FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

LABORATORY REPORT
BASIC CHEMISTRY

Tittle of Experiment: 1. BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

No. Experiment: Experiment 1

Name of Student: Yushasnizaarissa Binti Mohammad Yushafizal Binti
Mohammad Yushafizal
Student Id Number: 2023431204
Programme Code: AS117
Date of Experiment is 3 October 2023
done:
Date of Lab Report is 24 October 2023
submitted
Lecturer’s name: Hendrie Johann Bin Muhammad Rizwan
EXPRIMENT 1

OBJECTIVES
1. To learn the qualitative and quantitative aspects of common laboratory
equipment.
2. To expose student to the factors that affect the accuracy of an experiment.

INTRODUCTION
Chemistry is an experiment science. It depends upon careful observation and the use of
good laboratory techniques. Most of the experiment in the chemistry laboratory involve
quantitative analytical procedure. It is involving the use of common glassware for example
burette,pipette.volumetric flask etc. This glassware is used to measure the volume of
solutions at certain temperature. The volume of a liquid change with temperature, to get
the accuracy, the apparatus involves measuring the volume of solutions must be calibrated
before used.

Mistakes and errors can happen during an experiment. A mistake is blunder on

unintentional action whose consequence is undesirable. Error on the other hand,
account for range of values obtained from successive measurements of the same
quantity, even though there was no mistake in any of the measurement. Error may be
either systematic or random. A systematic or random. A systematic error will influence
the accuracy of a measurement, that is, the agreement between a measured value of a
quantity and its true value. A random error will be the evident when a measuring device,
even a very accurate one, is used a number of times to make the same measurement.
Both errors can be reduced by using calibrated apparatus and careful when doing
experiment.

APPARATUS
Analytical balance Pipette filler or suction bulb
Burette Retort stand
Pipette (20 mL or 25 mL) Burette clamp
Volumetric Flask (25 mL) Dropper
Beaker (50 mL)

PROCEDURE
 A. Calibration of Volumetric Flask
1. 25mL volumetric flask was clean and dry was weigh accurately using analytical
balance. Mass of empty volumetric flask has been recorded.
2. Distilled water has been added until the calibration mark (use a dropper to add
the last few drops of distilled water and volumetric flask.
3. Temperature of distilled water has been recorded
4. Volume of the volumetric flask has been determined, From the Table 1,

B. Calibration of Pipette
1. A 50mL beaker was clean and dry weigh accurately using analytical balance.
Mass of empty beaker has been recorded.
2. A pipette (20 or 25mL) was clean and rinse with distilled water.
3. the pipette has been filled with distilled water using the procedures that have
been discussed in the introduction part.
4. The distilled water has been drained into the beaker and weigh again. mass of
distilled water and beaker has been recorded.
5. Steps 1-4 were repeated one more time and the temperature of distilled water
has been recorded.
6. The actual volume of pipette has been determined, From the Table 1

C. Calibration of Burette
1. A 50 mL beaker was clean and dry and has been weigh accurately using analytical
balance. Mass of empty beaker has been recorded.
2. The burette was clean and dry with using distilled water and fill in burette with
the distilled water until zero mark. (Make sure there are no bubbles in the tip of
the burette)
3. 5 mL of the water has been drained from the burette into the beaker and weigh
as soon as possible. The mass has been recorded
4. Step 3 has been repeated by draining water from the burette until the following
burette reading become 10mL, 15mL and 20mL. (Each time 5mL distilled water
has been added from the burette). Record the mass (distilled water + beaker)
every time after adding 5mL of water.
5. The temperature of distilled water has been recorded.
 6. Actual volume has been determined for every addition of 5mL of distilled water,
From the Table 1.

Discussion
I) After doing some experiments it is true that the laboratory equipment has
calculations that are not precise or accurate and need to be repeated several
times to get valid calculations and correct answers.

II) The results that have been received when doing the experiment are not the same
because when doing or how to read the laboratory equipment it has been done
in an inaccurate way or not according to the procedure that has been shown.

III) Among the causes that have made this way of reading different is a blunder or
unintentional action whose consequence is undesirable. Error may be either
systematic or random. A systematic can happen when apparatus which is not
calibrated is used and will influence the accuracy of a measurement value of a
quantity and its true value.

IV) The experiment could be reduced by using calibrated apparatus and careful
when doing experiment.

Conclusion
This experiment has shown that affect the accuracy of an experiment can be error even
though there was no mistake in measurement.
Questions

1. How do you overcome or reduce the problem of random error and systematic
error while doing an experiment.
Random error almost always presents in scientific studies, even in highly controlled settings. While
you can’t eradicate it completely, you can reduce random by error taking repeated measurements,
using a large sample, and controlling extraneous variables.

2. In what situation do you use a volumetric flask, conical flask, pipette, and graduated
cylinder? Explain your answer from the accuracy aspects of these apparatus.

The volumetric flask, conical flask, pipette, and graduated cylinder is used for a measuring accurate
volume of liquid materials for laboratory experiments.

Volumetric flasks are the most accurate type of volumetric glassware, with an accuracy of ±0.1-1.0%
of their marked volume. They are used when very precise measurements are required, such as in
titrations.

Graduated cylinders are also accurate, with an accuracy of ±0.5-1.0% of their marked volume.
However, they are not as precise as volumetric flasks due to the difficulty in ensuring that the
meniscus (the curved top of the liquid in the cylinder) is exactly at the marked volume line.

It is important to note that the accuracy of these instruments can be affected by various factors,
including the temperature and viscosity of the liquid being measured, as well as the skill and
technique of the person using the instrument. Therefore, it is always necessary to carefully calibrate
and use these instruments according to the manufacturer's instructions to obtain the most accurate
results.

3. Explain how to read a burette. What are the factors to be considered while using the
burette?
Read the centre of the meniscus or the bottom of the U-shape. Unlike other volumetric glassware,
the zero scale on a burette is written across on the top. The measuring scale on the burette is at 0.10
intervals. All the burette readings are given to an accuracy of 0.05mL

References
i) https://www.webassign.net/question_assets/tccgenchem2l1/glassware/manual.
html#:~:text=All%20volumetric%20glassware%20is%20calibrated,line%20for%20
the%20desired%20volume