t ; EXPERIMENT No. 4(A) oBsecTivE finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal tnelicator: (a) Dilute Hydrochlorte acid {b) Dilute NaOH solution {o Dilute Ethanoie acid solution [@) Lemonjuice (e) Water () Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution AppaRATUS REQUIRED Test tubes, test strip (pH paper), white tile, droppers CHEMICALS REQUIRED pilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sohition of sodium hydroxide, dilute solution of ethanoic acid, lemon juice, distilled water, dilute solution of sodium bicarboriate. THEORY 1. pHisthe hydrogen ion concentration (H'] ofa solution: 2, pH yalue of an acidic solution is Jess than 7. It means the hydrogen ion concentration [H’] of an acidic solution is more than 10”. For example, hydrochloric acid, ethanolic acid, ete. 3. pH value ofa basic solution is morethan 7. Itmeans the hydrogen ion concentration [H'] ofa basic solution is less than 10”. For example, NaOH solution. & pH value ofa neutral solution is eqiial to 7. It means the hydrogen ion concentration [H') of a neutral solution is equal to 10”. For example, pH value of pure water 15 7 at 298 K. 5. The pH value of a given sample can be measured by using test strip (pH paper) or universal indicator. PROCEDURE Take the given solutions in separate test tubes; and mark them as A, B, C, D. E and F respectively, Place a test strip ona clean and dry white tile. Withdraw the solution from test tube Ain a dropper and put two drops of iton the test strip (pH paper). Observe the colour developed on the test strip and compare it with the colour given on the chart of the pH paper. Note the pH value corresponding to the colour. Repeat this experiment using solution from test B, C, D, Band F respectively and note the pH value from the chart of pH! paper. aOBSERVATIONS . Name of sample 1 Dilute hydrochloric acid Dilute solution of sodium hydroxide Dilute solution ofethanoic acid _ Lemon juice Water Dilute hydrogen carbonate solution SHU0mpP ConcLusion jute solution of ethanoic acid and Jemon juice 1. The pH values of dilute hydrochloric acid, saat arclessthan7.Hence,thesearcacidicinnalare = a pioarbonateane ide 2. The pH values of dilute solutions of sodium lydroxi more than 7. Hence, these are basic in nase: it 2. The pHvalue of distilled wateris 7. Hence, itisneutral- PRECAUTIONS Y id wet hands. test strip with unclean an : ; ; a = a ee iat ane One strip of pH paper can be divided into four or more parts . Do not wz os 5 ecordi jirements. 3. pee properly before withdrawing each solution for testing.> ; EXPERIMENT No. 1(B) ecTIVE ‘quctyng theproperties of acids (HCY by thelrreaction wlth (Ge a (b) Zincmetal —_{¢) Solid sodturncarbonate appaRATUS REQUIRED rest tubes: droppers eMICALS REQUIRED pydrochlone acid, solid sodium carbonate, zine metal, tmus solutions (blue and red), es prepared lime water THEORY Hydrochloric acid turns blue litmus solution red. It does not affect red litmus, a: (j When zine metal reacts with hydrochtorie acid, hydrogen gas is released. Zn(s) + 2HCl—> ZnCl, +H, (ig Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen with a pop sound. 2H, + 0, —'2H,0 3, () When hydrochloric acid is added to solid sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide gas (CO) is released, Na.CO, + 2HCl—> 2NaCl+ CO, +H,0 (ij Carbon dioxide gas turns lime water milky due tothe formation of calcium carbonate. Ca{OH), + CO, —> CaCO, + 1,0 PROCEDURE §.No:| Experiment Observation Inference 4, | Litmus solutions : | (9) Take 1 ml of hydrochloric acid m| Bluelitmusturnsred, | HOLsacidicininature. atest tube and add a few drops of blue litmtis solution init. | (ig Take 1 ml hydrochloric acid in al No effect. It does not | test tube and add a few drops of] turn red litmus blue. | red litmus solution init. 2. | Zine metal ; Take 2 ml of HClina| Small bubbles of | test tube and drop twoor three pieces | hydrogen gas are’ | ofzine metal intoit. formed. 8, | Sodium Carbonate: (0 Take solid sodium carbonate in a| Brisk effervescence is | Sodium _ carbonate HClis acidic in nature. Zine metal reacts with HCl to release) hydrogen gas. clean and dry test tube and add a | formed. reacts with HC! to form few drops of hydrochloric acid O;. intoit. | (i) Pass the gas produced through|Lime water turns) CO, reacts, with freshly prepared lime water. | milky. water and produces — calcium carbonate. Nk 0-1ONCLUSION -- Hydrochloric acid turns blue litmus solution red but it does not es red litmus, :. Hydrochloric acid reacts with zine metal and releases hydrogen 89% 3. Hydrochloric acid is acidic in nature. 4. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonat RECAUTIONS 1 skin 1. Handle hydrochioric acid very carefully ast can burn yours! 2. Use small quantity of chemicals. 3. Wash your hand properly after completing U eand releases ca rbon dioxide gas, arid clothes, he experimentee a Studying the properties of basis (NaOH) by thetr reaction with a), Litmus solution (Blue /Red) b) Zine metal () Sottea (a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) io) Sodium carbon Apparatus REQUIRED Test tubes, droppers. CHEMICALS REQUIRED A dilute solution of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, litmus solution (bh phenolphthalein, zinc metal. mue and req), THEORY. 1. Sodium hydroxide turns red litmus solution blue. It does not affect blue litmus solution, 2. When zinc metal is treated with sodium hydroxide solution, hydrogen gas is relea; burns with a pop sound. Sodium zincate is also formed. Zn (s) + 2NaOH (aq) —> Na,ZnO, +H,7 (Sodium zincate) 3, Hydrochloric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide solution. HCl + NaOH —> NaCl + H,0 ‘Sed Which SOCEDURE 0. Experiment Observation Inference 4 q Litmus solutions : | () Take 1 mlofdilute NaOH solution | Redlitmusturnsblue. | NaOH is basic in ina test tube and add a few drops nature. 4 ofred litmus solution in it, (i) Take 1m of dilute NaOH solution | No effect in the colour | NaOH is basic in a separate test tube and add a| of}itmus solution. nature. few drops of blue HE solution init.Experiment Observation Inference zine metal : Take 2ml of dilute NaOH solution in| Bubbles of hydrogen| Zine eect a a test tube and drop two or three| gas are produced. NaOH to re a | pieces of zinc metal into it. gas: _ | Hydrochloric acid : = (0 Take 2 mlofdilute NaOH solution] The NaOH solution NaOH is basic in in a fest tube and add few drops| turns pink Bayt es of phenolpiithalein in it. | (i) Add few drops of hydrochloric] pinkcolourdisappears. | HCL jd to the above solution. NaOH. ac = 2 _— CONCLUSION 1. Sodium hydroxide is baste in nature as it turns red litmus solution blue and does not affect blue litmus solution. 2. Sodium hydroxide reacts with zinc metal releasing hydrogen gas. 3. Soditim hydroxide is neutralized by hydrochioric acid. PRECAUTIONS 1. Handle sodium hydroxide carefully as it can burn skin and clothes. 2. Usesmall quantity ofchemicals, 3. Wash your hands properly after completing the experiment neutralizesifying theminto : OBuective y 5 651 gandobserving the. foltowing rea" wions ana class! Performins (a) Combination reaction RED AppaRATUS REQU! filtration set, 6! Test tubes: beaker, CHEMICALS REQUIRED Quick lime (calcium oxide) ass rod ), red emus paper distilled water wo substances (water and quick cl this reaction © product— calcium hydroxid, le. THEORY 1, Thisisa combination reaction because in ime) directly combine with each other and form @ single new Chemical equation for this reaction isgiven pelow: CaO (s) + HOW — Ca(OH): (ag + Heat Calcium oxide water calcium hydroxide (Quick lime) {Slaked lime) is also produced during the reaction. asitturnsawet red litmus paper blue, CO, gas is passed through i This reaction is exothermic as heat Slaked lime formed duringthis reaction 5 pasicinnature 4, filtrate of the prodixct (calcium hydroxide) turns milky when due to the formation of calcium carbonate. Caton, + CO, —> CaCO: Lime water White ppt. (Milky) PROCEDURE co, aA——| Beaker Waterame fake about 30 mL of distill 2 f led water in | | aglass beaker and touch its surface. | g, | Add about 3 gm of quick lime in the | water and stiritwith aglass rod. | | | ) | 3. Now touch the surface of beaker, | | | 4, Putared litmus paperin the eee solution s. | Filter the solution present in the | beaker. Blow CO, gas from your mouth into the filtrate as shown in thefigure. CONCLUSION The action of water on quick lime isa combination reaction which is exother asic calcium hydroxide is formed as.a result of thisreaction. Bi PRECAUTIONS i. Donot touch quick lim 2, Add quick lime carefully in water as its action exothermic. Observation Its surface is neither | Wa' very hot norvery cold. A rapid reaction takes place with the formation of a new substance. The surface of beaker is hot. Red litmus turns blue. Colourless filtrate turns milky. e with bare hands. Itwill cause burn. with water is highly vigorous and 3. Pass CO, gas through the filtrate fora shorttime only. Inference ter and beaker are at the room tempe- rature Water reacts with quick lime forming new substance. Heat is produced during this reaction, ie., the reaction 1s exothermic. The new substance formed is basic in nature. The new substance formed is calcium liydroxide. mic in nature.eee MRR 3 EXPERIMENT No, 2(B) oe Performing and observing the following reactions and classifying them into: (b) Decomposition reaction APPARATUS REQUIRED Test tubes, test tube holder, burner, filter paper CHEMICALS REQUIRED Ferrous sulphate salt, blue litmus paper, acidified solution of potassium dichromate solution THEORY 1. This is a decomposition reaction because in this reaction, a:single substance (ferrous RIBAS 1 NO AB ANA eys Sulphate) produces three new substances on heating (thermal decomposition y, ‘The chemi¢al equation for this reaction is given below ACL ony 2Feso, (s) "+ Fe,0\(6) + SO, (9 + S09 Ferrous sulphate Ferrtouxide Sulphur dioxide Sulphur: (Brown) __(Coloutlews) (Coviarteg (Light green) Bases are ‘Sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide gases turn blue litmus red. So, these acidic in nature, SO, tums orange coloured aetdifed potassium dichromate paper green becanse sg reducing property. PROCEDURE Test tbe ‘Test tube holder Ferrous sulphate. (FeSO, Burner 2.2 : Heating ferrous sulphate Observation Inference | The ferrous sulphate salt is greenish in colour. bon | Experiment | 1, | Take about 2.5 gms of ferrous /Itscolouris light green. sulphate salt in a clean dry test tube and note its colour. 2. | Heat the test tube containing ferrous A colourless gas_ 18] Ferrous sulphate sulphate ona burner. produced leaving behind | decomposes on. ‘a brown yellow product | heating. in the test tube. 3. | Allow a little gas liberated towards |The colourless gas has | The colourless gases asmell like that of | are oxides of sulphur (SO, and SO.) Sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide, are acidic in nature. yournose to smellit. burning sulphur. Keep a wet blue litmus paper at the /[¢ turns red. mouth of the test tube in contact withCONCLUSION ‘The reaction which t PRECAUTIONS fakes place on heating ferrous sulphate 18 a thermal decomposition WiC oxide, stilphur dioxide and sulphur troixide are formed. 1. Heat the test tube uniformly, Ponotover smell the gasses producede SAT ENIMENT No. 2(6 OBJECTIVE Performing and observing the lor re minto r 9 i lowing re: ee : ie lowing eactions and classi fying them into: ton APPARATUS REQUIRED Iron nails, glass test tube, stand CHEMICALS REQUIRED Copper sulphate solution THEORY thread, sand Paper This is a displacemeni reac: copper, displaces eae ee ‘on because in this reaction, iron, being more reactive than er metal. Chemical mM copper sulphate solution forming greenish ferrous sulphate and copp *{Aemical equation for this reaction is given below: Fe(s) + CuSO, (aq) ——, Feso, (aq) + Cus) a ; Copper sulphate Ferrous sulphate Copper ey (Blue) (ight green) (Reddish brown) Experiment Observation Inference 1, Take two similar test tubes A|Remove the iron nail after|Iron, being more reactive and B and fix them in separate|about half an hour. Grey|than copper, has displaced) eerie) Take about 10 ml solution |colour of iron changes to copper from the solution. of copper sulphate solution in each |brown, Blue colour of the| Light green colour of the! test tube. Suspend a well cleaned|copper sulphate solution] solution shows the presence; iron nail in the copper sulphate | turns light green. of ferrous ions in the solution in test tube A. Note the solution. colour of the copper sulphate solution also. Keep the other test tube B for comparision other the -xperiment. IRMAL SCIENCE LAB MANUAL ~ X ne- Thread Test tube Test tube- A ‘Copper sul, solution oe comparison Copper sulphate solution si end Iron nail CONCLUSION The reaction between iron nail and copper sul which iron displaces copper from its salt solution fo copper metal. This copper metal gets deposited on the nail as bi shows that iron is more reactive than copper PRECAUTIONS 1. Clean the iron nails with s: 2. An ironnailand some copper Sulphate solution sho! comparison after the experiment. - a =>) priirar lution is a displacement reaction in. rming green ferrous sulphate solution and rown coating. This reaction also phate sol em. and paper before using the uild be kept separately in test tube Bfor¢ ExPerRIMENT NO. 2(D) OBJECTIVE Performing and observing the following reactions and classifying them into: (@ Double displacement reaction : (8 Action ef water on quick lime (i) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals (@) Ironnails kept in copper sulphate solution (i) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions APPARATUS REQUIRED Glass test tubes, test tube stand, a beaker, a glass rod. CHEMICALS REQUIRED Sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution. THEORY This is a double displacement reaction because in this reaction, both the reactants, ie., odium sulphate and barium chloride, exchange their ions forming barium sulphate (white ppt) nd sodium chloride. Chemical equation for the reaction is given below. Na,SO, (aq) + BaCl,(ag) ——> BaSO, (s) + 2NaCl Sodium sulphate Barium chloride Barium sulphate Sodium chloride SSS NIRMAL SCIENCE LAB MANUAL.Beaker spdiutt sulphate solution Barium chloride sohitien ‘sodium sulp! met (Colouless) (Colourless) Oe eee Tan Eee aers tice ct Take about 10 mi solation of sodiam sulphate ima glass test tube and mark it A. Take smilarvolume of barium chloride in a separate t¢ est tube and mark it B. Muxboth the solutions of test tube 4 and Bin a clean glass beaker carefully and stir the mixture with’s! SlaSs-r0dsA. White precipitate is (Gnned anti Shaws thie/forraation oF hart suiphate. Saline taste of the filtrate shows the formation of sodium chloride. Chemical equation for the whole reaction is given below : Na,SO,(aq) + Sodium sulphate BaCh (aq) ——, Baso,(s) + 2NaCl Barium chloride Barium sulphate Sodium chloride CONCLUSION When solutions of sodium Sulphate and barium chloride are mixed together, they exchange their ion anda double decomposition reaction takes place. Asa result of this reaction, white precipitate of barium sulphate and colourless sodium chloride are formed. PRECAUTIONS 1. Solutions should be mixed carefully, 2. Mixture should be stirred well after tnixing the solutions. 3. Use limited volumes of solutions,> ; EXPERIMENT No. 3(A) 0 oT teat Zn, Fe, CuandAtmet ppraRATUS REQUIRED ‘rest tubes, Sand paper cuemicats REQUIRED pieces of ine, Iron, copper and aluminium metals, aqueous solution of zinc sulphate THEORY _ The aqueovs solution of zine sulphate (2nSO,)is colourless, , The original colour of ferrous sulphate (FeSO,) solution is light green. The original colour of copper sulphate (C uSO,) solution is blue. ‘The aluminium sulphate [Al,(SO),| solution iscolourless. Reactivity of metals: (@ Ifmetal A displaces metal B from its aqueous solution, then metal Ais more reactive than metal B, (ij If metal B displaces metal A from its aqueous solution, then metal Bis more reactive than metal A. PROCEDURE ‘Take four clean and dry test tubes and mark them as A, B, Cand D. Pour equal volumes of aqueous solution of zinc sulphate into each test tube. Put a clean piece of zine, iron, copper and aluminium metals in the test tubes A, B, Cand Drespectiyely. Note your observations as shown inthe table given below: lals on the salt solutions ZnSO, (aq). Feeer Action of Zn, Fe, Cuand Al metals with zinc sulphate solution : S.No] Experiment Observation ___ Inference A, | Action of zine metal on the aqueous | No change, There is equilibrium: solution ofzine sulphate. between Zn and Zn”. Action of iron metal on the aqueous | Nochange. Iron is less reactive solution of zine sulphate. than zinc. C.} Action of copper metal on the No change. Copper is less reactive aqueous solution ofzine sulphate. thanzine. D, | Action of aluminium metal on the| There is a new coating | Aluminium is more aqueous solution ofzinesulphate, | on atuminium metal. _ | reactive than zinc. Test tube: ZnSO, Solistion A B c D “MRO oa3 Experiment No. 3(B) OBsecTIVE Observing the action of Zn. Fe, APPARATUS REQUIRED Test tubes, sand paper CHEMICALS REQUIRED Pieces of zine, iron, copper al PROCEDURE ; Take four clean and dry test tubes and mi aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate into eae ut and aluminium metals in the (est tubes A. B, Shown in the table given below : Action of Zn, Fe, Cuand Al metals with ferrous slp Observation ark them as A, B, Cand sh test tube. Puta clean hate solution : a= ee) he | Action of zine metal on the aqueous | The original green colour solution of ferrous sulphate. of the solution finally becomes _ colourless. There is grey deposit on zine metal. Action of iron metal on the aqueous | No change. solution of ferrous sulphate. C. | Action of copper metal on the|Nochange. aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate. D_ | Action of aluminium metal on the |e original green colour and D respectively. Note your observa a ‘Chand Almetals on the salt solutions (FeSO \iag, nd aluminium metals, aqueous solution offerrous supa, e, D. Pour equal Volum Piece of zinc, iron, oqaill + Cope fons, En Zinc is more rea than iron. 7 There is equilibriun, between Fe and Fe*, 4 Copper is less r thaniron. Aluminium is more aqueous solution of ferrous |o¢ the solution finally | reactive than iron. sulphate, becomes colourless, ‘There is grey deposit on aluminium metal. B Test tirb FeSO, Solution wus J_ j EXPERIMENT NO. 3(C) OBIECTIVE ing the action of Za, Fe, Cuand Al metals on the salt solutions CuSO, (aq) APPARATUS REQUIRED ‘pest tubes, sand paper CHEMICALS REQUIRED pieces ofzine, iran, copper and alunitinitim metals, aqueous soltition of copper sulphate pRrocEDURE ake four clean and dry test tubes and mark them as A, B, Cand D, Pour equal volumes of qqueous solution of copper sulphate into each test tube. Put a clean piece of zine, iron. capper and aluminium metals in the test tubes A. B, Cand Drespectively: Note your observations a8 shown in the table given below: ss action of Zn, Fe, Cuand Al metals with copper sulphate solution : ‘apse eal Experiment Observation Inference | [ee “a. | Action of zinc metal on the aqueous | Blue colour of original | Zine 1s more reactive | |_| solution of copper sulphate. solution finally | than copper: | becomes _coloutless. Tea There is brown deposit | onzinc metal , | Action of iron metal on the aqueous | Blue colour of original | Iron is more reactive solution of copper sulphate. solution turns light | than copper. green. Thereisa brown deposit on iron. ¢. | Action of copper metal on the | Nochange. There is equilibrtum aqueous solution of copper sulphate. between Cuand Cu”. D, Action of aluminium metal on the|Bhie colour of original | Aluminium is more | aqueous solution of copper sulphate. | solution finally becomes | reactive than copper. | colourless. There is a brown deposite on aluminium. Test tube CuSO, Solution B c D A NIRMAL SCIENCE LAB MANUAL - X DS ee i Oe SS ee¢ ExPeRiMENT No. 3(D) OBJECTIVE Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cuand Al metals on the salt solutions Al, (SO,), (aq). APPARATUS REQUIRED Test tubes sand paper CHEMICALS REQUIRED falumi Pieces ofzinc, iron, copper and aluminium metals, solution of aluminium sulphate PROCEDURE B, Cand D. Pour equal volumes of Take four clean and dry test tubes and mark them as A, i i aqueous solution of aluminium sulphate into cach test tube. Li ee of Zing copper and aluminium metals in the tes: tubes 4, B, C an pectively. Note your observations as shown in the table given below : . Action of Zn, Fe, Cuand Al metals with aluminium sulphate solution : S.No.| Experiment i Observation Inference 3 A. | Action of zinc metal on the aqueous No change. Zine is less reactive | solution of aluminium sulphate. than aluminium. i B. | Action of iron metal on the aqueous No change. Iron is less reactive solution of aluminium sulphate. than aluminium. C. | Action of copper metal on the aqueous. No change. Copper is less reactive solution of aluminium sulphate: than aluminium. D. | Action of aluminium metal on the No change. aqueous solution of aluminium There is equilibrium sulphate, between Aland Al”. PRECAUTIONS 2. Handle the chemicals carefully, 1. Test tubes should be cleaned and dried properly. 4, Clean the metal pieces with san 3. Donot waste the chemicals. paper before using them. * Punmemingamaier hin O/F7\paper betore using them, ¢ EXPERIMENT No. 3(E) OBJECTIVE Arranging Zn, Fe, Cand Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the result of experiment Ha), 3(b), 3{c), 3¢a). APPARATUS REQUIRED Result of experiment No. 3(a), 3(b), 3(c) and 3{d). OBSERVATIONS We observe following points from the observations according to experiment no. 3(a), 3(b), 3(q) and 3(d). (9 Zine replaces Fe” ions from ferrous sulphate solution and Cu” ions from copper sulphate solution. Thus, zinc is more reactive than iron and copper. Zn > Fe and Zn > Cu NIRMAL SCIENCE LAB MANUAL —~X(a ee Sepia Cu® from Soe Sebastes solution, Thus, iren is more reactive than copper: o> : °pPerum replaces: 25" tone fi p Aummum replaces Za" Jon6 from zine sulphate sohation, Fe" tone fram ferrous Se oe etal among ane from copper sulphate solution. Thus, abimimam 1s the most a nong Zn, iron and copper, Al>Zn>Fe>cu (i 1 pesut) ‘aluminium is thé most reactive metal amengzine | ererenviots! a —<—<_<_<_s —————t™S iron and copper. Al> Zn>Fe> Cu= EXPERIMENT No. 8 OBJECTIVE Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethetrote acted) : 4 (a) Odour (b) Solubllity inwater (9 Effector litmus (d) Reaction with sodlum hydrogen carey, = tle APPARATUS REQUIRED | Test tubes, dropper CHEMICALS REQUIRED Sample of acetic acid, freshly prepared lime water, soditim blearbonate, wate a litmus paper THEORY 1. The chemical fortr 2. IUPAC name of acetic acid 1s ethano! 3. Aceticacid has vinegar like odour. 4, Freezing point of pure glacial acetic ac 5. CH,COOHis acidic in nature because of the presence of carboxylic group (COOH) 6. Acetic acidis a weak acid. 7. Acetic acid is highly soluble in water. &. does not affect red litmus. 9 nula of acetic acid is CH. COOH. ic acid. idis 16,6°C. _ Aceticacid turns blue litmus red but . Acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide gas and prodyg effervescence NaHCO, + CH,COOH —> CH,COONa + 10 + co;t Sodium _—_Avetioacld ‘Sodium acetate Water. Carbon. bearbonaie diorade PROCEDURE : |s.No.| Experiment Observation Interne (1. | Odourafacetic acid: Take thegiven Tremelisiike vinegar, | It bas vinegar I | sample ina testtube and smellit. odour. | 2, | sotubitity in water: | (9 Take about 2 ml of water ina test | Ahomogeneous solution Acetic. acid is: | iube, Add a few drops of acetic isobtained. water. | | acid and shake it gently. | (i) Add'some more acetic acid in the | [talso dissolves. Acetic acid is same test tube. soluble in water. 3. | Effect on litmus paper: : | (@ Put two drops of acetic acid| Blue litmus paper Acetic acid is acidic solution on a strip of blue litmus | turns red. nature. paper placed on a clean and dry tile. (i Put two drops of acetic acid on a] No effect. Acetic acid is acidic i strip of red litmus paper placed nature, It does onacleanand dry tile. red litmus paper blue. NIRMAL ScieNCE LAB MANUAL“Inference sodium bicarbonate : (9 Take a pinch of sodium bicarbonate in a test tube and add 2 ml of acetic acid solution in it. (i) Pass the carbon dioxide gas formed in the above reaction through lime water, ano. Experiment 4. Reaction of acetic acid with | Effervescence is pro- Acetic acid releases carbon dioxide, when reacts with sodium bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide forms calcium carbonate, when reacts with! sodium bicarbonate. CONCLUSION 1, Acetic acid has vinegar like odour, 2. Acetic acid is highly soluble in water. 8, Acetic acid tums blue litmus red, hence acidicin nature. 4, Acetic acid releases carbon dioxide on reacting with sodium bicarbonate. PRECAUTIONS 1, Handle acetic acid with care. 2. Donotinhale the vapours of chemicals, 3. Pass carbon dioxide through freshly prepared lime water.3 EXPERIMENT No. 9 OBJECTIVE Study of the comparative cleaning capacity ofasample of soap in APPARATUS REQUIRED ‘Two glasstest tubes, twosmall pieces of dirt CHEMICALS REQUIRED cloth Soap solution, soft water, hard water THEORY Hard water contains magnesium fons present ir form of while precipitate. So, much sca; But soft water does not contain c: 7 making white precipitate. Hence, soft water gives ric! 4 hard water and form: calcium and magnesium tons. Soap reacts with the catciy sinsoluble calcium andmagnesitm say. din forming this precipitate. pis waste can clean more effectively in soft water. alcium and magnesium ions. So, no soap is lather (no precipitate) with gog AP: $0, Seay - Soft and here ete i Saltsin th ‘Wasted im PROCEDURE Experiment Observation Inference | 1. Take equal volumes of | Rich lather is formed in test | Soap forms more lather in say water than thatin hard water, | soap solution in two test tubes A and B. Add equal volumes of soft water in test tube A, and hard | water in test tube B. | Shake both the test tubes | well and observe. |2. Allow both the test tubes | to stand undisturbed for some time and look at the bottom ofeach test tube. 3. Dropa small piece of dirty cloth in each test tube, After about. 20 minutes, take out the cloth pieces and wash them with water. Dry them in air and observe. tube A while poor lather is formed in test B: No white precipitate is formed in test tube A while test tube B shows white precipitate at its bottom. Piece of cloth which was dropped in soft water soap more solution, appears clean, | Much soap gets ull making white precipi when used with hard water. But when used with soi water, no soap is wasted, consumed only in cleaning) work. { Cleaning capacity of soap better in soft water than in hard water.Poor lather Rich lather Harel water + says LC) White precipitate = Soft water + soap. CONCLUSION Cleansing properties of soap are better in soft water than in hard water. PRECAUTIONS 1. Use well cleaned glass tesi tubes. 2, Use equal volumes of solution for comparative study. 3. Donot try todrink hard water,