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BBT221 Lec 16,17 - Digestive System

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BBT221 Lec 16,17 - Digestive System

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iamraiyan123
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introductory Physiology

(BBT221)

Lec 16,17: Gastrointestinal system

Md. Asaduzzaman Khan, PhD (MAKN)


Dept. of Biochemistry & Microbiology,
North South University
Email: [email protected]
The Digestive System

• The gastrointestinal tract


• Gastrointestinal secretions
• Digestion and absorption
• Regulations of gastrointestinal functions
Digestive System (GI)
• GI tract divided into:
• Alimentary canal.
• Accessory digestive organs.
• GI tract is 30 ft long and extends from
mouth to anus
• GI tract includes oral cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and
large intestine
• The accessory digestive organs include
the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.

Pharynx:

The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose


and mouth, connecting them to the
esophagus.
Functions of the GI Tract
 Motility:
• Movement of food through the GI tract.
• Ingestion:
• Taking food into the mouth.
• Mastication:
• Chewing the food and mixing it with saliva.
• Deglutition:
• Swallowing the food.
• Peristalsis:
• Rhythmic wave-like contractions that move food through GI tract.
• Secretion:
• Includes both exocrine and endocrine secretions.
• Exocrine:
• HCl, H20, HC03-, bile, lipase, pepsin, amylase, trypsin and elastase are secreted
into the lumen of the GI tract.
• Endocrine:
• Stomach and small intestine secrete hormones to help regulate the GI system.
• Gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, GLP-1 and somatostatin.
Functions of the GI Tract

• Digestion:

• Breakdown of food particles into

subunits (chemical structure change).

• Absorption:

• Process of the passage of digestion

(chemical subunits) into the blood or

lymph.

• Storage and Temp. elimination:

• Temporary storage and elimination of

indigestible food.
Layers of GI Tract
• Composed of 4 tunics:
• Mucosa.
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
• Serosa
Layers of GI Tract

Mucosa
Submucosa
• Lines the lumen of GI tract.
• Consists of simple columnar epithelium. • Thick, highly vascular layer of connective
• Lamina propria: tissue.
• Thin layer of connective tissue • Absorbed molecules enter the blood and
• Muscularis mucosae: lymphatic vessels.
• Thin layer of smooth muscle responsible
for the folds. • Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus):
• Folds increase surface area for – Provide autonomic nerve supply to the
absorption.
• Goblet cells: muscularis mucosae
• Secrete mucus
Layers of GI Tract

• Muscularis
• Responsible for segmental contractions and peristaltic movement through the GI
tract.
• Inner circular layer of smooth muscle.
• Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.
• Contractions of these layers move food through the tract; and mix the food.
• Myenteric plexus located between the 2 muscle layers.
• Major nerve supply to GI tract.

• Serosa
• Binding and protective outer layer.
• Consists of connective tissue covered with simple squamous epithelium
Saliva is an Exocrine Secretion

• Saliva is a complex fluid


• Contains water, ions, mucus, and proteins such as enzymes and
immunoglobulins
• Saliva is slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7
From Mouth to Stomach

• Mastication (chewing):
• Mixes food with saliva which contains salivary amylase.
• Enzyme that can catalyze the partial digestion of starch.

• Deglutition (swallowing):
• Begins as a voluntary activity.
• Involves 3 phases:
• Oral phase is voluntary.
• Pharyngeal and esophageal phases are involuntary.
• Cannot be stopped.
• Involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in the mouth, pharynx and
esophagus are coordinated by the swallowing center.
• Esophagus:
• Connects pharynx to the stomach.
• Upper third contains skeletal muscle.

• Middle third contains a mixture of

skeletal and smooth muscle.

• Terminal portion contains only

smooth muscle.

• Peristalsis:

• Produced by a series of localized reflexes in response to distention


of wall by bolus.
• Circular smooth muscle contract behind, relaxes in front of the bolus.
• Followed by longitudinal contraction (shortening) of smooth muscle.
Stomach

• Most distensible part of GI


tract.
• Empties into the duodenum.

• Functions of the stomach:

• Stores food
• Kills bacteria
• Initiates digestion of proteins
• Mix chyme with gastric
secretions.
• Push food (chyme) into
intestine.
Stomach
• Cells that line the folds deeper in the mucosa, are gastric glands.

• Gastric Glands
– Goblet cells: mucus.
– Parietal cells: HCl and intrinsic
factor(Vit B12)
– Chief cells: pepsinogen.
– Enterochromaffin-like cells
(ECL): histamine and serotonin.
– G cells: gastrin.
– D cells: somatostatin.
– Stomach: ghrelin(↑before↓after meal)
Stomach
HCl Production
• Parietal cells secrete H+ into gastric lumen by primary active
transport, through H+/ K+ ATPase pump.
• Parietal cell’s basolateral membrane takes in Cl- against its
electrochemical gradient, by coupling its transport with HC03-.

• HCl production is stimulated:


– Indirectly by gastrin.
– Indirectly by ACh.
• ACh and gastrin stimulate release
of histamine.
– Histamine:
• Stimulates parietal cells to
secrete HCl.
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates

• Salivary amylase:
Begins starch digestion.
• Pancreatic amylase:
Digests starch to oligosaccharides.
• Intestinal Brush border enzymes:
Oligosaccharides hydrolyzed by
intestinal brush border enzymes.
Intestinal Enzymes

•Microvilli contain brush border enzymes that are


not secreted into the lumen.
• Brush border enzymes remain attached to the cell
membrane with their active sites exposed to the
chyme.
•Absorption requires both brush border enzymes
and pancreatic enzymes.
Carbohydrates Are Absorbed as Monosaccharides
Glucose is transported by secondary active transport with Na+ into the capillaries
Digestion and Absorption of Protein

• Digestion begins in the stomach when pepsin digests proteins to form


polypeptides.

• In the duodenum and jejunum:

• Endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds in the interior of the polypeptide:


• Trypsin.
• Chymotrypsin.
• Exopeptidases cleave peptide bonds from the ends of the polypeptide:
• Carboxypeptidase.
• Aminopeptidase
Proteins Are Digested into
Small Peptides and Amino Acids

Trypsin and
Chymotrypsin
Digestion and Absorption of Protein

• Free amino acids absorbed and co-


transported with Na+.

• Dipeptides and tripeptides are


transported by secondary active
transport using a H+ gradient to
transport them into the cytoplasm.

• Hydrolyzed into free amino acids and


then secreted into the blood
Bile Production and Secretion
• Bile acids are derivatives of cholesterol
• Major pathway of cholesterol breakdown in the body.
• Principal bile acids are:
• Cholic acid
• Chenodeoxycholic acid.
• Combine with glycine or taurine (Taurine is an amino sulfonic
acid, but it is often referred to as an amino acid, a chemical
that is a required building block of protein) to form bile salts.
• Bile salts aggregate as micelles
Digestion and
Absorption of Lipids
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
• Arrival of lipids in the duodenum serves as a stimulus for secretion of bile.
• Emulsification:
• Bile salt micelles are secreted into duodenum to break up fat droplets.
• Pancreatic lipase and colipase hydrolyze triglycerides to free fatty acids and
monglycerides.
• Form micelles and move to brush border.
• Free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and lysolecithin leave
micelles and enter into epithelial cells.
• Resynthesize triglycerides and phospholipids within cell.
• Combine with a protein to form chylomicrons.

• Secreted into central lacteals (A lacteal is a lymphatic


capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small
intestine.)

• Transport: In blood, lipoprotein lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides


to free fatty acids and glycerol for use in cells.

Lacteal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacteal
Absorption in Small Intestine
3 m (12 ft) long

Absorption in Small Intestine

• Duodenum and jejunum:


• Carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, iron, and
Ca2+.

• Ileum:
• Bile salts, vitamin B12, electrolytes,
and H20.
Absorption in Large Intestine
• Little absorptive function.

• Absorbs H20, electrolytes, several vitamin B complexes, vitamin K,


and folic acid.

• Intestinal microbiota produce significant amounts of folic acid


and vitamin K.

• Does not contain villi.


REGULATION OF GI FUNCTION
1. Long reflexes integrated in the CNS
2. Short reflexes integrated in the enteric
nervous system

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