PUBLIC IESO_REQ_0208

REQUIREMENTS
Market Manual 1: Connecting to
Ontario's Power System

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Part 1.6: Performance
Validation
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Issue 13.0
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A document to mitigate risks that equipment will not

be suitable for connection to the IESO-controlled
grid and to clarify validation requirements.

PUBLIC
Disclaimer
The posting of documents on this website is done for the convenience of market participants and other interested
visitors to the IESO website. Please be advised that, while the IESO attempts to have all posted documents conform
to the original, changes can result from the original, including changes resulting from the programs used to format
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date documents and information.
This market manual may contain a summary of a particular market rule. Where provided, the summary
has been used because of the length of the market rule itself. The reader should be aware however, that

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where a market rule is applicable, the obligation that needs to be met is as stated in the market rules. To
the extent of any discrepancy or inconsistency between the provisions of a particular market rule and the
summary, the provision of the market rule shall govern.
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Document ID IESO_REQ_0208
Document Name Part 1.6: Performance Validation
Issue Issue 13.0
Reason for Issue Issue released in advance of Baseline 45.0. Updated to include electricity storage
participation.
Effective Date February 26, 2021
Part 1.6: Performance Validation Document Change History

Document Change History

Issue Reason for Issue Date

- For changes prior to 2016, refer to versions 9.0 and prior -
5.0 Updated Section 3.2 Recognition of Inherent Limitation June 1, 2016
with respect to primary frequency response requirements
from wind generators.
Added Figure 5 to illustrate the frequency response
requirements from wind generators.
Updated the List of Acceptable Compensator Dynamic
Models in Section 5.7.

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Updated the List of Acceptable Wind Turbine and
Photovoltaic Dynamic Models in Section 5.7 with the
WECC second generation standard models.
6.0 Added Section 2.5 Re-validation Testing and Reporting December 7, 2016
Updated the List of Acceptable Compensator Dynamic
Models in Section 5.7.
7.0 Added GENTPJ to list of acceptable models. June 7, 2017
Reference to PRC-019 and PRC-024 added in §5.
Minor syntax improvements throughout the document.
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8.0 Section 5.7: Added DC4B to the list of Excitation System June 5, 2019
Models.
9.0 Section 5.5 Table 2- Updated: T’do from 2.0 to 6.0 for September 11, 2019
both GENSAL and GENROU models.
10.0 Section 5.7 Updated Wind Turbine and Photovoltaic October 4, 2019
Acceptable Dynamic Model names to reflect PSSE and
DSA nomenclature.
Section 2.3 Updated to make distinction between a new
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installation and existing equipment swap between units.

Added LST-48 to Related Documents Table.
11.0 Issue released in advance of Baseline 44.0. June 29, 2020
This market manual has been moved to the new Market
Manual 1: Connecting to Ontario’s Power System
series and the document part number has changed from
2.20 to 1.6.
12.0 Update the Market Manual to reflect the updates to December 2, 2020
Market Rule Appendices 4.2 and 4.3. In addition, update
the list of acceptable dynamic model to meet the NERC
list.
13.0 Issue released in advance of Baseline 45.0. Updated to February 26, 2021
include electricity storage participation.

Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public

Part 1.6: Performance Validation Related Documents

Related Documents
Document ID Document Title
MDP_PRO_0048 Market Manual 1.4: Connection Assessments
PRO-408 Market Manual 1.5: Market Registration Procedures
LST-48 Register Facility Help File

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Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public

Part 1.6: Performance Validation Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... i

List of Figures ......................................................................................................... iii

List of Tables ........................................................................................................... iv

Table of Changes ..................................................................................................... v

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Market Manual .......................................................................................................... 1
Market Procedures........................................................................................................ 1

1. Purpose ............................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Who Should Use This Manual ........................................................................... 3
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1.4 Conventions ...................................................................................................... 3

2. General Requirements ..................................................................................... 4

2.1 Managing Changes to Performance Standards ................................................. 4
2.2 Meet Prevailing or Maintain Existing .................................................................. 5
2.3 Outage Slip or Connection Assessment ............................................................ 6
2.4 Demonstrating Performance .............................................................................. 6
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2.5 Re-validation Testing and Reporting.................................................................. 7

2.6 Equivalent Machine ........................................................................................... 7
2.7 Dynamic Disturbance Recorder (DDR) .............................................................. 7

3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities .................. 9

3.1 Off-Nominal Frequency Operation ..................................................................... 9
3.2 Speed/Frequency Regulation .......................................................................... 10
3.3 Ride Through .................................................................................................. 14
3.4 Active Power ................................................................................................... 18
3.5 Reactive Power ............................................................................................... 20

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation Table of Contents

3.6 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) ................................................................ 22

3.7 Excitation System ............................................................................................ 24
3.8 Power System Stabilizer (PSS) ....................................................................... 25
3.9 Phase Unbalance ............................................................................................ 26
3.10 Armature and Field Limiters............................................................................. 26
3.11 Technical Characteristics ................................................................................ 29
3.12 Reactive Power Response for Inverter-Based Units ........................................ 29
3.13 Electricity Storage ........................................................................................... 30

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4. Validation of Other Elements ......................................................................... 31
4.1 General ........................................................................................................... 31
4.2 Switches and Breakers .................................................................................... 31
4.3 Transmission Circuits ...................................................................................... 31
4.4 Series Compensation ...................................................................................... 31
4.5 Shunt Compensation ....................................................................................... 32
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4.6 Transformers ................................................................................................... 32
4.7 Synchronous Condensers and Static var Compensators (SVC) ...................... 32
4.8 Protection Systems ......................................................................................... 32
4.9 Special Protection Systems (SPS)................................................................... 32

5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling ................................................................ 38

5.1 Conventional Generation and Non-Inverter Based Electricity Storage
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Facilities Reporting Requirements ................................................................... 38

5.2 Non-Conventional Generation and Inverter-Based Electricity Storage
Facilities Reporting Requirements ................................................................... 40
5.3 Summary of Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities Considerations and
Tests ............................................................................................................... 42
5.4 Summary of Other Equipment Considerations and Tests ................................ 43
5.5 Default Modelling ............................................................................................. 44
5.6 Acceptable Dynamic Models ........................................................................... 45
5.7 Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................... 48

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation List of Figures

List of Figures
Figure 1 - Equipment Performance Requirement Evolution ........................................................ 4
Figure 2 - Dynamic Disturbance Recorder Inputs ....................................................................... 8
Figure 3 - Off-Nominal Frequency No-Trip Requirement ............................................................ 9
Figure 4 - Active Power Speed and Magnitude of Response Requirement ...............................11
Figure 5 - Primary Frequency Response Requirement..............................................................13
Figure 6 – NERC PRC-024 Voltage Ride Through Requirement ...............................................15
Figure 7 - Single-Line Diagram of No-Tripping for Out-of-Zone Faults Requirement .................16

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Figure 8 - Example Current Waveform for Showing Fault Clearing Times .................................17
Figure 9 - Positive Sequence Voltage During a Fault ................................................................17
Figure 10 - Reactive Power Requirement at all Levels of Active Power ....................................19
Figure 11 - Reactive Power Priority ...........................................................................................19
Figure 12 - Fixed Admittance Capacitors Compensating Losses Within Generation Facilities ...20
Figure 13 - Regulation with Individual Units at Limit ..................................................................21
Figure 14 - Voltage Control Point ..............................................................................................22
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Figure 15 - Example of Configuration Which Requires Two AVR Voltage Sources ...................23
Figure 16 - Excitation System Ceiling Requirements .................................................................24
Figure 17 - Power System Stabilizer Phase Compensation Margin ...........................................25
Figure 18 - Temporary Field Current Requirements ..................................................................27
Figure 19 - Capability Curve......................................................................................................28
Figure 20 – Acceptable vs unacceptable reactive power response of Inverter-based units .......30
Figure 21 - Contingency Detection Logic...................................................................................33
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Figure 22 - Breaker Trip Module ...............................................................................................34

Figure 23 - Generation Rejection ..............................................................................................35
Figure 24 - Generation Runback ...............................................................................................36
Figure 25 - Protection Timing ....................................................................................................37
Figure 26 - Active Power Participation Justified by Performance ...............................................41

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation List of Tables

List of Tables
Table 1 - Default Power Flow and Dynamics Parameters .........................................................44
Table 2 - Default Machine Parameters ......................................................................................44
Table 3 - Default AVR/Exciter Parameters ................................................................................44
Table 4 - Default PSS Parameters ............................................................................................44

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation Table of Changes

Table of Changes
Reference Description of Change
(Section and
Paragraph)

Section 3.13 Added new Section 3.13 for electricity storage and update the applicability of
existing requirements for electricity storage.
Throughout Added reference to electricity storage participation where required.

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Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public v

Part 1.6: Performance Validation Market Manual

Market Manual
The Market Manuals consolidate the market procedures and associated forms, standards and policies
that define the operation of the various areas within the IESO-administered markets. Market
procedures provide more detailed descriptions of the requirements for various activities than are
specified in the Market Rules. Where there is a discrepancy between the requirements in a document
within a Market Manual and the Market Rules, the Market Rules shall prevail. Standards and policies
appended to, or referenced in, these procedures provide a supporting framework.

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Market Procedures
“Connecting to Ontario's Power System” is Series 1 of the Market Manuals, where this document
forms Part 1.6: Performance Validation.

- End of Section -
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Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public 1

Part 1.6: Performance Validation 1. Purpose

1. Purpose
The primary object of the Performance Validation manual is to mitigate risks that equipment will not
be suitable for connection to the IESO-controlled grid. A secondary object is to clarify the scope and
nature of activities that shall be performed by Market Participants to balance a conditional right to
connect to the IESO-controlled grid granted at the end of the connection assessment process with an
obligation to demonstrate equipment performance required during the market entry process. IESO
requires an acceptable level of confidence that models for power system equipment are suitable for its
planning and operating decisions. Performance validation achieves this level of confidence.

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1.1 Purpose
Market Manual 1.6: Performance Validation is the third of three market manuals that cover the
Connecting to Ontario’s Power System process. The Connecting to Ontario’s Power System process
consists of six (6) stages, which are described in the following market manuals:

Stage Market Manual

1. Prepare application Part 1.4: Connection Assessment and Approval
2. Obtain conditional approval to (formerly Market Manual 2.10)
connect
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3. Design and build N/A1
4. Authorize market and program Part 1.5: Market Registration Procedures
participation
5. Register equipment
6. Commission equipment and validate Part 1.5: Market Registration Procedures, and
performance Part 1.6: Performance Validation
(formerly Market Manual 2.20)
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This market manual contains the procedures related to performance validation, which encompasses
Stages 6 of the process, and is a guide to mitigate risks that equipment will not be suitable for
connection to the IESO-controlled grid and to clarify validation requirements.

1.2 Scope
This Performance Validation manual describes how equipment will be treated as performance
standards evolve, when performance validation is required, what an acceptable validation comprises,
and other topics related to equipment performance.

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The “Stage 3: Design and build” activities are determined between the connection applicant and its associated transmitter or distributor
after the completion of Stages 1 and 2.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 1. Purpose

This Performance Validation manual describes performance requirements and validation procedures
for common components of the IESO-controlled grid with more attention devoted to generating units
and electricity storage units. Modelling, testing, and reporting considerations are presented in
Section 5.

1.3 Who Should Use This Manual

The Performance Validation manual is for external use by those contemplating connections to the
IESO-controlled grid (ICG) and for internal use by IESO staff.

1.4 Conventions

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The standard conventions followed for market manuals are as follows:

 The word ‘shall’ denotes a mandatory requirement;

 Terms and acronyms used in this market manual including all parts thereto that are italicized
have the meanings ascribed thereto in Chapter 11 of the “Market Rules”; and
 Double quotation marks are used to indicate titles of legislation, publications, forms, and
other documents.
Any procedure-specific convention(s) shall be identified within the procedure document itself.
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- End of Section -
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Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public 3

Part 1.6: Performance Validation 2. General Requirements

2. General Requirements

2.1 Managing Changes to Performance Standards

In general, new equipment or major changes to existing equipment must meet prevailing requirements
while maintenance and minor changes must preserve existing capability.
As it is impracticable to change equipment each time “Market Rules” equipment performance
requirements are updated, an orderly process to evolve equipment performance is necessary.
Persistent performance changes after market entry are anticipated only in association with a new
connection assessment. These concepts are illustrated below.

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Unchanged
equipment
A connection assessment is required for preserves
Evolving performance requirement
Appendix 4.2 Requirement

modified equipment. Major modifications capability at

must satisfy prevailing requirements. market
opening

New equipment must satisfy prevailing

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requirements when assessed
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Market Opens

Time

Equipment subject to Appendix 4.2 Connection Assessment

Figure 1 - Equipment Performance Requirement Evolution

To assist compliance verification, IESO will document the prevailing performance requirements at the
time of equipment connection.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 2. General Requirements

2.2 Meet Prevailing or Maintain Existing

A ‘major’ change must meet prevailing “Market Rule” requirements. Other changes, such as using
like-for-like spares for unplanned equipment failures, must at a minimum maintain existing
performance previously approved for connection. The IESO should be consulted when in doubt if a
change is ‘major’.
A ‘major’ change is a planned replacement or modification of the output stage of an associated
system. For guidance, replacing example minor system components in the table below would not
trigger an obligation to meet prevailing requirements while replacing example major system
components are ‘major’ changes that would trigger this obligation.

System Rotating Static Exciter Governor Inverter- Based

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Exciter Resources
(Including DERs)

Minor AVR AVR or PSS or both Speed Regulator Plant Controller

System
Components
Pilot Exciter or Bridge or Exc.
Amplidyne Transformer

Major Main Exciter Bridge and Exc. Turbine-control Main Inverter

System Transformer mechanism
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Components

Replacing the AVR or pilot exciter or both in a rotating system would not trigger a need to meet the
prevailing requirements as neither of these are major components. Replacing the main exciter in a
brushless system would not trigger the need to meet the prevailing requirements unless the main
generator field connections were accessible. For units with accessible slip rings, changing the main
exciter would trigger a need to meet prevailing standards. For static systems, changing both the
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excitation transformer and the bridge would trigger an obligation to meet prevailing standards, but
changing either the excitation transformer or the bridge would not trigger this obligation.
It is not acceptable to split the replacement of a major component into a series of minor component
replacements to escape performance requirements in the prevailing standard. The provision to allow
for the replacements with spares is not intended to allow some equipment to perpetually remain below
a higher prevailing performance standard. When an asset owner decides equipment has reached the
end of its normal design life, replacements must satisfy prevailing performance standards.
Non-major replacements should not inhibit the capability to satisfy a prevailing standard to the extent
practicable. For example, a replacement excitation system transformer should be not only able to
function with the existing bridge but also not preclude meeting prevailing requirements (e.g. required
positive and negative ceiling voltages) when the bridge is replaced if this transformer will be retained.
Performance from an existing spare must maintain existing capability. A spare must satisfy
prevailing requirements at the time of its purchase. For example, replacing a failed dc exciter with an
existing spare is acceptable provided other parameters are unaltered (e.g. AVR settings). In cases of

Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public 5

Part 1.6: Performance Validation 2. General Requirements

like-for-like replacements, testing can be limited in scope (e.g. open circuit tests, steady state field
current measurements, etc.) to confirm there will be no material changes in performance.

2.3 Outage Slip or Connection Assessment

Maintenance work and short duration de-ratings fall under the regime of the IESO outage
management process not the connection assessment process.
New or modified equipment must pass through both the IESO connection assessment and market
entry processes before connection to the IESO-controlled grid. With ‘maintenance’ work there is no
reasonable expectation of change to performance characteristics reported to the IESO. Activities at
either end of the spectrum are easy to categorize. Replacing a wiped bearing requires an outage slip

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while installing a new exciter requires a connection assessment. Swapping existing like-for-like
exciters between units requires an outage slip and tests that confirm to the IESO that performance
characteristics are unchanged. When there is a reasonable expectation that performance
characteristics reported to the IESO have changed, then an application to the IESO connection
assessment process is required. Like-for-like applications are streamed into an expedited process for
improved efficiency.

2.4 Demonstrating Performance

Verified equipment performance characteristics are often not available until after a connection
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assessment application is submitted to the IESO. Delays may arise when measured performance is
less than predicted in the connection assessment process as re-assessments take time. Often it may be
more efficient to begin by assuming default characteristics that marginally satisfy performance
requirements. If IESO studies show this performance is good enough, then no further action is
required by the proponent related to modelling during the Connection Assessment process. When this
approach would lead to connections restrictions; a proponent should be consulted to determine the
most practicable path forward. Default characteristics are presented in Section 5.5.
Performance that cannot be validated by a proponent during the Market Entry process will not be
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assumed to meet requirements for connection. Equipment often must be connected to the ICG to
complete performance validation. Equipment will not be connected until IESO accepts the scope of
validation testing and permission to remain connected depends on successful demonstration of
required performance. Testing will be completed within two months of connection.
An acceptable validation will generally comprise measurements that closely match simulation
predictions using the models provided. Measured outcomes and simulation results are required to be
expressed in a manner that facilitates comparison by overlying simulations results with measured
outcomes for a given test. In some cases, (e.g. underfrequency trip settings) it will be sufficient to
report a setting and demonstrate that it satisfies the requirement. Testing to demonstrate reliable
performance should be as realistic as reasonably achievable. For example, manually changing from
“AUTO” to “MANUAL” is not as good a bumpless transfer test as pulling the PT fuse as the former
is not a true end-to-end test. Testing conditions must be tailored to mitigate adverse effects of
unexpected or substandard performance.
The Market Participant is responsible for making provisions to test equipment in a safe and
controlled manner. For example, setpoint changes are often ramped rather than stepped during usual

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 2. General Requirements

operation. Ramping can interfere with conclusively demonstrating dynamics requirements have been
satisfied. If a step change is necessary to demonstrate performance, the Market Participant will be
responsible for enabling this step change.
Simulation results from detailed models cannot be put forward as validation of models provided for
IESO studies. Measurements are required by IESO to validate performance.
Type tests performed in accordance with recognized standards may reduce the scope of validation
testing. Type tests are especially useful for validating parameters that represent inherent
characteristics (e.g. inertia) or properties onerous to test (e.g. ride-through). Some care should be
taken to avoid confusing vendor acceptance tests with type tests. Type tests are performed by an
accredited and independent testing agency to widely accepted industry standards.

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It may be impracticable to guarantee that all elements of a facility, especially those elements not
subject to modification, satisfy all IESO performance requirements. It is sufficient for a Market
Participant to confirm there are no known performance issues and to commit to resolving
performance issues as they become known.

2.5 Re-validation Testing and Reporting

Steady state and dynamic capability of generating units, electricity storage units, synchronous
condensers, STATCOMS, and SVCS must be validated on a periodic basis or following
modifications that affect capability. The IESO will use NERC MOD standards (MOD-025, MOD-
026, and MOD-027) requirements as a guide to identify performance requirements. Steady state
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capability must be re-validated at least every five years. Dynamic capability must be re-validated at
least every ten years.
IESO shall post details concerning re-validation testing and reporting on its public website.

2.6 Equivalent Machine

The “Market Rules” tendency to express performance requirements at a transmission connection
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point is intended to cater for all types of generation and electricity storage technologies. Many
aspects of conventional units are either not present or present in a very different form in non-
conventional facilities. For example, a 100 MVA hydro-electric unit will have a single terminal
where voltage is regulated while a 100 MVA wind generation facility will have many unit terminals
and none of these terminals may be a suitable voltage regulation point.
Voltage, active power, and reactive power performance at the connection point for non-conventional
technologies is required to be consistent with that of an equivalent synchronous machine with
characteristic parameters within typical ranges. In the example above, the multiple-unit wind
generation facility will be expected to provide the same voltage support at the connection point as the
single-unit hydro-electric generation facility.

2.7 Dynamic Disturbance Recorder (DDR)

A permanent dynamic disturbance recorder must be installed to provide the capability to demonstrate
equipment continues to meet dynamic performance requirements during and after commissioning

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 2. General Requirements

tests. Measurements must be synchronized to within 2 milliseconds or less of Universal Coordinated

Time scale (UTC). Sampling rates, triggering methods, monitoring selections and reporting format
(e.g. COMTRADE) must be accepted by the IESO prior to its authorization to energize the main
output transformer.
The figure below illustrates the primary voltage and current locations for inputs to the DDR must not
be separated by material impedance. In this figure, blues lines correspond to a set of CT and PT
inputs on the high voltage side of the main output transformer and re d lines on the low voltage side.
Additional inputs, as shown by grey lines, can be useful to identify the source of performance
problems.
The DDR must be capable of recording two sets of channels with the following sampling rates:

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1) High speed channels with a capability to store at least 1 second of instantaneous values of the
three phase voltages and currents at a minimum sampling rate of 100 samples per cycle.
2) Low speed channels with the capability to store at least 30 seconds of frequency, positive
sequence voltage, positive sequence current, 3-phase active power, and 3-phase reactive
power at a minimum sampling rate of 1 sample per cycle.
The DDR triggering methods are location sensitive and hence they will be communicated on a
project-by-project basis during the IESO’s market entry process. Typical triggers are low frequency,
low positive sequence voltage and high rate of change of active and reactive power. High/low speed
channels are typically configured to record 200 ms/5 s before a triggering event. DDR records must
be available upon IESO request.
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One example of a dynamic disturbance recorder that meets all IESO requirements is the Tesla 4000
by ERL Phase.
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Figure 2 - Dynamic Disturbance Recorder Inputs

- End of Section -

Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public 8

Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

3. Requirements for Generation and

Electricity Storage Facilities
The next subsections discuss each technical requirement for generation facilities and electricity
storage facilities to mitigate the risk that equipment will not be suitable for connection. The Table in
Section 5.3 summarizes anticipated tests. Generation models acceptable to IESO are listed in Section
5.6.

3.1 Off-Nominal Frequency Operation

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1. Off-Nominal Operate continuously between 59.4 Hz and 60.6 Hz and for a limited period of time in the region bounded by
Frequency straight lines on a log-linear scale defined by the points (0.0 s, 57.0 Hz), (3.3 s, 57.0 Hz), and (300 s, 59.0 Hz)
Operation and the straight lines on the log-linear scale defined by the points (0.0 s, 61.8 Hz), (8 s, 61.8 Hz), and (600 s,
60.6 Hz).

This is a requirement not to trip within a defined frequency-time area and it should not be
misinterpreted as a requirement to trip outside of this region. IESO does not have either an
underfrequency trip or overfrequency trip requirement and it discourages unnecessary or premature
equipment tripping for any reason. As shown in Figure 3, the area outside of the frequency ride-
through “No Trip” zones should not be interpreted as a “Must Trip” zone, and should be considered
as a “May Trip” zone. Tripping should be based on physical equipment limitations or specifications.
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Protection functions should be set as wide as possible while ensuring equipment safety and reliability.
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Figure 3 - Off-Nominal Frequency No-Trip Requirement

Essential auxiliary functions also must not trip within this frequency-time region. Generators and
electricity storage participants have discretion to select the number of frequency-time pairs to define
a tripping requirement but no pair can be within the forbidden region. Generation units and electricity

Issue 13.0 – February 26, 2021 Public 9

Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

storage units can be manually disconnected after consultation with the IESO operators if the
frequency does not recover above 59.4 Hz after 300 seconds.
Tripping based on instantaneous frequency calculations is not permitted. Inverter-based generation
and electricity storage units shall calculate the fundamental frequency over a time window of 3 to 6
cycles and filter for spikes caused by phase jumps due to disturbances and routine switching events.

3.2 Speed/Frequency Regulation

2. Speed/Frequency Regulate speed/frequency with an average droop based on maximum active power adjustable between 3% and
Regulation 7% and set at 4% unless otherwise specified by the IESO. Regulation deadband shall not be wider than
±0.06%. Speed/frequency shall be controlled in a stable fashion in both interconnected and island operation. A
sustained 9% change of applicable rated active power as defined in category 4 after 10 s in response to a step

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change of speed of 0.5% during interconnected operation shall be achievable. Due consideration will be given
to inherent limitations such as mill points and gate limits when evaluating active power changes. Control
systems that inhibit primary frequency response shall not be enabled without IESO approval.

Droop
Droop will be calculated on a generation facility or electricity storage facility basis. For a combined-
cycle facility, the droop for the gas units will be required to compensate to the extent practicable for
steam units. Reducing unit droop below 3% to achieve an overall facility droop of 4% will not be
required by IESO.
Some types of generation (e.g. hydro-electric) may require different governor control settings to
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achieve both a rapid response during interconnected operation and a stable response during island
operation. The switch between these two settings must be automatically triggered by conditions that
are subject to IESO approval. Normally either frequency alone or a combination of frequency and
rate of change of frequency would be an acceptable trigger to switch to island settings. Where a
recognized contingency would establish an island, this automatic switch should take place for
frequency deviations larger than required to initiate the first step of automatic underfrequency load
shedding (i.e. 59.3 Hz). Where an extreme contingency would be required to establish an island, this
automatic switch should take place for frequency deviations larger than the frequency declines (i.e.
58.0 Hz) the automatic underfrequency load shedding program is intended to limit.
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Electricity storage units shall provide frequency regulation according to its droop and deadband
settings at all active power levels including when it is withdrawing active power.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

Speed and Magnitude of Response

The required relationship among time, speed (frequency), and active power are sketched below.

100%
Speed

99.5%

The immediate and

sustained plantresponse ΔPsustained
ΔPimmediate must be larger than 9% of
rated active power

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Response (MW )

10 s 30 min

100.5%

Speed

100%

The immediate and

sustained plant response ΔPsustained
ΔPimmediate
must be larger than 9% of
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Response (MW )
rated active power

10 s 30 min

Figure 4 - Active Power Speed and Magnitude of Response Requirement

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

Recognition of Inherent Limitations

Units at full power will not be expected to contribute more active power when frequency declines nor
will units at minimum power be expected to contribute less active power when frequency increases.
When a performance feature is commercially available from a variety of vendors, then it ceases to be
an inherent limitation.
As several vendors now offer the capability to use energy stored in rotating wind turbine blades to
provide a temporary boost in active power; this feature is now required to help mitigate severe
frequency declines. However, no capability for a sustained increase in active power for frequency
declines is required from wind turbines so there is no need to continually “spill” wind.
The IESO will notify generators that have wind turbines with this capability when this feature must be
placed in-service.

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Functional requirements for this feature are as follows:
- The active power boost shall be triggered when frequency drops below 59.7 Hz.
- The boost activation time shall not exceed 1 second.
- The boost must exceed 10% of pre-trigger active power.
- The boost shall last at least 10 seconds if frequency remains under 59.964 Hz.
- The boost shall be cancelled if frequency rises above 59.964 Hz.
- The rate of energy withdrawn from the system during active power recovery must in general
be less than the rate of energy injected into the system during the active power boost.
- Following activation, the boost capability shall be available again within 30 minutes.
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Representative responses of a wind turbine with this feature placed in-service, consistent with the
functional requirements above, are shown in Figure 5 below for two illustrative cases (corresponding
to two different triggering events).
Solar generation does not now have a similar store of energy so active power increases are not yet
required from solar installations, but this may change as technology evolves.
All generation types (e.g. conventional, wind, solar) must reduce active power for overfrequency
excursions outside of the ±0.06% (i.e. 36 mHz) deadband.
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Control Systems that Inhibit Primary Frequency Response

Control systems that inhibit primary frequency response shall be supported by a rationale that
demonstrates performance reductions are offset by other advantages. For example, a slow outer loop
control of small hydro-electric units to maximize efficiency would be permitted if interference is
slight with active power response within 30 seconds following an upset. In this case, an immaterial
reduction in performance to maintain reliability is offset by a greater public good.

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Figure 5 - Primary Frequency Response Requirement

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

3.3 Ride Through

3. Voltage Ride- Ride through routine switching events and design criteria contingencies assuming standard fault detection, auxiliary
Through relaying, communication, and rated breaker interrupting times unless disconnected by configuration. For Inverter-based
units, momentary current cessation or reduction of output current during system disturbances is not permitted without
IESO approval.

Equipment must not trip for spikes associated with routine high voltage capacitor switching,
automatic reclosure, or for design criteria contingencies that do not disconnect generation facilities or
electricity storage facilities by configuration. Lightning strikes on the IESO-controlled grid also
must not result in generation or electricity storage unit trips unless disconnected by configuration.
Minor internal upsets must also not result in equipment tripping. For example, the loss of the voltage
signal following a blown PT fuse should result in a bumpless transfer to manual control rather than a
trip.

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Large shunt reactive elements are common at transmission stations in Ontario and the switching of
these shunts must not result in equipment trips. Shunt reactors range in size up to 150 Mvar while
shunt capacitor banks range in size up to 400 Mvar. The magnitude of routine switching transients is
site dependent and must be considered in the facility design.
Both low and high voltage aspects of ride through will be exercised by contingencies. Tripping is not
permitted either for the low voltage before fault clearing or for the high voltage spike after fault
clearing. Generation facilities and electricity storage facilities must have sufficient high and low
voltage ride through capability to not trip needlessly. At a minimum, generators and electricity
storage participants must follow the ride through requirements identified in the reliability standards;
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i.e., NERC PRC-024 for transmission connected generation units and CSA C22.3 no. 9 (or UL1741
SA or equivalent standards as an interim certification until equipment compliant with C22.3 no. 9 is
available in Ontario) for units connected within a distribution system. As an example, NERC PRC-
024-2 ride through requirements diagram is shown below. More stringent requirements may be
identified in the system impact assessment as a result of IESO system studies.
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Figure 6 – NERC PRC-024 Voltage Ride Through Requirement

Inverter-based generation and electricity storage units shall not reduce current injection at the high –
voltage terminal of the main output transformer during routine switching events and design criteria
contingencies. Inverter-based generation units and electricity storage units shall control the type of
current needed based on terminal conditions, and respond accordingly to provide a combination of
active and reactive current injection (e.g., reactive power priority).
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Tripping for contingencies that would disconnect by configuration is permitted. A need to clear faults
without intentional delay shall prevail in cases of conflict between a need to clear in-zone faults
without intentional delay and a need to ride through out-of-zone faults.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

Tripping for routine shunt or line switching

and out-of-zone faults is not permitted.

Tripping for contingencies

that disconnect by

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configuration is permitted

Figure 7 - Single-Line Diagram of No-Tripping for Out-of-Zone Faults Requirement

The standard times below should be used in lieu of site-specific timing.

Voltage Local Normal Local Remote Remote Delayed Breaker Interrupting Breaker Failure
Level Clearing Time Delayed Normal Clearing Time Times (ms & cycles) 62b Time
(kV) (ms) Clearing Time Clearing Time
(ms) (ms) (ms) (ms)
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500 66 156 91 181 33 (2) 90

230 83 192 108 217 50 (3) 105

115 116 256 141 281 83 (5) 140

Special consideration may be given in situations where generation or electricity storage trips result
from unusually long fault clearing by a Transmitter and no material adverse effects to the reliability
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are anticipated. To ensure a consistent understanding of protection timing, an annotated graph

showing waveforms is below.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

Time for local fault clearing

Time for remote fault clearing

Trip coil energized

LOCAL IA

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Figure 8 - Example Current Waveform for Showing Fault Clearing Times

REMOTE IA REMOTE IB REMOTE IC
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Preferably the waveforms should be the input to the protection system, but the outputs of all relevant
current transformers is sufficient. As interrupting time can be a function of current level; the times to
energize breaker trip coils will often be the most practicable method to validate timing during live
zone test trips.

Vmax

continuous operation
Positive Sequence Voltage

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Vmin Fault detection 25 ms

Trip Aux 4 ms
80%
Breaker Trip 4 ms
70% Module
Breaker
For 3-cycle terminal breakers, a 3-phase line fault will clear 2 cycle – 500 kV 33 ms
locally in 83 ms and remotely in 108 ms. For a local terminal 3 cycle – 230 kV 50 ms
breaker failure, local clearing will take 192 ms. For a remote 5 cycle – 115 kV 83 ms
breaker failure, remote clearing will take 217 ms.
Telecomm 25 ms
Following fault clearing, the voltage swing will neither drop
Breaker Fail 62b
below 70% nor stay below 80% for more than 250 ms.
2 cycle 90 ms
3 cycle 105 ms
Up to 30 minutes are permissible to restore voltages within the
5 cycle 140 ms
continuous operating range.

0
Time (not to scale) 30 min

Figure 9 - Positive Sequence Voltage During a Fault

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

Type tests from an accredited independent testing agency will be accepted as validation of voltage
ride through (VRT) capability until reasonable grounds arise to doubt this capability. Tripping for
out-of-zone faults or routine switching events are reasonable grounds for doubt.

3.4 Active Power

4. Active Power Continuously supply all levels of active power output within a +/- 5% range of its rated terminal voltage. Rated
active power is the smaller output at either rated ambient conditions (e.g. temperature, head, wind speed, solar
radiation) or 90% of rated apparent power. For electricity storage facilities, rated active power values shall be
separately specified for both injection and withdrawal operations. To satisfy steady-state reactive power
requirements, active power reductions to rated active power are permitted.

Rated active power (RAP) determines the required magnitude of reactive power. RAP is determined

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at “design” ambient conditions: for hydro-electric units at a “design” hydro-electric head, for gas
units at a “design” ambient temperature, and for wind units at a “design” wind speed and air density.
In most cases, this design rating will be only slightly lower than maximum level of active power
participation in IESO administered markets.
Assumed conditions shall be realistic when determining RAP. It would not be acceptable to rate
hydro-electric units with a forebay to tailrace drop of 100 m on the basis of a 10 m head or to rate
wind generation on the basis of a low wind speed. Attempting to avoid reactive power obligations by
manipulating RAP or reducing nameplate capability is unacceptable to the IESO.
Thermal units, in particular, can have materially higher active power output during winter conditions
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as colder temperatures result in higher air density for gas units and colder cooling water for steam
units. RAP for thermal units is typically calculated under summer conditions as reactive concerns are
generally more pressing during summer months.
The IESO practice for assessing multiple generation units and/or electricity storage units connected
behind the same main output transformer (e.g., wind farms) is to aggregate their active power when
calculating the rated active power and, consequently, the reactive power requirements.
Generators and electricity storage participants will face restrictions if automatic action, such as those
initiated by the continuous settings of the field current limiter, prevents reactive requirements from
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being satisfied at any active power output level. When manual action must be taken to reduce unit
loading, only active power output may be reduced unless IESO approves reactive power output
changes.
When equipment limitations will prevent reaching the required reactive capability, planned field and
stator upgrades must be completed to establish the capability to produce the required reactive power
at all levels of active power output. Until these upgrades are completed, active power restrictions
may be imposed.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

Reactive Power Field limiter at rated voltage before and after field rewind

Maximum reactive power capability

Satisfying reactive requirements at all levels
shortfall
of active power output is one condition for
market participation. Any shortfall could result
in reductions to the maximum active power
offer accepted by the IESO.
Enhanced turbine maximum offer

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Original turbine maximum offer

Active Power RAP

Minimum reactive power capability

Figure 10 - Reactive Power Requirement at all Levels of Active Power

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Limiters or other automatic controls
Maximum reactive power capability 2 shall not prevent a unit from moving
3
from any valid pre-contingency state
(point 1) to any other point (point 2)
Reactive Power

within the required range of reactive

capability. Manual action to reduce
active power to satisfy reactive
requirements (point 3) is permitted.
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Active Power

Figure 11 - Reactive Power Priority

There has been a tendency for generation facilities to identify forbidden zones of prolonged active
power operation following the initial approval to connect. As these forbidden zones can have
material effects on operation, proponents should disclose forbidden zones during the connection
assessment process.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

3.5 Reactive Power

5. Reactive Power Continuously (i.e., dynamically) inject or withdraw reactive power at the high-voltage terminal of the main
output transformer up to 33% of the applicable rated active power at all levels of active power, and at the typical
transmission system voltage except where a lesser continually available capability is permitted with the IESO’s
approval. A conventional synchronous unit with a power factor range of 0.90 lagging and 0.95 leading at rated
active power connected via a main output transformer impedance not greater than 13% based on generation unit
rated apparent power is acceptable.
Reactive power losses or charging between the high-voltage terminal of the main output transformer and the
connection point shall be addressed in a manner permitted by IESO approval.

Performance at the high-voltage side terminal of the main output transformer will be the focus of
IESO required testing to demonstrate performance. In configurations that either inject or withdraw a
material amount of reactive power by configuration, generation facilities and electricity storage
facilities shall have the capability to reduce reactive power transfers to near zero at all times. A

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typical transmission system voltage is the most frequently observed voltage, over the most recent year
or more, based on the IESO historical data for the specific location.
The capability to inject or withdraw full reactive power at the high-voltage side terminal of the main
output transformer (e.g. Q=RAP/3) is required at all active power levels and is sketched in Figure 11.
It is acceptable for fixed admittance capacitors (shown as V2B) to compensate for reactive losses
within (shown as I2X in Figure 12) the generation facilities or electricity storage facilities, as
applicable. If fixed admittances are arranged to compensate for reactive losses (e.g. converter,
generator transformer, distribution system, main output transformer) at all levels of active power
output, then having dynamic capability to inject or withdraw Q=RAP/3 at the high-voltage side
terminal of the main output transformer of the generation facility or electricity storage facilities
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would suffice to meet this requirement.
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Figure 12 - Fixed Admittance Capacitors Compensating Losses Within Generation Facilities

Unlike the relatively consistent P-Q characteristic for conventional units, P-Q characteristics for non-
conventional units vary widely among vendors. The phrase “a lesser continually available capability”
provides latitude to the IESO to accept designs that provide reactive support during windless (or dark
for solar) conditions where this feature is useful. P-Q characteristics with either more reactive
capability in useful portions of the characteristic or dynamic reactive capability under windless
conditions may be given conditional approval to connect by IESO.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

Three different voltage control strategies for non-conventional generation facilities and inverter based
electricity storage facilities comprising many relatively small units are listed below:
1. Common Voltage: Raise/lower terminal voltage of each unit equally and allow reactive
power and power factor differ from unit to unit,
2. Common Reactive Power: Raise/lower reactive power equally from each unit equally and
allow terminal voltage and power factor differ from unit to unit,
3. Common Power Factor: Raise/lower power factor of each unit equally and allow terminal
voltage and reactive power differ from unit to unit.
Each of these methods of control can result in units reaching a limitation prior to others depending on
their placement along a feeder circuit and active power production. To utilize capability, controls
should allow units that have not reached a limit to continue to adjust output to regulate. An example

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is present below for Common Reactive Power Control for a wind farm.

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Figure 13 - Regulation with Individual Units at Limit

Figure 13 illustrates an example of four turbines (labeled 1, 2, 3, & 4) connected to the same feeder
with different but constant levels of active power production. As reactive demand from the facility
increases, the operating points for the four turbines moves from point A to point B to point C.
Turbine 1 hitting its reactive limit at operating point 1C should not interfere with other turbines
increasing their reactive output beyond this level.
Achieving a well-coordinated dynamic response from equipment supplied by different vendors can be
elusive and resolving problems in these circumstances has been a challenge. Designs that require

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

close coordination across vendors will require measurements from existing installations that
demonstrate behaviour acceptable to IESO before it grants conditional approval to connect.

3.6 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

6. Automatic Regulate voltage automatically within ±0.5% of any set point within ±5% of rated voltage at the low- voltage
Voltage Regulator terminal of the main output transformer if the transformer impedance is not more than 13% based on the rated
(AVR) apparent power of the generation facility or electricity storage facility, or at a point approved by the IESO.
Reactive power-voltage droop or AVR reference load current compensation shall not be enabled without IESO
approval. The equivalent time constants shall not be longer than 20 ms for voltage sensing and 10 ms for the
forward path to the exciter output.

For distributed generation units and electricity storage units controlled by a central system (e.g.
wind/solar farm energy management system), the impedance between the voltage reference point and

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the highest voltage terminal shall not be more than 13%. If the main output transformer impedance is
larger than 13%, the capability to control to a reference within the transformer is required. Reference
points further into the system than the point of common coupling require special attention to avoid
adverse effects on the generation facility.

The voltage control point can be no further inside

the facility than 13% from the highest voltage terminal

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Figure 14 - Voltage Control Point

Controlling voltage at or electrically near the low voltage collector bus has the following advantages
for both the proponent and the IESO:
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a) The collector system voltage deviations will be smaller,

b) The main output transformer tap will be changed less frequently,
c) The isolation provided by the main output transformer will make the automatic voltage
regulation system less susceptible to interference from external control systems,
d) The confirmation of proper AVR response will be easier, and
e) The models used for IESO planning and operating purposes will be more accurate.
The requirement to control within ±0.5% of the setpoint would result in a gain of 200 in a
proportional AVR control system. With an element of integral gain, the proportional AVR gain can
be less than 200 provided other requirements such as voltage response time are satisfied. The voltage
reference point must be adjustable to a corresponding distance within the 13% impedance limit where
it is desirable to have a reactive droop larger than 0.5%.
Where multiple units are bussed together at a common point, it is necessary to compensate the AVR
reference point some impedance away from this common point to achieve balanced sharing of

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

reactive power requirements. When the unsaturated direct axis reactance is small (e.g. less than 0.5
pu), compensating 10% from the common point may not provide enough separation. In these
exceptional cases, impedance compensation of approximately 5% based on the rated unit voltage and
apparent power should be construed as meeting the intent of this requirement.
The AVR on/off telemetry status point shall only be set to on when the generator is in voltage control
mode. Telemetry to the IESO shall be configured so operation in any other control modes such as
power factor control or reactive power control mode shall indicate the AVR is off.
When special configurations arise such as the one shown below, a provision should be made that the
AVR voltage source will be the same when one main output transformer is out of service and the
normally open low voltage bus tie breaker is closed.

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Figure 15 - Example of Configuration Which Requires Two AVR Voltage Sources

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

3.7 Excitation System

7. Excitation Provide (a) Positive and negative ceilings not less than 200% and 140% of rated field voltage, respectively
System for while supplying the field winding of the generation unit or electricity storage unit operating at nominal voltage
Synchronous under open circuit conditions; (b) An excitation transformer impedance not greater than 10% on excitation
Machines Greater system base; (c) A voltage response time to either ceiling not more than 50 ms for a 5% step change from rated
than 20 MVA or any voltage under open-circuit conditions; and (d) A linear response between ceilings.
Synchronous
Machines within
Facilities Greater
than 75 MVA

Unless otherwise specified by IESO, rated active power (RAP) at 0.9 power factor lagging will be
used as a basis to calculate “rated” field voltage and current when determining positive and negative
excitation system ceilings. Rated field voltage is defined as the product of field current at rated

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terminal voltage, rated active power and the required maximum continuous reactive power, with the
field resistance at nominal operating temperature. The nominal operating temperatures are specified
in the Register Facility Help File as 75 °C for hydro units and 100 °C for thermal units.
The base field current of a generation unit or electricity storage unit produces rated terminal voltage
along the open circuit air gap line. The unitbase field voltage and base field current are related by
field resistance at a specified temperature (100C round-rotor, 75C salient-pole) unless IESO accepts
other temperatures. Time constants for conventional machines should be given at the specified
temperatures. Time constants for non-conventional machines shall be valid for ambient conditions at
RAP.
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Figure 16 - Excitation System Ceiling Requirements

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

3.8 Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

8. Power System Provide (a) A change of power and speed input configuration; (b) Positive and negative output limits not less
Stabilizer (PSS) for than ±5% of rated AVR voltage; (c) Phase compensation adjustable to limit angle error to within 30° between
Synchronous 0.2 Hz and 2.0 Hz under conditions specified by the IESO, and (d) Gain adjustable up to an amount that either
Machines greater increases the damping ratio above 0.1 or elicits poorly damped exciter modes of oscillation at maximum active
than 20 MVA or any power output unless otherwise specified by the IESO. Due consideration will be given to inherent limitations.
Synchronous
Machines within For electricity storage units, Power System Stabilizer shall be disabled while withdrawing.
Facilities Greater
than 75 MVA

Active power electro-mechanical oscillations of equipment connected to the IESO-controlled grid

must be well damped. This requirement is directed at types of generation units and electricity storage
units prone to poorly damped electro-mechanical oscillations when equipped with high performance

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exciters. Other types of generation (e.g. non-synchronized solar or wind) that will not exhibit poorly
damped active power oscillations will not require a stabilizer. For electro-mechanical active power
oscillations observed at the connection point, the damping ratio must exceed 0.03 in steady state,
exceed zero in response to a contingency, and exceed 0.01 following all automatic actions after a
contingency. Within 30 minutes, IESO will direct operations to restore a damping ratio of 0.03 for
electro-mechanical active power oscillations.
IESO will discriminate between electro-mechanical active power oscillations that could result in
material adverse effects on the power system and mechanical active power oscillations that will not
result in material adverse effects. Active power oscillation from either the ‘3P’ effect arising from air
flow restrictions caused by wind turbine towers or scroll case/runner imbalance in hydro-electric units
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are examples of sources of mechanical oscillations that cause sustained active power fluctuations that
are not electro-mechanical in nature and therefore not subject to IESO’s damping requirements.
Experience has shown stabilizer designs that do not directly measure or calculate rotor speed are not
as robust for changing system conditions such as transmission outages. For this reason, only designs
that enable a ΔPω (power and rotor angle speed) configuration will be approved by IESO during the
connection assessment process. Estimating rotor angle speed with a combination of terminal voltage,
terminal current, and ‘q’ axis impedance is acceptable to IESO.
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Ideal phase lag compensation

Stabilizer phase lag compensation

Stabilizer phase compensation within 30°

Frequency
0.2 Hz 2 Hz 10 Hz
Figure 17 - Power System Stabilizer Phase Compensation Margin

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

The stabilizer activation level will normally be set at about 15% of full power to avoid needless
voltage excursions when starting, stopping, and loading units. The stabilizer deactivation level will
normally be set at about 10% of full active power. This hysteresis between activation and
deactivation levels mitigates the risk of chatter. The phrase “due consideration will be given to
inherent limitations” was intended to allow for reasonable practices. For example, hydro-electric
units with a wide mechanical power ‘rough zone’ will benefit from a turn-on level at the high end of
this ‘rough zone’. Adequate damping will be required at permissible steady operating points below
this turn-on level.
Where IESO identifies a relatively low risk of island operation, a higher level of stabilizer output (e.g.
10%) may be employed when it provides a material advantage. The requirement to have the stabilizer
output ceiling not less than ±5% was intended to mitigate adverse effects during island operation
while still enabling a good level of response during interconnected operation.

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Onerous post-contingency configurations will be used by IESO as the basis for tuning stabilizer
settings. IESO will identify these onerous configurations and provide connection point characteristics
to assist stabilizer tuning.

3.9 Phase Unbalance

9. Phase Unbalance Provide an open circuit phase voltage unbalance not more than 1% and operate continuously with a phase
voltage unbalance as high as 2% at the high-voltage terminal of its main output transformer.

Generation units and electricity storage units are required to be well balanced and to be able to
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operate continuously in the presence of some imbalance. Equipment that is not well balanced will not
be permitted to remain connected to the IESO-controlled grid. For example, facility owners must
remove units from service when the output from the excitation bridge is not well balanced.
During the market entry process, the balance will be measured at the unit terminals and excitation
bridge output for conventional synchronous units. For non-conventional units, balance will be
measured at the high-voltage side terminal of the main output transformer when a single well-defined
terminal is not present.
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Phase unbalance may be calculated using either of the following IEEE definitions:

max(𝑉𝑎𝑛 − 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 , 𝑉𝑏𝑛 − 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 , 𝑉𝑐𝑛 − 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) 𝑉𝑎𝑛 + 𝑉𝑏𝑛 + 𝑉𝑐𝑛

𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = , 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 3

𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑞
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = | |
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑞

The calculated phase unbalance must be below the threshold using at least one of these equations.

3.10 Armature and Field Limiters

10. Armature and Provide short-time capabilities specified in IEEE/ANSI 50.13 and continuous capability determined by either
Field Limiters maximum field current, maximum stator current, core-end heating, or minimum field current. More restrictive
limiting functions, such as steady state stability limiters, shall not be enabled without IESO approval.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

The intent of this requirement is to avoid material adverse effects on reliability or market efficiency
from undue restrictions in the capability to sustain temporary high levels of armature and field
current. The ANSI/IEEE 50.13 standard is applicable to round-rotor machines, but in lieu of better
information this requirement will also be applied to salient-pole machines. These temporary levels
from the present standard are tabulated below.

Time (s) Armature Current (% of rated) Field Current (% of rated)

10 218 209†

30 150 146

60 127 125

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120 115 113

†May be as low as 160% to coordinate with the excitation system performance requirements
Margins for practical considerations such as measurement and metering errors and discrete time steps
for limiters shall keep kept as small as reasonably achievable.

Excitation transformer protection

Generator Field (50.13)

Utilization of field and armature
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current short-time thermal
Acceptable limiter coordination
Time (log scale)

capabilities means setting limiters

and protection devices as close as
Unacceptable limiter coordination
practicable to the 50.13 curve.

Reasonable tolerances for measuring

and metering errors will be accepted.

Rated 160% Field Current (Ifd)

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Figure 18 - Temporary Field Current Requirements

Limiters and protection settings shall be translated onto both a time dependent field current
characteristic (shown above) and a steady state capability curve (shown below) in the test report to
demonstrate the required coordination has been achieved. Field current limiters should not interfere
with the delivery of required reactive power at any active power output level.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

RAP Full output

OEL
Rated If
Required Reactive

Reactive Power Stator

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Active Power

UEL
Core

LOE
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Figure 19 - Capability Curve

The armature and field limiter requirement will be deemed to have been satisfied for non-
conventional forms of generation and electricity storage as long as connection point performance is at
least as good as a conforming synchronous unit.
Limiter settings may become a critical consideration when upgrading active power (e.g. hydro-
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electric runner replacement) output levels and should be given due attention during the connection
assessment process.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

3.11 Technical Characteristics

11. Technical Exhibit, at the high-voltage terminal of its main output transformer, performance comparable to an equivalent
Characteristics synchronous generation unit with characteristic parameters within typical ranges. Inertia, unsaturated transient
impedance, transient time constants, and saturation coefficients shall be within typical ranges (e.g. H > 1.2
Aero-derivative, H > 1.2 Hydroelectric less than 20 MVA, H > 2.0 Hydroelectric 20 MVA or larger, H > 4.0
Other synchronous units, X’d < 0.5, T’do > 2.0, and S1.2 < 0.5) except where permitted by the IESO approval.

There is often some uncertainty surrounding machine characteristics before equipment purchases are
finalized. IESO may assess proposals using conservative characteristics that meet “Market Rules”
performance requirements. When acceptable performance cannot be achieved with conservative
characteristics, the proponent will be consulted to determine whether they can commit to providing
better performance characteristics. For example, if an aero-derivative generating unit requires an
inertia value of 1.4 s for reliable performance at the highest desired level of market participation and

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the proponent commits to this value, then full participation may not be authorized unless performance
tests confirm this higher inertia value. In general, connection assessment conditions for approval to
connect will be based on the best performance characteristics that a proponent can commit to provide.
For combined cycle plants, the inertia requirement H > 4 is intended to apply to a facility as a whole.
As a first pass, inertia should be calculated on a facility basis as follows
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑖 ∗ 𝐻𝑖
𝐻𝑒𝑞 =
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑖

The inertia requirement for facilities will allow leeway for rounding. For example, an equivalent
inertia value for a combined cycle plant of 3.6 will be construed as meeting the requirement.
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When committed equipment characteristics taken as a whole provide overall performance as good as
from characteristics that marginally meet “Market Rules” requirements and will reliably allow the
desired level of market participation; the phrase “except where permitted by the IESO” provides
latitude for reasonable accommodations. Performance as good as will be interpreted by IESO as
allowing the same level or higher levels of transfers.
All equipment connected to the IESO-controlled grid shall conform to good utility practice. Unless
specifically informed otherwise, IESO will assume equipment will conform to legitimate North
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American standards except when this would be inconsistent with a specific IESO performance
requirement.

3.12 Reactive Power Response for Inverter-Based Units

12. Reactive Power For a constant voltage at the high-voltage terminal of the main output transformer, achieve a sustained reactive
Response to Voltage power change of 30% of generation facility or electricity storage facility rated apparent power at the low-
Changes of Inverter- voltage terminal of the main output transformer within 3s following a step change no larger than 4% to the
Based Units AVR voltage reference. AVR response to the voltage error signal must be consistent over the entire operating
range.

During reactive power response testing, a 2% step change to the AVR reference voltage will be
applied to evaluate the reactive power response of inverter-based facilities. A sustained reactive
power change of 15% of the rated apparent power of a generation facility or an electricity storage
facility shall be achievable within 1.5 seconds measured at the low-voltage terminal of the main
output transformer. An illustrative sketch of an acceptable vs nonacceptable reactive power
performance is shown in Figure 20.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 3. Requirements for Generation and Electricity Storage Facilities

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Figure 20 – Acceptable vs unacceptable reactive power response of Inverter-based units

3.13 Electricity Storage

The Appendix 4.2 principle for comparing alternative technologies to a conforming synchronous
machine with equal apparent power rating to determine whether a requirement is satisfied will also be
applied when evaluating the performance of electricity storage units directly connected to the IESO-
controlled grid (IGC).
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Electricity storage units directly connected to the ICG must satisfy the applicable performance
requirements in Appendix 4.2 while injecting and withdrawing.
Any electricity storage unit connected to the distribution system or wholesale customer facilities
must satisfy the performance requirements 1, 2 and 3 in Appendix 4.2, as described in requirement 12
of Appendix 4.3 while injecting and withdrawing.
Due considerations will be given to inherent limitations (e.g. withdrawal using squirrel-cage
induction machines, or injection using synchronous machines) during the Connection Assessment
process or performance validation process.

- End of Section -

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 4. Validation of Other Elements

4. Validation of Other Elements

The primary object of this section is to identify for Market Participants validation requirements and
assessment considerations for new or modified connections to the IESO-controlled grid. Anticipated
testing requirements by equipment category are summarized in Section 5.4.

4.1 General
Design parameters used in assessments may not exactly match “as-built” characteristics and this

ive
difference may materially affect IESO operating and planning decisions. For example, the impedance
tolerance for two-winding transformers is ±7.5% while for autotransformers, zigzag transformers, or
transformers having three or more windings the tolerance is ±10%. It may be prudent to use
impedance at the bottom end of tolerance to establish short-circuit capabilities and to use impedance
at the top end of tolerance to establish reactive power capabilities and stability limits.
Proponents must demonstrate “as-built” equipment satisfies connection requirements and equipment
models are valid. Operating telemetry will usually provide a check of factory test results or
calculated design values. Checks may also be provided from available on-site measurements that are
more accurate than operating telemetry. Confirming “as-built” equipment in some cases may be as
simple as confirming nameplate values are provided during facility registration. In other cases,
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operating telemetry will be used to confirm model parameters.
Factory tests performed on factory assembled equipment (e.g. transformers) will be the primary
method to validate equipment characteristics with on-site telemetry providing a check. On-site
telemetry for field assembled equipment (e.g. cap banks, transmission circuits) will be the primary
method to validate equipment characteristics with factory tests providing a check. Material
differences between operating telemetry and IESO state estimation will prompt a review of the steady
state representation of equipment with asset owners.
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4.2 Switches and Breakers

Maximum continuous operating ratings and interrupting times will be confirmed from nameplate or
facility registration information after installation.

4.3 Transmission Circuits

Standard powerflow parameters (e.g. R, X, B) must be validated with operating telemetry after
installation.

4.4 Series Compensation

Standard powerflow parameters (e.g. series X) must be validated with operating telemetry after
installation.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 4. Validation of Other Elements

4.5 Shunt Compensation

The standard powerflow parameter (e.g. shunt B) and synchronous closing unit timing, if applicable,
must be validated with operating telemetry after installation.

4.6 Transformers
Standard powerflow parameters (e.g. impedance, turns ratio) from factory tests must be validated
with operating telemetry after installation. Tap one shall be the maximum turns ratio to conform to
the CSA standard. For phase shifting transformers installed in Ontario on tie lines to neighbouring
jurisdictions, tapping down (e.g. moving from tap 2 to tap 1) shall tend to move active power out of
the IESO-controlled grid. For voltage regulating transformers installed in Ontario on tie lines to

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neighbouring jurisdictions, tapping down (e.g. moving from tap 2 to tap 1) shall tend to move reactive
power out of Ontario.

4.7 Synchronous Condensers and Static var

Compensators (SVC)
Reactive power capability, speed of response, and the suitability of models and parameters for
planning and operating studies must be validated by measurements after installation.
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4.8 Protection Systems
The timing between fault initiation and fault clearing must be validated by measurements after
installation. Usually the time between event initiation and energization of breaker trip coils will be
sufficient. Satellite clock synchronization of timing is required when the protections zone extends
between stations (e.g. transmission circuits).

4.9 Special Protection Systems (SPS)

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A Functional Description Document (FDD) provided to the IESO must describe initiating events and
responses (see Figure 18) as well as the sequence and timing of events (see Figure 22). The FDD
must also describe any interlocks that could interfere with the operation of the SPS.
An SPS must have Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) approval prior to deployment.
Although the IESO will take responsibility for having the type of an SPS (e.g. Type 1, Type 2, or
Type 3) determined by NPCC’s Task Force on System Studies; assistance from the proponent will be
required. The design of a Type 1 or Type 2 SPS must be reviewed by NPCC’s Task Force on System
Protection. Further assistance from a proponent will be required during this review. The design
review can be a lengthy process.
To provide greater clarity, a functional example of implementing required SPS actions either to detect
configuration changes or to initiate trips in relation to a breaker-trip module is shown in Figure 22.
An orderly matrix approach to organizing input triggers and output actions has been found to have
several advantages: it tends to simplify the validation process; it lends itself to IESO operational

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 4. Validation of Other Elements

requirements; it avoids introducing the status of out-of-service elements into logic for input triggers;
and it also lends itself to future expansion should this need arise.
An SPS must be triggered by contingencies unless otherwise approved by the IESO. To improve
speed of response and robustness, the contingency detection logic should include triggers from
breaker trip modules as well as the breaker pallet switches. An acceptance functional example of SPS
contingency detection logic is shown below.

J-bus JL101 Position

500kV
Breaker Trip Module
Breaker open OR
JL101
A101B A101B Contingency
AND
L101T15 Position
L101T15 Breaker Trip Module

ive
Breaker open OR
Fault
L102T15
A102B

HL102

P-bus

Contingency Detection Logic

Figure 21 - Contingency Detection Logic
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The consequences of an SPS breaker failing to operate when called upon are evaluated by IESO. To
mitigate the risk of cascading outages, breaker failure shall not initiate further breaker failure
protection in adjacent protection zones on the IESO-controlled grid. Examples of acceptable
arrangements for generation rejection are shown in Figure 23.
Provisions for generation runback or generation rejection or both shall be made at new generation
facilities. Generation runback is preferred to rejection when it suits reliability requirements. When
runback is subject to a common mode failure, the redundant protection must both sense when runback
is not working as intended and initiate generation rejection. For example, when non-redundant wind
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farm energy management systems implement runback, redundant protection must reject generation
should the wind farm energy management system fail to runback generation as required. Acceptable
arrangements for generation runback are shown in Figure 24.
Functionality and timing will be required to be tested before a SPS is deployed. The time following
contingency detection to completion of the desired SPS action will be required to be measured for
each protection group. To the extent practicable, testing shall be end-to-end. IESO may approve tests
that sub-divide the chain of events when end-to-end tests have material adverse effects on reliability.
An illustration of an SPS timing sequence is shown in Figure 25.
Telecommunication considerations for protection systems require particular attention. Leased
facilities from telecommunication companies may not meet “Transmission System Code”
performance requirements for protection systems or provide acceptable path diversity to satisfy
NPCC requirements. Proponents will be expected to work closely with Transmitters to design,
install, and maintain suitable facilities.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 4. Validation of Other Elements

RP
52-94A 52-94B 52-69 52-94A

Protective
Trip Signal
52-94D Relaying 52-94B 52-94B
from SPS
Operates
52-94D
All protection trip
contacts for breaker 52 Delayed 52-69T
Pick-up RXKN1 52-94C
To Tc
0.05-0.5 sec pu
1C

ive
+ve
Note 2

Delay Closure
Seal-In 52-94A 52-94B 52-94C 52-94E 52-69 52-94D
Monitor R RXMS1 RXMS1 RXMH2 RXMS1 RXME1 RXMS1
Light 4A 4A, 1B 7A 4A 1A, 1B 2B

Pick-u p: (break) 35ms ec

Resistor

Pick-up: 60msec
Pick-up: 4msec

Pick-up: 4msec

Pick-up: 4msec

Pick-up: 4msec
RN

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Contingency Detection Logic
CP (See Diagrams 3 to 13 inc.)

52-94C Breaker Position

To Contingency Detection Logic
Breaker Trip Module
52-94A 52-94B 52-94C
Breaker open (pallet switches)
OR
52-94C
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BREAKER TRIP COIL

52
a

CN
CIRCUIT BREAKER TRIPPING MODULE
CIRCUIT BREAKER TRIPPING MODULE REQUIREMENTS [Annotated Generic Version of the Diagram]
The circuit breaker tripping module should perform the following functions:
1. Protect the high speed tripping auxiliary relay contacts from damage due to interrupting circ uit breaker trip coil currents; DIAGRAM 2
2. Prevent closing of the circuit breaker while the trip module is energised, and for a definite time after the trip signal is 8th April 2010
removed, ensure that the timing relays in the breaker failure circuits have reset before the circuit breaker can be closed.

Figure 22 - Breaker Trip Module

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 4. Validation of Other Elements

The failure of a breaker to operate in

response to a generation rejection signal
must not trip any of the breakers at the
terminal stations of the associated circuit

If any LV breaker should fail to

2 operate, breaker-failure is to
initiate tripping of the HV breaker

OPTION 1 OPTION 1 - Alternative

Initiate simultaneous tripping of all
the LV & HV breakers with no
accompanying breaker failure response

ive
G/R Signal to trip
1 LV feeder breakers

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Clusters of wind-
Station turbine generators
Service

Wind farm connection with no intermediate voltage level

The failure of a breaker to operate in

response to a generation rejection signal
must not trip any of the breakers at the
terminal stations of the associated circuit
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If MV breaker should fail to
2 operate, breaker-failure is to
initiate tripping of the HV breaker

OPTION 2 OPTION 2 - Alternative

Initiate simultaneous tripping of both
the HV & MV breakers with no
G/R Signal to trip accompanying breaker failure response
1 MV breaker
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Station
Service

If any LV breaker should fail to

2 operate, breaker-failure is to
initiate tripping of the MV breaker

OPTION 3 OPTION 3 - Alternative

Initiate simultaneous tripping of all
the LV & MV breakers with no
G/R Signal to trip accompanying breaker failure response
1 LV feeder breakers
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Clusters of wind-
turbine generators

Wind farm connection with an intermediate voltage level

Typical Connection Arrangements for Wind Farms DIAGRAM 3

with suggested generation rejection responses 23rd September 2009

Figure 23 - Generation Rejection

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 4. Validation of Other Elements

The failure of a breaker to operate in

response to a generation rejection signal
must not trip any of the breakers at the
terminal stations of the associated circuit

TRIP 2
If the Power transfer to the system
M is not reduced below an approved

Transfer
Power
threshold within a defined time
from the receipt of the run-back
signal, tripping of the main breaker

Fully redundant signals

is to be initiated.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

ive
WIND FARM
Clusters of wind- Run-back signals to the Run-back signals from the
Station MANAGEMENT 1
turbine generators individual wind-turbines Special Protection System
Service SYSTEM

Wind farm connection with no intermediate voltage level

The failure of a breaker to operate in

response to a generation rejection signal
must not trip any of the breakers at the
terminal stations of the associated circuit

TRIP 2

M
Transfer

ch MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE ALTERNATIVES

Power

If the Power transfer to the system

is not reduced below an approved
threshold within a defined time
from the receipt of the run-back
signal, tripping of one of the main
breakers is to be initiated.

TRIP 2
Fully redundant signals
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Station 2
Service

WIND FARM
Run-back signals to the Run-back signals from the
MANAGEMENT 1
individual wind-turbines Special Protection System
SYSTEM
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Clusters of wind-
turbine generators

Wind farm connection with an intermediate voltage level

Typical Connection Arrangements for Wind Farms DIAGRAM 4

with suggested generation run-back responses 7th April 2010

Figure 24 - Generation Runback

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 4. Validation of Other Elements

HEARN SPS: Typical Operating Times

CONTINGENCY CONDITIONS DETECTED AT HEARN SS

Hearn SS (115kV) Portlands

REJECT/INITIATE RUN-BACK 88ms
OF THE PORTLANDS UNITS 25ms 4ms 4ms 0ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 33ms
PR AR TM SPS AR Fibre: 10ms AR TM BT

CONTINGENCY CONDITIONS DETECTED AT LEASIDE TS

Leaside TS (115kV) Hearn SS (115kV) Portlands

ive
REJECT/INITIATE RUN-BACK
OF THE PORTLANDS UNITS 25ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 0ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 33ms 106ms
PR AR TM AR Fibre: 10ms AR SPS AR Fibre: 10ms AR TM BT

CONTINGENCY CONDITIONS DETECTED AT CECIL TS

Cecil TS (115kV) Hearn SS (115kV) Portlands

REJECT/INITIATE RUN-BACK Leased: 16ms 112ms
OF THE PORTLANDS UNITS 25ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 0ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 33ms
PR AR TM AR Fibre: 10ms AR SPS AR Fibre: 10ms AR TM BT 106ms

CONTINGENCY CONDITIONS DETECTED AT ESPLANADE TS

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Esplanade TS (115kV) Hearn SS (115kV) Portlands
REJECT/INITIATE RUN-BACK
OF THE PORTLANDS UNITS 25ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 0ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 33ms 106ms
PR AR TM AR Fibre: 10ms AR SPS AR Fibre: 10ms AR TM BT

Esplanade TS (115kV) Terauley TS

CROSS-TRIP TERAULEY
CIRCUIT-SWITCHERS 25ms 4ms 4ms 0ms 4ms 4ms 4ms 83ms 138ms
PR AR TM SPS AR Fibre: 10ms AR TM BT

25ms
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PR Primary Relaying If a breaker-failure condition were addressed by the Scheme then a further 90ms
4ms would need to be added to the contingency detection time [corresponds to a 62b timer]
AR Auxiliary Relay
4ms
TM Trip Module
12ms
SPS SPS Matrix
33ms (For a 2-cycle breaker)
DIAGRAM 5
BT Breaker Trip Time 11th April 2010

Figure 25 - Protection Timing

- End of Section -

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

The primary objects of this section are to assist proponents in developing a scope of validation tests and
prepare the corresponding reports for efficient passage through the market entry process. A secondary
object is to summarize relationships between performance requirements and testing to assist proponents.
The section on default modelling is intended primarily for IESO staff performing assessments or those
providing model parameters for these assessments.

5.1 Conventional Generation and Non-Inverter Based

ive
Electricity Storage Facilities Reporting Requirements

General
A validation report will comprise three main elements: a description of the tests and calculations in
enough detail to for the IESO to properly interpret testing results, the ratings and the models derived from
observations and measurements, and test results. Test measurements shall also be submitted in an
electronic format (e.g. CSV) acceptable to the IESO. The use of simulation models to demonstrate the
validity of other models will not satisfy IESO.
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For both steady state and dynamic model parameters, model predictions shall be superimposed on
measurements to assist validation. In the descriptions below, black font indicates a setting, a rating, a
calculated value, or other vendor provided information, red font indicates measurements, and blue
indicates a typical range or boundary conditions for the test. The infinity symbol is used to denote steady
states values (e.g. OEL, is the steady state over-excitation limiter setting). An indication is provided
where only measured results are required.
It is acceptable to verify dynamic performance for some protective functions (e.g. V/Hz, OEL, UEL) by
temporarily revising settings into a range that assists performance verification.
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If tests do not show requirements are satisfied, the IESO will either modify its approval for a facility to
remain connected or revoke its approval for a facility to connect. In general, active power participation
level will be tailored to match measured performance with respect to requirements.

Description and Ratings

Machine Characteristics: MVAbase, Vbase, MCR, RAP, PF, RPM, Ifdrated, Rfd@C, Efdbase, Ifbase
Excitation Transformer: MVAbase, Vprim, Vsec, leakage reactance

Characteristics
Open Circuit Curve: rated Vt and Ifd, air gap line, measured Vt/Ifd, vendor Vt/Ifd
Rotating Exciters: rated Vex and Iex, measured Vex/Iex, vendor Vex, Iex

Capability Curve: RAP, MCR, rated stator current, rated field current, OEL, end heating limit, LOE,
UEL. Current shall be represented on the capability curve at rated voltage.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

Field Current It curve: OEL, ANSI C50.13, excitation transformer

Underfrequency Curve: As left settings against requirement

Measurements (and simulations with models and parameters provided)

Steady State: P, Q, Vt, Ifd/(Ifdcalcuated), Gate or Speed Reference, Rotor Angle
Partial Load Rejection: Hz, P - 10-25% MW

Zero Power Factor Leading Load Rejection: Vt, Efg, Ifg, P, Q - 0 MW, 15-25% Mvar, AVR in manual
Governor Dynamic Response: P, Gate
Turbine Gate vs Power curve: P, Gate

ive
Governor Droop: Speed ref/P or Gate/P
Governor Ambient: Hz, P, deadband (long time measurement)
Open Circuit Perturbations: Vt, freq, P, Q, Ifd, Efd - ±Δ2% AVR reference steps
Open Circuit Ceilings: Vt, freq, P, Q, Ifd, Efd - ±Δ5% AVR reference steps
Open Circuit Fuse Pull: Vt, freq, P, Q, Ifd, Efd (measured only)
PSS Phase Compensation: frequency, phase shift, calculated required phase shift
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PSS Step Response: Vt, freq, Ifg, Efg, P, Q, Ks~0, Ks=final, Ks=2*final (or ζ > 0.1)
V/Hz Test: Vt, V/Hz, freq (measured only) - open circuit, 97% governor setpoint, reduced V/Hz limit
OEL: Vt, freq, P, Q, Ifd, Efd (measured only)
UEL: Vt, freq, P, Q, Ifd, Efd (measured only)
Open Circuit Terminal Voltage Balance: Vab, Vbc, Vca or V0, V1, V2 (measured only)

Protection and Limiter Settings

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As left settings: U/F, V/Hz, OEL, LOE, OOS, impedance backup, voltage restrained overcurrent, reverse
power, negative sequence current (I22t). On a periodic basis, settings shall be submitted in accordance
with the IESO workbooks to demonstrate compliance with NERC PRC-019, PRC-024, and PRC-025 and
IESO requirements.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

5.2 Non-Conventional Generation and Inverter-Based

Electricity Storage Facilities Reporting Requirements

General
A validation report for a non-conventional facility has the same objects as a corresponding report for a
conventional facility. The diverse nature of non-conventional generation facilities makes it necessary to
specify a more general approach to testing than for conventional facilities. Test measurements shall also
be submitted in an electronic format (e.g. CSV) acceptable to the IESO.

Collector System Parameters

Collector system parameters will be verified by submitting active power, reactive power and voltage

ive
simultaneously at each unit as well as the active power, reactive power and voltage at the low voltage
winding of the main output transformer for two instances in time, typically near 0% and 100% of rated
active power.V, P, Q.

Voltage Control
The voltage control point shall be demonstrated to be no further than 13% (Vc13%) based on the facility
rated apparent power from a connection point. Unless otherwise specified, this connection point shall be
taken as the high voltage disconnect of the main output transformer. The position of the measured
voltage and current (Vm, Im) as well as the amount of compensation (Xcomp) shall be provided to make this
determination.
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𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑗𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝐼𝑚 < 13% 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Voltage regulation must be as good as provided by a conventional synchronous machine behind an
impedance of 13%. It is acceptable to compensate for reactive droop with voltage control location. For
example, with a 4% reactive droop the voltage control point can be no further than 9% from the
connection point. Vcontrol, Vm, Im, Xcomp.

Steady State Reactive Power Capability

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Steady state reactive power injection and withdrawal will be tested. For both reactive injection and
withdrawal, stopping criteria is outlined in the NERC MOD-25 workbook.Vc13%, P, Q.

Dynamic Reactive Capability

Measurements at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% full active power or at other levels acceptable to the IESO
shall demonstrate the required dynamic capability. At each active power level, the sum of injected
reactive power and spare dynamic reactive capability shall be more than Pmax/3. V, P, Q.

Dynamic Active Power Response

The active power response to frequency events and plant MW reference changes will be tested as outlined
in the NERC MOD-27 workbook. The speed of active power response from no-load to full-load and from
full-load to no-load may be measured to inform operating practices. The sequence of events following
loss of connection may also be verified. V, P, Q, f, ambient conditions

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

Dynamic Reactive Power Response

A measurement shall be provided at any output level acceptable to the IESO that demonstrates both the
speed and magnitude of reactive power response is comparable to an equivalent size synchronous
machine and active power damping is acceptable. The perturbation can be either a voltage reference step
change or shunt element switching as outlined in the NERC MOD-26 workbook. V, P, Q.
If tests do not show requirements are satisfied, the IESO will either modify its approval for a facility to
remain connected or revoke its approval for a facility to connect. In general, active power participation
level will be tailored to match measured performance with respect to requirements. The following two
examples are intended to illustrate this approach:
a) If the required steady state-reactive capability range requirement is ±30 Mvar for a desired
maximum level of active power participation, but performance validation tests demonstrate only a

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capability of ±15Mvar. In this case, performance would only justify an active power participation
level of 50% of the desired maximum.
b) Dynamic reactive response will be assessed by comparing the area under the reactive power- time
curve of the equivalent size synchronous machine with the measured results as shown in Figure
24. In this case, the ratio of the areas Awf1:Async1 would be used to determine the active power
participation level.
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Figure 26 - Active Power Participation Justified by Performance

Voltage and Frequency Settings

On a periodic basis, settings shall be submitted in accordance with the IESO workbook to demonstrate
compliance with NERC PRC-024, and IESO requirements.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

5.3 Summary of Generation and Electricity Storage

Facilities Considerations and Tests
Category Connection Assessment Considerations Standard Tests – see Section 3

Generation facility or electricity storage

facility directly connected to the IESO-
controlled grid shall have the capability to:
1. Off-Nominal Describe “no-trip” above the line not “must-trip” below the Settings on a frequency-time curve
Frequency Operation line rationale.

2. Speed/Frequency Describe how requirements apply to this facility as a whole if Speed Reference/ droop test
Regulation applicable. Describe requirement to automatically change Ambient condition deadband test
settings for island detection when this is required for stable Speed of response test
operation (e.g. hydro-electric units). Provide island setting Power/Gate/Flow characteristic

ive
frequency trigger. Describe inherent limitations for the Island mode frequency trigger setting reported
particular application.
3. Voltage Ride Describe rationale for both low voltage (LVRT) and high Type tests for LVRT
Through voltage (HVRT) ride through. HVRT requirements should be Connection point measurements for HVRT
identified in conjunction with the associated transmitter. PT fuse failure AVR switchover
Identify tripping for routine switching events and design Settings of V/Hz, LOE, voltage restrained o/c, and
contingencies that do not disconnect by configuration is other protection that “sees” into the system
unacceptable.
4. Active Power Describe that active power is expected over a range of system Tabulate steady state P, Q, Vt, Ifd, and rotor angle
conditions. Identify forbidden zones. from minimum to maximum active power
5. Reactive Power Identify connection point, steady-state and dynamic reactive Capability curve with RAP, MCR, LOE, UEL, OEL,
requirements based on RAP. rated field current indicated
6. Automatic Describe acceptable voltage control point, gain (droop), and Open circuit voltage perturbation <5%
Voltage Regulator time delay requirements. Reactive perturbation for AVR droop
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(AVR)
7. Excitation System Describe ceilings, linearity, and speed requirements. Open circuit and loaded perturbation tests
for Synchronous Excitation Transformer MVA, leakage reactance to
Machines Greater establish rectifier regulation factor
than 20 MVA or any
Synchronous
Machines within
Facilities Greater
than 75 MVA
8. Power System Identify ∆Pω configuration, output limits, phase compensation, Phase compensation plot
Stabilizer (PSS) for and gain requirements. Assess risk of island vis-à-vis ±5% Damping with K ~ 0, K = final, K = 2*final at full
Synchronous ceiling limit. Identify and assess most onerous damping power.
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Machines Greater situation. On/off activation levels, confirm ∆Pω configuration

than 20 MVA or any
Synchronous
Machines within
Facilities Greater
than 75 MVA
9. Phase Unbalance Describe the required power quality and tolerance Open circuit voltage balance
requirements.
10. Armature and Describe acceptable limiter and protection infringements on Steady state limiter settings on capability curve
Field Limiters capability and the link between active power and reactive Field IT curve with excitation transformer, 50.13,
power limitations, protection, and OEL settings
Describe requirement for excitation system not to infringe on OEL/UEL reduced setting test
50.13 short time capability. I22t settings
11. Technical Describe equivalent synchronous machine concept and its Open circuit saturation curve
Characteristics application for the particular connection. Ensure time Partial load rejection or type test
constants match rated field temperature. Conformance with
widely recognized North American standards.
12. Reactive Power For a constant voltage at the high-voltage terminal of the main As described in requirement
Response to Voltage output transformer, achieve a sustained reactive power change
Changes of Inverter- of 30% of generation facility rated apparent power at the low-
Based Units voltage terminal of the main output transformer within 3s

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

Category Connection Assessment Considerations Standard Tests – see Section 3

Generation facility or electricity storage

facility directly connected to the IESO-
controlled grid shall have the capability to:
1. Off-Nominal Describe “no-trip” above the line not “must-trip” below the Settings on a frequency-time curve
Frequency Operation line rationale.

following a step change no larger than 4% to the AVR voltage

reference. AVR response to the voltage error signal must be
consistent over the entire operating range.

5.4 Summary of Other Equipment Considerations and

ive
Tests
Equipment Connection Assessment Considerations Standard Tests – see Section 4

Switches and Describe required maximum voltage and current. Provide “as-built” values of maximum operating voltage
Breakers Describe making and breaking current requirements for and interrupting time. No additional on-site tests will be
shunts. required.
Describe synchronizing breaker requirements.
Describe autoreclosure requirements.
Transformers Describe required tap convention (i.e.1 is max ratio). Provide “as-built” values for powerflow parameters (e.g.
Describe LTC and fix tap range requirements. impedance, tap turns ratio),
Describe impedance used in the assessment. Confirm tap one is maximum turns ratio.
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Account for parameter uncertainty. Compare operating telemetry with state estimated* V, P,Q
Describe power flow convention for tie line phase shifters
and voltage regulators.
Shunt Compensation Describe ΔV < 4% requirements for switching to be done a Provide “as-built” value of maximum operating voltage and
minimum fault level. reactance.
Account for parameter uncertainty. Confirm switching phase discrepancy error for synchronous
closing unit is within tolerance.
Compare operating telemetry with state estimated Q, V
when first energized
Series Compensation Account for parameter uncertainty in the assessment. Provide “as-built” value of reactance.
Compare operating telemetry with state estimated P, Q, V at
both terminals to confirm series B.
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Transmission Account for parameter uncertainty. R, X, B, and thermal Compare operating telemetry with state estimated Q, V
Circuits ratings in the assessment. when first energized to confirm shunt B.
Compare operating telemetry and state estimated P, Q, V at
both terminals to confirm series R and X.
Protection Systems Described assessed sequence and timing. Provide timing from event initiation to energization of
Describe requirement to provide function description. breaker trip coils for zone test trip
Identify whether bulk or not bulk criteria apply. Confirm reach and timing is consistent with assessment
requirements.
Special Protection Identify functional requirements and timing. Provide timing for representative events.
Systems Identify required NPCC design type. Provide functional description documentation.
Identify required documentation.
Static var Identify minimum acceptable performance Provide speed of response from field tests.
Compensators Provide reactive ceilings from field tests.

HVdc and FACTS Identify minimum acceptable performance. As necessary to validate performance requirements (to be
devices determined on a site-by-site basis).

*In this table, all comparisons with state estimation will be done by the IESO.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

5.5 Default Modelling

Default model and parameters that will yield performance that would meet “Market Rules” criteria are
listed in this section. Simpler standard models that lead to good operating and planning decisions are
preferred to more complex standard models. Experience has shown many drawbacks to user-defined
models so their use is permitted only in special circumstances.

Table 1 - Default Power Flow and Dynamics Parameters

Solar Wind Hydro-electric Gas Steam

Powerflow QT= PRAP/3,

QB= -PRAP/3,

ive
XT = 13% if
generator model
comprises main
transformer
Dynamics Simple† Simple† GENSAE GENROE GENROE
EXST1 EXST1 EXST1
PSS2A PSS2A PSS2A
† A simple model that conservatively predicts performance should be assumed in simulations before validation is performed unless a more
complicated model is required to achieve the desired transfer level.

Table 2 - Default Machine Parameters

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T’do T”do T’qo T”qo H D Xd Xq X’d X’q X’’ Xl S1.0 S1.2

GENROE 6.0 0.02 0.40 0.04 4.0 0.0 2.3 2.3 0.50 1.0 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.50

GENSAE 6.0 0.02 0.04 2.0 0.0 1.5 1.0 0.50 0.35 0.15 0.10 0.50

Time constants at standard field temperatures (e.g. 100°C round-rotor, 75°C salient-pole). Unsaturated reactances.

Table 3 - Default AVR/Exciter Parameters

Ar

EXST1 Tr Vimax Vimin Tc Tb Ka Ta Vrmax Vrmin Kc Kf Tf

0.0 999 -999 1.0 1.0 200* 0.01 6.25† -4.3† 0.08 0.0 1.0

*Gain could be lower with PI AVR control † Assuming rated field voltage is 3 per unit

Table 4 - Default PSS Parameters

PSS2A‡ IC1 Bus IC2 M N Tw1 Tw2 T6 Tw3 T4 T7 Ks2 KS3 T8

1 0 3 5 1 10 10 0 10 0.0 10 T7/2H 1 0.5

T9 KS1 T1 T2 T3 T4 Vmax Vmin

0.1 10 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.05 -0.05

‡ Stabilizer parameters are not tuned to either the GENROU or GENSAL and EXST1 default models

The turbine and governor should be modelled when necessary to reduce market participation restrictions.

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

5.6 Acceptable Dynamic Models

Models acceptable to IESO are tabulated below; these are all standard models. Standard models are
compatible with IESO software tools and mitigate other risks associated with user-defined models. User-
defined and non-standard models will be accepted only when standard models will not lead to suitable
IESO operating and planning decisions. The list of models acceptable to the IESO tabulated below is
applicable to new submissions only (e.g., commissioning of new or modified equipment test report,
NERC MOD-026 submission, NERC MOD-027 submission, etc.). Parameters and block diagrams for
acceptable models are available upon request from IESO.

Generator Models

ive
PSS/E Name Description Comment
GENSAE Salient Pole Generator (Exponential
Saturation on Both Axes)
GENROE Round Rotor Generator (Exponential
Saturation)
GENTPJ Salient Pole and Round Rotor Saturation can be made dependent on stator current to
(Exponential Saturation) enhance model accuracy over a wide range of operation

Compensator Models
PSS/E Name Description Comment
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COMP Voltage Regulator Current Compensating
COMPCC Cross Compound Compensating
IEEEVC Voltage Regulator Current Compensating

Power System Stabilizer Models

PSS/E Name Description Comment
PSS2A IEEE 421.5 1992 PSS2A IEEE Dual-Input Stabilizer
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PSS2B IEEE 421.5 2005 PSS2B IEEE Dual-Input Stabilizer Model

PSS2C IEEE 421.5 2016 PSS2C1 IEEE Dual-Input Stabilizer Model
PSS3B IEEE Std. 421.5 2005 PSS3B IEEE Dual-Input Stabilizer
PSS4B IEEE Std. 421.5 2005 PSS4B IEEE Dual-Input Stabilizer
IEE2ST IEEE Stabilizer With Dual-Input Signals

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

Excitation System Models

PSS/E Description Comment
Name
AC7B IEEE 421.5 2005 AC7B excitation system Retrofits only
AC8B IEEE 421.5 2005 AC8B excitation system Retrofits only
ESAC1A 1992 IEEE type AC1A excitation system l Retrofits only
AC6A IEEE Std 421.5 Type AC6A
ESAC8B Basler DECS model
ESDC1A 1992 IEEE type DC1A excitation system Retrofits only
ESDC2A 1992 IEEE type DC2A excitation system Retrofits only
DC4B IEEE 421.5 2005 DC4B excitation system Retrofits only

ive
ESST1A 1992 IEEE type ST1A excitation system
ESST4B IEEE type ST4B potential or compounded source exciter
EXST1 1981 IEEE type ST1 excitation system
IEEET2 1968 IEEE type 2 excitation system Retrofits only
IEEET4 1968 IEEE type 4 excitation system Retrofits only
IEEEX1 1979 IEEE type 1 excitation system and 1981 IEEE type DC1 Retrofits only
IEEEX2 1979 IEEE type 2 excitation system Retrofits only
ST5B IEEE 421.5 2005 ST5B excitation system
ST6B IEEE 421.5 2005 ST6B excitation system
URST5T IEEE proposed type ST5B excitation system
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In general, only static excitation systems will satisfy IESO performance requirements for new
installations.

Turbine/Governor Models
PSS/E Name Description Comment
IEEEG1 IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governing
IEEEG3 IEEE Type 3 Speed-Governing
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GGOV1 GE General Governor/Turbine

GGOV1DU GE General Governor/Turbine with Dead-band
HYGOV Hydro Turbine-Governor
TGOV1 Steam Turbine-Governor
WEHGOV Woodward Electric Hydro Governor
WSHYDD WECC double derivative hydro governor
WPIDHY Woodward PID hydro turbine governor

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

Wind Turbine and Photovoltaic Models

PSS/E (DSA)Name Description Comment
REGCA1 (REGC_A) Renewable Energy Generator/Converter

REECA1 (REEC_A) Generic Renewable Electrical Control Model

REECC1 (REEC_C) Electrical Control for Utility Scale Battery
Energy Storage
WTDTA1 (WTGT_A) Generic Drive Train for Type 3 and Type 4 Wind
Machines
WTARA1 (WTGAR_A) Generic Aerodynamic for Type 3 Wind Machine
WTPTA1 (WTGPT_A) Generic Pitch Control for Type 3 Wind Machines
WTTQA1 (WTGTRQ_A) Generic Torque controller for Type 3 Wind

ive
Machines
REPCTA1 (REPC_A) Generic Renewable Plant Control Model – Type
3
REPCA1 (REPC_A) Generic Renewable Plant Control Model – Type
4
REAX3BU1 (REPC_B) Renewable Energy Auxiliary Control for type 3 To be used with PLNTBU1
wind turbines
REAX4BU1 (REBC_B Renewable Energy Auxiliary Control for type 4 To be used with PLNTBU1
wind turbines and PV inverters
Please consult with IESO staff to confirm when torque, pitch, aero, or drive train models are required.
ch
Plant Models
PSS/E Name Description Comment
PLNTBU1 Generic Plant Control To be used when plant controller
(REBC_B) controls multiple different types of
assets such as wind turbines, PV
inverters, SVC, and/or STATCOM.
To be used with REAX3BU1,
REAX4BU1, FCTAXBU1, and/or
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SVCAXBU1.

STATCOM Models
PSS/E Name Description Comment
SVSMO3U2 WECC VSC-based Static var System Control over mechanical switched
shunts
CSTATT Static condenser FACTS No control over mechanical
switched shunts

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

SVC Models
PSS/E Name Description Comment
CHSVCT SVC for switched shunt
PSS/E Name Description Comment
CSSCST SVC for switched shunt
CSVGN1 SCR controlled static var source
CSVGN3 SCR controlled static var source
CSVGN4 SCR controlled static var source
CSVGN5 WECC controlled static var source
CSVGN6 WECC controlled static var source l
SVSMO1U2 WECC Generic Continuous Control SVC

ive
SVSMO2U2 WECC Generic Discrete Control SVC
SVCAXBU1 SVC device Auxiliary Control To be used with PLNTBU1

5.7 Abbreviations and Acronyms

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
CT Current Transformer
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FCR Field Current Regulator
ICG IESO-controlled Grid
LOE Loss of Excitation
MEL Minimum Excitation Limiter
MCR Maximum Continuous Rating
MOT Main Output Transformer
Ar

OEL/UEL Over/Under Excitation Limiter

PF Power Factor
PSS Power System Stabilize
PT Potential Transformer
RAP Rated Active Power
FDD Facility Description Document
Efd Field Voltage
Freq Frequency
I Current
Iex Exciter Current

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Part 1.6: Performance Validation 5. Testing, Reporting, and Modelling

Ifd Field Current

Hz Hertz, Frequency
LOE Loss of Excitation
OOS Out of Step
P Active Power
Q Reactive Power
Rfd Field Resistance
RPM Revolutions per Minute

ive
Sex Excitation Transformer Rated Apparent Power
Sbase Rated Apparent Power Base
V Voltage
Vex Exciter Voltage
Vpri Primary Voltage
Vsec Secondary Voltage
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Vt Terminal Voltage

X Steady State value of X

– End of Document –
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