1

Fig. 4.2 shows a cactus plant.

Both plants live in very dry conditions.

spines

green,
fleshy
stem

x 50 x 0.5

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

(a) Suggest how each of the following adaptations would enable the named plant to survive
in very dry conditions.

(i) Ammophila

1.. rolled leaves with stomata on the inside of the le

[2]

2.. thick waxy cuticle on the outside of the le

[1]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) Cactus

1.. very long roo

[1]

2.. fleshy green st

[2]

(b) Suggest why having only a few, very small leaves could be a disadvantage to a plant.

[2]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Water is involved in a number of processes in plants.

Complete the table by

(i) naming the processes described;

(ii) stating one variable that, if increased, would speed up the process.

variable that, if increased, would

description of process name of process
speed up the process

absorption of water
from the soil

using water to form

glucose

movement of water
vapour out of leaves

[6]

[Total: 14]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Cicadas are insects that make a lot of noise.

Fig. 1.1 shows an adult chorus cicada, Amphipsalta zelandica, that is only found in New
Zealand.

Fig. 1.1

(a) State three features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show that the chorus cicada is an insect.

3 [3]

(b) Insects are classified in the same group as crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods.

Name the group that contains all these animals.

[1]

Evolutionary relationships between different species are investigated by examining DNA.

(c) State precisely where DNA is found in a cell.

[2]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Small sections of DNA in 14 species of cicada found in Australia, New Caledonia and New
Zealand (1 to 14) were examined for similarities and differences.

The results of the DNA examination of these species were used to make a diagram
showing how these cicada species may have evolved. Species that are closely related are
grouped together on the right of Fig. 1.2.

The brackets show that the cicada species in New Zealand are in two separate groups.

1
2
3
New Zealand
4
5
6

7
New Caledonia
8

9
the Australia
ancestral 10
species 11
of these New Zealand
cicada 12

13
Australia
14

Fig. 1.2

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (d) It is suggested that the eight cicada species in New Zealand originated from two
migrations, A and B, from Australia as shown in Fig.1.3.

New Caledonia

key
Australia
ralia migration A
migration B

New Zealand

Fig. 1.3

Explain how the results in Fig. 1.2 support the idea that the eight cicada species in New
Zealand originated from two migrations of cicadas as shown in Fig. 1.3.

You can use the numbers from Fig. 1.2 in your answer.

[3]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Islands in the Pacific have been colonised by populations of animals that have migrated
from Australia, mainland Asia and the Americas. Over many generations these populations
have changed. Now they are unable to breed with animals of the original populations in
Australia, mainland Asia and the Americas.

(e) Explain how natural selection has resulted in changes in the populations of animals on
islands in the Pacific.

[4]

[Total: 13]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 3 Two species of beetle, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, can infest and eat stored
flour.

In an investigation these two species were kept together in containers of flour under
different environmental conditions.

Many identical containers were set up, each with the same mass of flour.

Equal numbers of male and female flour beetles of the two species were put into each
container at the start.

The numbers of beetles were counted regularly.

The containers were left until only one species survived.

Table 5.1 shows the percentage of containers in which T. castaneum or T. confusum were
the only survivors.
Table 5.1

percentage of containers in percentage of containers in

environmental conditions which only T. castaneum which only T. confusum
survived / % survived / %
A hot and wet 100 0

B hot and dry 10 90

C warm and wet 86 14

D warm and dry 13 87

E cold and wet 29 71

F cold and dry 0 100

(a) Compare the survival of the two species of flour beetle in different temperatures and
humidities.

Use data from Table 5.1 to illustrate your answer.

[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk
 (b) Suggest why only one species survived in each container.

[2]

There is a gene in T. confusum which controls body colour.

A represents the dominant allele for red-brown body colour.

a represents the recessive allele for black body colour.

(c) Complete the genetic diagram below to show the colour of beetles produced when
heterozygous beetles are crossed with beetles that are homozygous recessive for this
gene.

parental phenotypes ............................ × ............................

parental genotypes ............................ × ............................

gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............

offspring genotypes ........................................................

offspring phenotypes ........................................................

ratio of phenotypes ........................................................

[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk
 The eyes of Tribolium species are usually black. A very small number of flour beetles have
white eyes.

(d) Explain how this happens and why they are so rare.

[2]

(e) Insect pests, such as flour beetles, eat the flour and deposit nitrogenous waste in urine
and faeces into the flour. This leads to the growth of bacteria and fungi in the flour.

Suggest and explain what happens to the nitrogenous waste and the faeces released
by the flour beetles.

[4]

[Total: 16]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 4 (a Define the term gene.

[1]

The medical condition sickle cell anaemia is widely distributed in Africa, parts of Asia and
the Americas. People with sickle cell anaemia have red blood cells with an abnormal form
of haemoglobin.

The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms:

HN = allele for normal haemoglobin

HS = allele for abnormal haemoglobin

(b) Complete the genetic diagram below to show how two people who are heterozygous
for this gene may have a child who has sickle cell anaemia.

Use the symbols HN and HS in your answer.

parental phenotypes normal x normal

parental genotypes ……… x ……….

gametes ……… + ……….

child’s genotype …………

child’s phenotype sickle cell anaemia

[3]
(c) Describe the effects of sickle cell anaemia on the body.

[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk
 (d) Fig. 5.1 is a map that shows the distribution of the allele for the abnormal form of
haemoglobin (HS) and malaria in Africa.

sickle cell allele

malaria

Fig. 5.1

Explain how natural selection is responsible for the distribution of the allele for the
abnormal form of haemoglobin (HS).

[5]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (e) Sickle cell anaemia is an example of the variation that exists in the human population.
It is a form of discontinuous variation.

Explain why sickle cell anaemia is a form of discontinuous variation.

[3]

[Total: 16]

For more help please visit our website www.exampaperspractice.co.uk

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com