas,
known for its antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic properties and immune enhancing properties
as a major ingredient for the preparation of gummy candy. The mishmash of sour and
sweet taste of the fruit and wellness of the whole fruit has immensely contributed for the
mouth-watering taste of the gummy candy and nutritional factors as well. This study is
outlined with the objective of developing gummy candy by incorporating soursop pulp,
puree and extract to the regular ingredients of gummy candy respectively. The
developed soursop gummy candies were subjected to sensory analysis and the
accepted variation was subjected to nutritional analysis. It was observed that the
soursop puree incorporated gummy candy was significantly rich in micronutrients and
polyphenols compared to plain gummy candy which provided only calories. Gummy
candy is a unique candy composed of cornstarch, sweeteners, flavorings, and colorings.
Because of its nature it can be molded into literally thousands of shapes, making it one
of the most versatile confection products ever. First developed in Germany in the early
1900s, it gained great popularity in the United States during the 1980s. Today, it
continues to be popular, with sales totaling over $135 million in 1996 in the United
States alone.

GUMMY CANDY
Gummy candies are one of the semi-wet foods with a characteristic of elastic and
transparent appearance. Generally, gummy candies are made from fruit or vegetable
juices (Hidayati and Pereira, 2018). Gummy candies are cooked until 75% dissolved
solids and they can be combined with materials that have the potential to increase the
selling value of raw materials and the quality of gummy candies (Basuki et al., 2014).
Cornstarch is usually used as a gelling agent, but this ingredient is expensive.

Gummy candies quality analysis includes chemical moisture content (Sembiring

and Sinaga, 2003), ash content (Latuperissa et al., 2019), reducing sugar (Dewi et al.,
2005), physical analysis (chewiness, gumminess re mixed completely ion was and
hardness) with the texture profile analyzer method (Untoro et al., 2012) and color with
chromameter (Wisesa and Widjanarko, 2014), total plate count (Jamhari, 2018), and
yeast and mold count (Prastyowati et al., 2014)
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design
The research design for this study is experimental in nature. The main focus of the
research was to investigate the use of Lemons as the main ingredient for making
gummies. The study involved conducting controlled experiments to test the feasibility
and acceptability of using lemons in confections products.

The study aimed to provide valuable insights into the potential use of Citrus limon
as a main ingredient for making candy, and to assess the acceptability and feasibility of
introducing lemon gummies in the market.

B. Research Locale
The researcher bought the materials from the Public Market of Isabela City. The
study will be conducted in Basilan National High School. The respondents will be given
a questionnaire to answer and respond as the part of data collection of the researchers.

C. Materials
1. Lemon Juice Extract

2. cornstarch

3. Sugar

4. Lemon Peel(finely grated)

5. Lemon Zest (optional)

6. Water

7. Saucepan

8. Stirring Utensil

9. Candy Molds
10. Airtight Container

D. Methods and Procedure

Methods and Procedure for Making Lemon Peel Gummy Candies with Lemon Juice
Extract and Lemon Peel Gummy Candies without Extract:

Ingredients:

● 1 cup lemon juice extract (for lemon peel gummy candy with extract)
● 2 cups water (for lemon peel gummy candy without extract)
● 2 tbsp cornstarch
● 1/4 cup sugar (for both variations)
● Lemon peel (finely grated)
● Lemon zest (optional for extra lemon flavor)

1.1 Procedure for Making Lemon Peel Gummy Candy with Lemon Juice Extract:
1. In a saucepan, combine 1 cup of lemon juice extract, 2 tbsp of cornstarch, 1/4 cup of
sugar, and finely grated lemon peel.

2. Heat the mixture over low heat, stirring continuously until the cornstarch and sugar
are completely dissolved.

3. Continue to heat the mixture until it thickens slightly.

4. Remove the saucepan from the heat and let it cool for a few minutes.

5. Pour the mixture into gummy candy molds or a shallow pan lined with parchment
paper.

6. Refrigerate the mixture for 2-3 hours or until it sets and becomes firm.

7. Remove the gummy candies from the molds or cut them into desired shapes if using
a pan.

8. Store the lemon peel gummy candies in an airtight container in the refrigerator to
maintain freshness.

9. Enjoy the tangy and flavorful lemon peel gummy candies made with lemon juice
extract.
1.2 Procedure for Making Lemon Peel Gummy Candy without Extract:
1. In a saucepan, combine 2 cups of water, 2 tbsp of cornstarch, 1/4 cup of sugar, finely
grated lemon peel, and optional lemon zest.

2. Heat the mixture over low heat, stirring occasionally until the cornstarch and sugar
are fully dissolved and the lemon peel infuses the water with flavor.

3. Continue heating the mixture until it thickens slightly.

4. Remove the saucepan from the heat and let it cool for a few minutes.

5. Pour the mixture into gummy candy molds or a shallow pan lined with parchment
paper.

6. Refrigerate the mixture for 2-3 hours or until it sets and becomes firm.

7. Remove the gummy candies from the molds or cut them into shapes if using a pan.

8. Store the lemon peel gummy candies in an airtight container in the refrigerator for
freshness.

9. Enjoy the refreshing lemon-infused gummy candies without the use of lemon juice
extract.

E. Data Analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the preferences and satisfaction

levels of participants in the experimental group with those in the control group.
Descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and percentages were used to
summarize the data collected. Additionally, quantitative data from surveys and taste
testing feedback was analyzed to identify common themes and patterns.

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Determine if the Pure Lemon Peel Gummy is preferable to consumers over the Lemon
Peel Gummy with lemon juice in terms of taste, texture, appearance, odor, and shelf-life.
2. Determine if lemon peel gummies are suitable for consumers' gummy preferences.

A. Figure 1
Conclusion
Based on the responses, it's evident that the variant with lemon extract generally
received higher ratings across taste, texture, appearance, and odor compared to the
variant without extract. Specifically, the lemon extract variant garnered predominantly
positive ratings, especially in taste and appearance, with 23 out of 30 respondents
giving it a top score for taste. On the other hand, the variant without extract had more
mixed feedback, with a notable portion of respondents rating it lower in taste and odor.
Overall, incorporating lemon extract seems to enhance the overall sensory experience
of the gummy candies, making it the preferred choice among the respondents.

Recommendations
1. This study recommends that parents, adults, and kids preferentially consume lemon
peel as the main ingredient for making gummy candies.

2. For further effectiveness of this product, future researchers may find a solution for a
longer shelf-life.

3. Food coloring is also recommended for a better appearance, if preferred.