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Complete Chemistry in 70 Pages All Chapters Covered ( Best Short Notes ) .— Must Watch ChapterWise One Shot and Previous Year Question For Best erste Like Our FB Page- Bharat Chemistry Classe Youtube- Chemistry Guruji- Bharat Panchal Instagram- bharatpanchal92 | ae ale: = =| solution. | Tt is a homogeneous mixture of 0 of More thay Wo Substance @ St F '§ Sugar soluti i”. Types OF sonia d 49W Solution, salt SoluHo CR) Ga GD - Viguid tiga Sut liguag sg on ee r Qas liguia Lie \gurd Alcohol 3 : a @ ine guid Aerated dsinks solid StlidSoltd timed ws Solid Alloys linia ee Harel Li Solid Hydraled Salt gas Salid q was ‘solid Rusted chow Sit 3 as Sug Gas Smeke em as bong Gas #95 CT aug Gas Ay ‘Mass fercentage Mass of @ Component fp the 400 pars amass of solution Mand ~ a 06 Watiig Volume fercenta, ov. HCl by volume means (Gia Tecan 4, a component Sie fo the pes 100 park volumeng salahdo' Lom! He wm 400 mi Solution, Yok 7 4, B = Nol debe Ny 10? Vol: % Soli Mass by volume, fewcen’ ag é lee HCL mass by Yolume Seine | © Mass of component 404 HCl im doo mi dolubion. Nol ume Oy dolubow Mass “Fxachron (Hess Peo» farts per million Fai ee Pee | SOLSHC by Mass means 40.3 Ha tn 400g solution Koo Ty? We Btw, > Saw, eee x ao! Wy, Ses ty % e wth, * TH gases only 2h of > Po 5 | ua M Athy bi the rate] Scanned with CamScanner ee EE M i j 2 ite, | Pifterence bu Molasity nd molality Molayi Mola setined 22 NO-4 omole, es et Of setuje NOU 4 les g jolukt dissolved Gm pes solve iar Seat disselved : i lv tire 4, dolukion Onire Sclution, one ig M* WB x tooe Tre ||M= No m= he Ne Vem) +], Vein wa Clg) ™ pefined a2 ‘ho o Moleg % yolute dissolved im bey g Solvent me WB y Looe Me Wa) Maximuy, Qmount of. a specified amoayt OF @ solvent . at a Specitfed its Solubility, wal factors o eching Solubility of “a” Sclid hve Digccid b > fotay soluies In yon Pola: and non polay ? Elect of Jemperatarg > the Solubility fy Fe tt dissolution Wl peise FE Hed of ties Jrinpetatane SHEP Pe scune clo tect on soliibiiie, of som Is Hehayis tae ay a amount of Liquid is propor ™ =kup F A gas fb, + gao ‘on, farhios Pressure 9 Mole trachon o. - It he dissolution eases \Gaith suse ty PRCESS IE exothermic Molarity depenclo Melality is Sndepen-— on temperature dene oF -eme. Molarity decreases Metality does net ise & win ise by Changes sity ratang Fey exaturg Meloriy $ Molakity op bue waker is soy Substaneethak, can be disseivet jy Femp. is called {nm polar solvent F solvents (ite like dissolve Like) process & evidethermic Can> a) Hmpenature . (aH Petre Aix 20 “ADP KIA " Mix >o “waky + methane! —Attlone + etnanol —~ idee al Solx +h heptane laa are cated now ideal PtP RIX, & HPEIX ANmix #0 BU mix #9 -tnteraehion 4 A-G vo 4 AeA and 8-8 Acetone + ethanol Negative Deviation Tnterachon 4 AG fs High auan interachon 4 A-A and B-8 PACHA NTA fy positive devia hou = (deol gsoluhou vapour Phescang 4g mole Xp frachion age are Scanned with CamScanner - 7 Ge a We PHP Pheberties wahieh depends only on the number 4 Su ine a lt pacticles net on she naiusd 4, soluke parhicles auillvt end S “0 2 Elevaiton in g.p 5. Depression tn Erecting e- Gy Osmohe PKEScUrE . 0 hee a NOW Volakite solute dissolved yi a Vent, oluhow & than thas 7 Yapour pressure of thé S: 2 lr. | OF ure solvent which Rnown ao Lowerieg 4 Relative lowesing Ave ® Pats 2 MN equal to the mmole frachon 4, the =% = Solule in the ; " eo HARE Solution a ne yea Relative eievanov m Boiling pa Aste lune att “ey 7 lower 7 ve The ra 32 Seluhou coutal niu Atom Atoka a now volatle solute b&b qlusay¢ | higher thaw Dto> Ko ( Warr iece ) Ma aty) Mere Ky xwg ~ pty xWACg? es ebublioscople coustant oy Mslal elevation constant fivd the Bt of solnn 7 anne, coe 4 glucese Carn Oa) ns. : 4g A aker (CK, ase OT = Ke xwg xe0e [2218] Kin) Me xX Wace) >t: tT * OSLK O-Stoxiee* eo OTT, SEEK O'S£0 Xie. 7 190% Bog 0-01 = OOK 1333 GPF 4 solution at. tpt PFE Temperanihe Gh ATo> elevation Samg-Pt | Tu? BPE ANdolahon | Ty? BP Ne burt Selvent REPIESTEH iM PReeaing Comp) The & PE Sa eGution § AN KM OT = ken | -voldiile solute io T= K, ho + X uy | ne 2,165 Ahan dine Coe q the : we xs | Went. This Foe cecrease im 4 ag) fee i S> kK, see ta | c + XWexi fo Constant AT xwacg) / Gyoscopic Unit = Kg mort constant Ky = molat depression S Hrmed as depression im C.0% - ore aute Fee 4 4 solution com. OSE Chg = 190 g mol) Caray fod HE Che alin Kk mote A OTS Kp nudgniee« 4 Seluhbu Mg x WAC) 7 TE = 18 XGox Tempe katuke (kK) —> Te Reco TheeTp-0y RRB - Lap KEK *AFOWSEK Scanned with CamScanner Vapour Pressune » a eal & and Osmotic pressure’) The movement of solvent more CONC fue h 'es5 concenterated solution 4° % Oy olution thrugh semipermeable membrane is termed ao ont df The pressuke applied to shop osmosis to cate psmod'c PPC SSURE CP oy 7’) Camolar Cone os \ The CXRET Ro Gas lousteut | SBA TKI mel >VNeyextT Ts femberatrre v = Wg *RxT| T= Ye xexr [Me 3 Kv - High coueg [ow Gone, wis . Semi Permeable - | semi ferment Membrane GG) Dekrmine the osmotic (76st A esd -une % 4 SoluHow prepared by (Geet Tus0 solukton having same dissolving 46S io! g & Ki 50% pressure at a givel On inte wakeNok 25°C: cabled isotonic solution (Was aera “Wek it 16 complethy “Siesouidhed CRa 0-084 Lode ~ conc} 1ovscone OS TH one solution thaving higher ated reat osmohic PESYRE than other ‘¢ MB rIAa gm [Pez] Hypertonic solution Aas: ot Th > ar) Oh = di Joos Hypertonic Rypotonic a) I$ move than OSmehe Wy = Wa x RXT pressure abblied on olution side, keverse Mg 4 en & takes place , used tw Desalivaion 5g < yignd KO-OFLIXEUE te THARL = ONEST x1ot atm ee Sel Abnormal Molay Mass \Gahes He molecular mass @ Substance deier- —e— ou fe cmined by avy of the colligative parpersty canes _, © be diftxen than the expeckd vases te said to show) Aenormal anolay mass ee 7 Abnormal’ Mmelay mass is observed whey the dolubiou t+ How-idear Vanit Hoff fackay 4 It % ane xakio 4 ~~ ~~ ——~— experimented vadue Colligative pro Perty to the cokeutated % id4 > dissociotou i=4 > no ass. os Ass. Value of eolligative 920 perty. AS 9 association 4 = observed value 4 calligative Pub Xdigs.= Wags. 2 td Caleunated value q Gili. Prop. net rs = Gladatd molay mass Vane Hoff. & Gime ” O 4 aac ee dive Observed amdas mass hoe Roget “fs 4 = Mord molo aber acs: ay oliss- m4 x Xg wo-d, mslir befoxe ass. oy dics. AT + Akkym Ow 74k Kom ——_$_ We AxcrexT i Scanned with CamScanner =) y SY ee It h that branch of chemishy im which we ae j Studieo about jne seoftatton drip viuy electrical enka and chemical energy and theiy inter conversion. ; ¢ mallest AeviCe Cohich +feed to convert one form 4 energy tuto another foxm energy y elechophemical Cell Ceatuanie 5 Elecholyhe cee iege i @ AeUiCe hich comerts WHEE] TE toa device ushicn converts “eal ene into elechical encign”| e' Cipgot ~ 2-258 eg CASS 4 Zn —> Zus* + Emre] Given erated = O° 403V Ergot = Crean - 0.05%) gagCOxi] io, St SOE Applications) T cateadak ¢) fod Eley = Ered - Coxi Se 4 ac lectode pottntay 70.403 -C-0.463) =O aAwwe Dey ys AG" = ne Creep 2 exg9b500 ¥-36 Cot = ~69490T = -69.40 KT edd ~ ©0591 % ¥ Oe RL Ue CYT Calealale equities tary eae CO® bey Ke = Seg Crean ~ 0-059 deo nSat FbXO5% > (ego Y Gibte Bb a RGA O-0s% {Ae Energy and (ell pateupas Ke = antileg (toge ia — AGS ne een ov AGT s Hk 88 RT athe = OSB KC Scanned with CamScanner pq auclance ) G 4. Aye kaa UME = ohm! or 27 or Sicmer | A fh - a dilution Conductawe inckeaged ag no-4, iono are produce % Conducarce . mt GeeManduckvity(icy} 3 er GL Unit > ohm-l cmt ev Sem i o a decseAsas . Vy + 3 <7 dilution, specific conductance clecrease a0 ‘no- q, ions ber cm ft ey7t (Gusalent Conde Koy ISU ov Kx Ieee Unite CH ov G Cm eg {iUhov , equiv. fry % 8 iad imerease & on dill fal enk- Conduchvity rheases with dilubou dueto Mr en fla OMANI) NM KV or Kx1e0% Units 0-1 cm mol’! oF S Cm sunease with dilukon due t Jange ‘ncnease iv V @i nesistance 4, O01 M Nac solution ak Qs°C fo 200.5 - The cetf constant af me conduchvity celd used fs unity. calculate Hoe molar conduchivity dae ee be conduct Hy Ce) aL xG ado = sei? -2t cw wa. | par Conduckivity (ayy ee PK klooe, 2s xic2 meee + . 0! i Opies thn - cum 4 0-05 Maat solution 4 sik 4 Cm dnd length ia so cm fa 5-SS(x10% Bhim . calculate TH Kes!- -stivity, conduchvity and “molar conductivity on, spo ca NG ys™ mot fur artat = 244. Ky! = ak cmt | BER, P= RGF se ica nme x SUE. Cpe 3S ohm Gm ivil & Kd Again, conduckivity wal : Lisp Rve ohm cmt | r 27" | find molar conducts) " autor Ny Am i xo \2 LIS? xior? Ke, = 2316 2 ‘ O re sesisance 4 a condachviy reel containing o-oo m Kee doluhiou at 0? & at een) what i she cell oipgrant: &b He enceaiitey geet Ket solution = aK. & Ole ext? Som"? [LOT ‘ cept CH) = 14RD Scot — resistance (g)= 67 consjant > . A lant Decadictioly 5 conchectvily X keststence ‘Lime en clit Hing molar Gondluchiuik, tae DKKR > alg bxleIR1SW = O48 Cmt con dilunen 5 : cenknakoy hoa : ena’ Ree, LERCInty Sra ax Unlig mobs conescnity ond) Con be Hepkesented a the sum ihe tr Conduchvity of an eleckolyfe awion and cation a, the elechouyte Individual contributhous q, the Ain AB= Au AT + dw 87 Aeplicalid OF Repiyqucels 1a 4) Calculation 4 molay conduchiity 4, weak efectralyt Am Cy (00U. = A’, (gco0" + Ad, WE 4) Caleabation of clegnet a, Aissociahion c » is > Aw = Molar condudance af conc: C Calaulaben 4 dite cigs Moar condlac ab fag aliluhi en coc EO Clahbe const a “ x fe 4 Scanned with CamScanner re ssing (CD | ae ike Process: of de composition of an electolyle by Passing ‘ eclectic ty through its aqueots solukion or molten stake The amount: sisi FS he ower ah chemical WER dauyss Second AE) oF chiftenent weleChode during aynch, which Sttitance Uberaled bx ine Same fF pebertionad ty “es Clecholysis by a curvent uantity o elechicity passing throug | igh the elehauH oF cledcy Wane bebe he aed ave wkd Propoxhional to their chemece ‘ wW=Z@ where 2 3 elechocheneal i Cquivalent weight Uxtxe equivalent 4 ine substan, oe ‘a we AbMase deposited Oo et a I aK 7 whet E & equivalat cote . How much ch age fo equiked for the educhion of Lmol zytt to Za7 be Zt +4e@ sz, One mote 4 TH Requines tmoles geo Hels Q= KF Silvey is. Uniformly Clechodeposited on a metalic vessel of surface area of Oren’ by pass Poli Ore oumpere for U beige Woe ee ne 4 silver “deposi Qiven de Ms elechede seachion way Passed = Current xhime TOSKLXbox Ga = ) easels Xbox Zbooe ; Leg rior > [4025 7] let the Anieeness 4 deposit a Eso > Volume x dene: KAhiclenegy Og > 405k x Re (Fz z eentont cul @ ros many = 2xH500 = 143 000¢ i me a current Hrideness 4 pity siWVer a (PPS g co, Pag F_ i Agtree_, Maw quantiy 4 elech city M ij le Zhooc ® Clethity deposit = 1089 —_— HY = Amegkthidenest x density C-"Vol- = area 4.02 f i i orn i Clechone Hows Hmotigh q merailic wire if a current 4 % passed fo: % 4 bout 1 \Ctiven: F< aesc0C mol) Gare te Gem cmos k. eL DAK Newnes 4 co NO tat Change @)ar xt FOSKEX60Xt0 DBooe J. Nod e@x qatal chen =3 fetal cnatge LES KOM Co charge 4 one ¢2 ome Commercial Celle ~ celts once exhausted can not be Used ag i gcc ee | Econdary celP:- Rechargable cell can be used again and “Pin €g lead-stoage Puyet ALP Seal which Cay conve rt tthe enekey of combushion Ah Aytelo cau Sorry *F Hy, CO, UA ele into elechical energy ¢.9 +,-0, fuel cell CCE re f the process % Slow eating away 4% metals wher exposed + the ahvosphono bo called condsion Dx w an elechechemicad pp hehomenon whith occurs th the presence 4 7 Molstare and oFtgen ACEO toon Mncde!- &fe — ah +4 ee - - At Cathode !- O, + 4Ht 4 Gee Barrier Prokchon = 8Ho Overas fem 2h 40, + 4H? — > age apo 2 0 THE > att 420 = Sacrificial protechion Using anti~sust ol. ~ Elechical pistech’on Scanned with CamScanner Rematea 9 YS, Wall clocks Ranches” “Rodis ete. . \ Ts cell consigt EF Graphite 7 vessel act Pe Fe anod, 5 oe 1d ack ay le Coxid ation) in a uy. This cell consist & 7 Shap hile hod act ay J/zn vessel Cathode, Mixtuy & Anode Heo aud Kou Cathode | Which is filled Graphite ae { anGih Zac, wid ing redasCatuede “oie pouste > > ee vere MO, Paste, NUKE F : got KOK this cout give the voltage 4 V3SV through i whele Life Use ~ Tays, nearing aids, warches Ak ANedS Zn + gou-—» TO +HO*MEO _ At GaHede go +140 +2627 Hy * LOK overall er, 2, +Hy0 —> Wo+Hg £ A as anede oq 4, Ck: Gabi Yod b placed 1 middle 4 (el ack ay ¢ ee eed oy vow dered Oe acho) " a at Cathode: nd + Nut 4.9¢0 abe a INO hy (ead Storage Balle?) Uses . Ty inverter, in automobiles eh. — is CM consist of gix volkaic cell. Tn which ae Gre of lead and ote Matee are 4 lead conitas “lead act ao anode head oxide ack a2 Soy. le. Each ce give Ane Voltage 4% VU. AZPZ the 4 sulpnuric geidvack as elecholyte - 'S€ voltaic ce are se baraled by Hin fibre Glass = el ; 4 ra 3 fi % Afmede Pb + soz —> Pbs0, + Lee Me Cathode psd, +2622 Pb +50, At Gatiede Pho, + SO + GUT +202 pogo, AR Anode Pb504 441,0 —2 PbO,+ SORE te) The Orel PL Poo, FAM ave ARES 1a io Sg Geto APLSOy + LH,0—> Po +hb0, +n, advanic cells Hrok ave designed iKoomeets the energy A, combushou of 24 -KOK “Fuels Like Ayelragen, methane, methanol PRR itcectY Into elechyeal encpy <0, 9 Hy O, Fuel cedl ye puboled eee Hudkogen and one fo ag. KOU C-elechndeo ankough the clechoder 1 oy: contain iy Pt} Md ov AOU, | as calalyst py avode ° an, t 40" —> GH, + 4e Ak Cathode sé 0, +2u4,0+ ee? — Te Overall ee Sra el Renthin Juz +0, —? 24,0 eh ce havanioge OF Ae tolluvon Frat Scanned with CamScanner of chemistry which deals wih @ eps Te. t emicad Kineties ihe ie that branch 2 ‘ BD Very fash git Of Reaction nakes and thety mechanism” ay Wry Slourieen ese hemicad reachion which takes very fasltyeg fore + 39 Mederase fenin peinen | kts vow tong dime eg formation 4, coek Sderak Re WY slow nor very fast e i ae ae °F Reachon can eg Hydwlycic 4, eactant be defmed as 4h ae aa? = mace) 1 Product in unit ime. MAMIE I come. wieeae ot Ate) for +e veachon an o> 4n0, : a Uletex amex Bt lane vate of formation” a +0, = Tpeduehs oF citer 7 Me, obbearance Tek 2 are st, calcutate | s a re, i “para agy Grama et mewn ead apne tr AtR2B 6 Tae average Rake - — ATA) _ 1 ace) 2+ Of aenoo snstanda cous Ae ene at = Tt fame nate d Keach ara parteulay instant 4 Hime 4, React R < = AO) _ 4 dey’ ast MMe ac0 ate) Ace. to rake Law expression, -Ld eT A C1043. 00,3 Do “Kd Cay, 0, ) —— SS Se || Ot Psd ygenc? cz re Tahluencing rake ofa each) = ba x13 Msi Concenkrakiou:. Greater Phe cone. 4 Keactanis, faster > the grate 4 Rew ——— prysical State :- Reactions Tnyolving gaseBus neaciants are faster thar = Reachous containieg solid and Uquid seactawty. Temperature: The nak of reachay increases wlth fnchease 4 temp. for most 4 reaghions “wate neachon become admast doublo with gore sulse q femperxature bresence 4, Catobysts. A catalyst generally Mnckease re speed 4, xeaction Surface Area Of xeactant: fora Xeachon fuvolving a solid Keackut "2 OF catalyst, the greater” 1% +ne surpace arta, the fadkty +hef-seachon. 7" c fu the presence ‘aks. Photochemical neachons take place iw fresence lg tt only H,+U, AD 5 ener Adivation enekay' ower dine achvahou energy faster 2 the REAChON (fie toad Q pt on & fronad fo the Wad hsopiis tod, the Rake 4 H€achon % pro portiona ee NA molar concenteration 4 neaciaut and each Katse te +he power their Conrenjeratton dem on whtdr Salted, Reachoy actially depends Consider a general Keachdn Rate Constant 224x103 Ms-1 | ‘ Rake = Cay CBJ t or “IB Kear tegy Cornea le kaki 4 each Cred) 3 me sum 4 bowers an whi'ch Keactans becomes unify . nak gf keachon actually depend act. ba ‘Law expression K= Groce} Rake = K CA fg} 4 Ordeh 244 [Asst order, [Srond ote] « f Unit ¢ nate Constant th, for diferent order, Kado OOO or st prove! e-0 . mortel g- Scanned with CamScanner nec, B Reaction Ordey of a Reaction Bap et chemvcas gare ees faring |-2e & tne cum of te powes 28 each . fe a theoreticay rei Soms + Keaching species in Hake | a ee BLOM the picchantem foe oO" Crverimentad concer j K Lt bo an=ex derived prom the rake exprétrd, © n netthey be 2eho no 3 types lossy 4 Rie td It may be 200, frachonal or an a ‘cable | Mn teger. cmay kanye grom 0 103) ge be appite only fo elemet Heachins eleme-|| re B 4 entry he cra ole ede Té b applicable to elementary as i 4 a complex, neachon has Well ao complex neachons i mo Sgn ance wi Si, aig Efe gut a ‘nose peachon ushose rake degen upto Ene concentration deh 4, neadlarte, Roe pi ea “ee iar UNGES Hake capeyd OM TKO CONC teem dh Heacae -aeg oKdt nado an genera) Keachion-« neg encahing vot siden RP ; -faw > Kae Rake 4 RxY x CAI e - dO) 2K ting = Kee C-O at we get alee ye -dAcry > K-dt £20 , Re Re Tnkgenaking bots sides ce eT ae —Cdce = Kat =a Puk vase gl) = ce <2 Ce} Tat "gatae Ee tu CR LYS ATeeyae denotect bey ty. Hatt Bite Peviod It i tne Hme 4 due Reactant reduce te ky Re Mle te ky, Re Rel, Sip ARSE fog Re xa a ae bs Ay, 20.643 ca K Yh, = Re } © Br a xeauion arb—ah the tk t wake tous io gives by» fort ED relentity ane order or fei Vek CA) (J? Give order Wd (clamor st iy be moet st ovder = +8 fw: yf) ek ey second 2 ek Scanned with CamScanner P A first order reaction takes 20 minutes for £0% decomposition papal, (oy zor) wy iv Order keachon, K = 9.302 Bon Cee’ K* 2301 pg leo € 9 te we dS > 232 xo.099 = 44 a0 ' e ty = 0-602 Mal KO Haxied nee te the eatin takes 20 minutes for 457. decomposiHon, Seep wahen 45% a the xeachon will be complekd. Cai »g2 = 0-200, log3=o.4441 g 4=O-608) ory fuss ACC tp TS nil ‘ oe order kinetics tg tae, > k= 4302 Palloe) Sx 0.014 mir! oN (re Bonn CAS} Similas dy fox gna Process Holt = 4302 Jeg lee <> £= 99min eh ee € 25 : compares order Reaction, shou phat Hme mequtred for 9¢7. ts tuice the Hme KeGusxed for +e completon of- 2 db Heachou fos 7 (Caerey 8 fer Fist order Reaction, “¢> 9.202 eq Ce] for 947, completion of featnony CO Were ob dd Joo. on = fo le ak $g Lee \7y taor. st fg tee er: § AD x dagy. = exter Ne 490" ERE x I Freude First Jorder qpose neackion which are hot truly of dhe Hist order bub under certain conditens become yeachons 4, the fist order are called pseudo fish oxder &A. CG. Acid dy droysis 4 erry! acetate Cy COOGHs +},0 AS cry (OOK + Gls OU Rake = KE cu CoOGHeI * pdd catalysed inyersion a, cane Sugar h City, Ou + 0 tt GH * CoH j Glucose Buctese = 9265 min RAE > K CO Hye On Scanned with CamScanner y ius €quahon he Equahin which give nelahonship Sj nate constant and temperature Kx eEer » yo pe EMT bake & Dante 2 bane PRT lake pnhe Mae Cue Lux tan - Ea er a 1 At dep % Ae Teup T fink; = uA - Ea bik, -loh-ba fi eh —O Ks ee fat operahig 24. G -e4.0 woanate oer en fais - Dok, = Inh- ba —hoh ta ne or ko zm Ea> Actuation enexgy 1 Tempenatug chvahon enekgy) The mini mam amount of energy sequined Reactant molecies tp paicipar fe emia called ackivation energy cea waked Activation ene*g Y= en oes Thyeshod energy — Average Kinetic energy 4, Keachh mol eculéo Progress % Rew OA on CEndothemic) CExopner mic) Gllision “theory 4 Chemical Reachong “Reaction occas Aue to Collision molecules in valida molecules collide, ) and ~ AN cgluisions axe not effective — Effective collisions ave those collist wits sutticient kinenc enengy Ccatked thresndd energy. PRO per orientahon ons fi Scanned with CamScanner ce Chemisty Tt di t a se ay Y ea with phenomena nat occur ak the surface psorbtoe se cangade B tess of aceumutahon of molecular specles at@) — “gvnle The molecular er shan tv the bul 4a solid ov eequid The material species or subsiame, which concentrate at surface on the surtace 4 Conic adsorphior tasees place The process 4, Xemoving an adsorbed substance from Sur $ace OM pesosehee gyn The tesm used sone both adsoxphon avid absorphov bots takes place simultaneously Apsosphiow Le Adsovphion Silica gel cl, dy Udetey in water Coes 1 bhenomenon 5 = - It b a surface phenomenon re Ola dhe bo oceus only at ne surface | occurs Horoughoat 4 adsorbeut . ‘Hhe materiod = xt be rapid 'n begining Te occu ahuitfonn speed. Man wecornes slows aa, OX and AS alt ave -ve for adgoxph'od Geert Fi = Also Known ao Physisovphov = Alsoyendwn ao che fsoxphou . sat Dig evrthalby adsoxphov low egnths ail ie GD ge ergo to Ka/ra?! ~ tt fo a sever sible process rt & frreversible process - wet ase in 4 ay ee % ae ae ee eg | aoe coos “No achvahon euergy pogud'ned E Ache hen CMY xeputrced - Mubhimeleclan-Goyer ane formed unimolecular fawer 2 formed aches h Hechng Adsorph én * Surface axaa 4 gdsorbent!- 4H tne surface aney MAL 2 adsorfphon. rralned forte én the Sutgace, - Nature 4 adsorbent: 4xcath wy 4 . mor b ease wits which adsorph@n tak adioroeg pie a utface . fre ackvara adsorbents have AlgG *notine gas bel r= Castly Digushye Uke Ni, etng Qdsosbed i East Dioustable gacee Uke Ne an Me teh ied Caabete cythtcal | Hel, ,, $O, CO, fempenature U3 high) are ‘advovwked fo gxeakeh exert > pressunes-Adsorphem increaes ost fackease th pressure. The eddeck ha pressure 5 sarge at fow fenperaturae peratures pdsoypn'on deckeases cit En (rash ty feebperghuh@ Scanned with CamScanner hy lich “Adsorption Tsothenn The plot of & vs pressute at geund lich adoorpron Ssothesm COUstant +emperattiee fo called OMOL x + mam 4 adsoxpate fev fo pressurg be hon % Maw of adsorbent ap 14 bresure, fe high intermediake pressure m % xp y Kx pln curd Catalyst } Substance which accelerale the Hale 4 Q Chemical reackou and themselves seme nical "| emaumds chemially and quantizani Vel» unchagged the ‘acKau, are known a > 3\x Pressure > Ps Neen, ye Saturahoy, SR NA, a) Pressing B — oh. KEL LO} Sin = Aa fa Farce ne substence that: ‘enhance Me activity 4, a catalyse Nt2n & att, Tan ANU, fax * Cotalyh'c hs Sloper h Groweles ‘ Prison re THE substance that decea am Fe beg k He activity a Achithy % aa v2 the capacity A scatahist 40 ‘uncrease ae wi ‘i iil 4 4 chemical reach ‘Beetle ee the ability 4a catalyst to disecta chemical * reach'on and Give a parbiculay product . cot, 4s Hono i cot 3H, He, CH, +H,0 lomo. . aioe Calahsis proces be etch the neactant and Catabust ae fn game phase ty 25Y, +O, M29 950, ay ea 1 Scanned with CamScanner zz wouats perroder COU cataly sig © Se id the The process §, ich the seackenk aw Cakatys). ave ty diffrent un 4 880, +0, ft $850 used are tooiding , Fronricy , Charging pn Scanned with CamScanner ee ee General Principles and Processes of Isclaten Of Elements Minerals i i oi crust obtained ’ Nataradty occuring chemical substance tn earth by minin ic {tab OFS The minerals from ushich metal can be exhackd protilably and Convenien Melalursy. The scientific and Aechnological process used fer sesierbaclion ck the metal prom fis ores fs called metallurgy. three stebs: «) conentthahdy of oxes () Extraction of crude meted Gom concenter- -akd oye Gk Regn Gangue The eaxthy materials ; 08 imbusites UsiHh pote 1) Aluminium —— @auvite ae Ores are generelly ascociakt : Kaolinite Al, (only Si,Os are cated gangue Tron Haemehite Fe, 0, ~ All oresvaxe minerals but neh He ROn al minerak are pot ores Sidertte Fe CO, Genicenterahion of oO) Beha RE Raha eT area D Gppex oper Pyles Cet Sy ee the Unwanted ‘materials inslatinsie Calg Calon | PEO" the ore b known as Capyie cee Concenteration, dressing or Copper glance ais benefaction. some Tiberfend 4) Zn Procesien a ic C Zime wlende zus “> Hydraulic wash Cafamine Zuloz wh . neti. Sena how Zindke Zno mea RY drawlic Washing ahve dau ¢ UY Frodn Floatation Po cess WY) Leach = Hontihlng is based on tne diterenue ta Ak gravikies of ‘tne ove and the Gangue parhicles. rt %& theretore . AYRE of gravity sepanation. Im anis s Team of running water o> used to process an upward Sparahicy P Wash the powdered ov. Re lig the ¥ dengue pavheles washed quay and the heavier ees are Deut “behind. Magn Ye Separahow y ‘™a. Te fh hased on tn hehe pyeperhier Pavhcles and is us e diference in the 4 tre gaugue and or . ed for magneh' Teac sori haemehie (FO), walheavile Ceuan Cr04) RS faeces stadeed fe0Cy,0,) 7X => eyed Oe Containing j, iH U2) Lal snail on «ate hh nat greti Non magnetic pinche Kelleh. the magnetic pall nearer mragete piveg ¢ Kollea. while noy -magnehe parhcles Gavhiclee dardter of Scanned with Can Frits Floatation Prascey’) Tt fo based ou the difference fa the Welling Pripevhica 4, gaugue and or +NaLAg Ccnd,3 + NaOH RNa CAg Cen 3+ Zn —> Na, Cz Ccndgd + 24h Most abundant metat -» Aluminium Extrachow and i'soladion A, metad Caleinakow ‘i , MEMO oe fe tne bro cess Roasting Te b the process 4 heating the ore ¢ Bike cawbonale heating the ore (Like Re : (air and Wyydvaled Oxide) shongty elew dulpiole ores.) shore ly is mahing bout either (W the abgeng below it ameltiog point A aiy Ao dh Limiled subly dar ina Sufficient supply 4 aiy 7 Cawoonalke ons ax Comverttd uulo b bring ab out js onid. hd cide oves aud nemo volahile impure, @wcO, —? W040, ey Aullphidg oreo art wuverts ine onide Zs +0. —LD0 OO Scanned with CamScanner CRediuchort OY conversion of ‘ores fo mela) Te ore obtained afty calcinakon ox rea shig u veduced to metal and choice educing agent depends upon He Satie ie fal ice fx ducing 9 be aft 7 Cavloon oy Carlow mono oxide used for oxidea a R, 25a col he eal al osc cated cmaltivg. rede? Positive Mmelats Ake Na, Ai Mg or Hydrogen aye usect for 2 Wale C4 Me, Gs The, te ew 2> tv used for Nickel over fs Veduchou process f used for orto o Phy, Cuek. echo lytic neduchou to Used toy higher elechovositive metals Wwehallurgy or cLisplacement Method Eo uted for fy, Au eh- 4 meter Arification of cyude ‘Tetele buy removing she fmpun- Ugurabon inh “HOS presen by te Called rebini we fet fod mating tnetate tike-sa.p aa ton ee for wd Ow boi hing metols Lilee cine and a Metal ao aie. 'mbuat meted % evaporated to obtain the (leva Metals wits Joo ™eltivg.poivt Dike sb, py aye purified by His metrads Tho melttig poivt 4 metal an howty pray troce 4 doe Tmpuritien. fax tis purbose, a Sloping earth furnace. his metal oh ve Cth 42¢0 Calthede ortise® 5 Or. ~ Scanned with CamScanner - antimony , selenluu, Hlluriuu, siter ,gold& one Re tinint) tone refining metred b ug pyodet cst CELE Aewi conddetey and see 4 very we purity e. emai oi |: Nob gas Atmosprent If wi Sof, mae Op oven fu, Prdivw eb, me TXET ¢ induchon coik eked 4 18 (otto healer movirg as Priuciple He lw puvts ant mor Soluble da melt thau fu solid, 4 civcullay mobile taker v2 fired Tore atone evd da fod 9 me niles tone moves aloug coil tne healer ca ee eet sak a tthe health. moves forioand the burt metal crystasliien sone the Mel Qud te Impurih'es pass on inlo adjacent malian HoT} The metal Go converted inte ify velahie cououed tev decomposes tq give Pure metal. ; | @ Me Melat should form volatile compound with av avaifabe @) Te volahte compourd should be easity decomposable , gq *easet thor the necevery & easy. Two Types (i) Mond Prscess Mond Process avis : Udy Van Arkel Mend es r . moro anne this pydtess, nickel % Heated to a steam cavoou . rm 4 volahile Combe weet Ha caroonyk aes 400 Tee NiCCO4 seat Ni+ 400 : ileal Pure Nickel dena caroongR Nice Van Artech Mette a, anethed & useul for al ibe ; onyge# and nihogen prssenr in the form q 4m pike 2irco néam co) ae tieu i 0, ab an evacubled vescel with jodine Volahite zifeconium tetra (odiele va formed: Was b then decomposed by heating on Hargskn golament elechiably fo about /#p0 K fo give pure urconum. zy + tx, 820k 5 arc, 1B Ort we, ‘ Zico nits AUWO Aircon “upRconum, Hehe iodide Hy Twis method & based on te prinaple tar Aiftenewe components 4 Q wixtule ant difleunty adsoroed on adsocbet- This Mixture vo pub mm Mig uid or 4Aseous medium cated movirg wlourtd “hase uslrich & moved duvoyh the adgor bent Called Stahouay phage, Pitkertut compontuts ay pion —— Scanned with CamScanner adsorbed at duftentut Levels on the Columb. Laker hx Gdcowes Feomaved (elukd 7 by using suttalle soveur@ combonenk, ang called ela auty fig Thon coutatus Amount Sih Si,Mn) >. Cast Trou ye form Iu vever beva foxy tumare rhachou “d “pluminrai QO Ore > Caurile CA\,Og -XH,0) @ Concemlerahion « ¢ Qeachiry) 1203+ ONaoH + GHo—> ARC AE(OM)4 I & NACA Com) +60, 9 A107 X49 . Oo Al,0q°XY,0 442, @ AOy +XU,0 © Electrouyte Reduchion CHaLl ancl Heroulk Process) In tris process a fused mixtlat qalumind CALOD , Cryolike (Na, Alfe) Ox Flourspar C(af,) apie do auody ining 4 Cavoon act tele cholysedt using GWA stot vessel wilt a> Cotodg LALO, + 30 — AA + 30, mem eta for motes ofuvnintum the elecholhe Heachous ang Cathode: Anode: Ast £3e@ —yAl Ct Of —7 COr ke? c#dot — + CO, td0® Tne product obtained from blast {usnace t pigivon. rt About 44. ayo and many impurities im smaller Tk ft made by meltirg pig COR using hot aik blast Tt tas lg hty ower Cartoon conkut. faout 2%) and ia fe extremely Wand and brite. Wrought ACU Aico nown as mallealale Anon. Lt é the purest Kou. Zt is rebated from cast inom by oxidising impuri Aen Ol elechiuty but also lo AlOgt NGAME, Steel vessed + with Cinivg | Raashing « Iron wis schap (ion and tm the metaslurgy 4 alumivts fre: Fusedalimiva (Al,0z) joa bad conductor 4 Clechicity cryolike ox #NUorspat not only make alumina a gud conduchr what io the Role A crlitt seduce the melting poiue| 4% the mixture to Qnkound Il40 Kk \tacm 2343 k j ores: | (4) zine blende : ZnS v I Ui) casamine ! 2ncoz oy Zincite : 70 Concenterahou: Froth floatahon methed Fen #30,-7 42nd +450, H2S +20, 7 ZUS04, B2mS04, Bs £204 450,40, Reduction THO AC —> Zn +00 v Elecholyhic refining , dish'llation . Scanned with CamScanner L a Ure » finermodhayamic. and elechochemical pyincbles of exbach on ° ; imodLay inci i understanding > Thermodynamic principles : thermodynamics help iu the conditions d temp. and seleching i a metathurgical process. xis - Gibbs Helmpoite equation f used to check the feasibility 44 jae é 0 bites. BO = AN Tag 4 AGS 0, the Kecuchon fs feasible - It provides a sound idea about Selecting a educlng agent bn Heduchon 4 oxides ~ for a yeachou, enthalby change & fixed bub temperature factor can be conbolled and. it can be 285¢ Gin (tn WT he deducting factor for feasi bility Twp —> of that heaction; Ellinghan diagram for formation be of RO trom 2 co from Coy and CO, from to. > Coupled keactions: ry jeacanh Cal produds of hoo heachins aye out together We a system avd the net AG 4 two bessible Reachons % -ve, dre overast Reachion silt tabee place. thees teachous Qt Called coupled heachou Suitable petuciy, agent Sn 4g /ez mot Zo, 44? 96 RUKT my MK IK ISK oq i femperatung Mt tc e Hingham diagram Fhowing cine formanou 4 cu,0 tsom Cut, 200-4 ome CO frome and CO, fA0m Cand co Such dic es fn bredicti. ibi fil 4 mermal sedicnoy ogo” helps fn brédictivg the Rasibifity on ove + be % i deeb tov a Keachon 4o oe eae must be “ve at a given Schr sis toused to cawry out the eduction 4 @ molten Metal galt ~ the etectoche mical principles 4 4 +WS method can be Und er stood the equation, Aq?s- nee ~ Mort “Keachve metal tave Jakge negative value 4 the elechode potential so ek Reduchou & oli tei cult ~ Fh the distthence 4 two Cyaluey cowesbends 40.0. positive & aud Consequentey , negative Aa® shen te less xeachve merh sit come pub 4, he Soluhon and the Mor neacive meted us} ge 1 the colubon . co pee oe, Scanned with CamScanner the p- block Et Elements In eahich the (ast C2 ent ame®, lementy) ¢ 7 Y p-omital ane called p-1 etemery, (2) BOOP CoRgen femity ; PATI On 8 = Onygen - ectape us 7 Sulphate ~ 1 tpt eas now melag | Also enawn ke Bet Stlehium. qst4pt 1d. meradtora \72 cnalcogen ies Tellurium - Sst got j Solid, me! ov ort forming Aunicie Aloviam- ¢5rgp4 J radioachve Aemic Radi Xncmease down dhe groule Zensahen enthalpy peckease down tne gyoule Elechonegahivity pecrease down the gyoule Elechon gain Paley Tn crease from oxygen to sulphur and Hite ‘ding Point Increase down the Qyouf upto Te ayaitien Melting and Goi fing it ia ozs Allohoby All elements shous ro PY i 7 Wahon Stale} Stabitty 4 -% oxidahou state hemical Properhies COnaaTON HOGG srability oa, 2 the group, stability 4 +4 oxidation stake Increases and Hak 4, + 6 oxidation Jale decreases down me groulo due to fnert pair efpec. Cidnads AML tthe elements form stable hydndeo 4 the dype HM. ¥ general trende ant Gelling Prine H0'>H, Te >H,Se ?H,$ VelehDike Hs > H,Se > HeTe 29 bon Angle H,0> HS >My Se 4, Te Addic_Chavacky, Wo < HOH,0 Falide> Al elements fowm thabides d, the +ybe EX4,EX4 and EX, oxides ; . ~~ Simnbple_Oxides MgO, Al,Or Mixed Oxides Mbz04 , R04 fiddic Oxides “$09, cl,0z,C0,,N:o5° Basic Oxides NAO, Cad, ao Am phottric oxides AGS ALO: Neubal Oxides ca, NO, NO 7 > Prepakation 2 kc0, wo AKC 430, > Droxygen (2 colourtess and odourless gar 24,0 bs 4g +0, reat t ant nil of fbg04¢ A> 6 Pb0+O, —~Dloxygen lUneclly Reacts with alt eyo — MG + 0, metals Cexcebt Noble melale Like nuh) £PbQ —y 4Pb0+0, ee ometeds Cexce pk Noble gaseo) Ca +0 —2 20 CBaste Oxide) 2H, 0, —> 2h0r 0, ge ie AI +80, —> BA,Os CAmpholeric Oxide) M450, Ojo CAdidic Oxide) Cty OQ, CAudle Oxides Scanned with CamScanner 220s + 30, —> AO +450, CRoashing | H U Wile PDioxygen ia & gas ws! sulphur 2 Q golid af fom He t20, —> CQ €8H0 Clombushdu}] Jap.) ¢2018,L0Wd) 250, +4 Nude 2503 Ceatosytic Oxi-) Avs: 0, mole cules are held together by wseale vau ii +0, AGL, 9, F 2H Cot Oni) ger wraal forces because , FEF OrHibeiad ve spivahon in hosbitels| gyn, SMe and High EM by Mountaineers , pilols and divers Salbkhur Shows catenation + En O84 -byddrigen and oxy. aetylene |A"d He molecute 5 made | Perches which Qnxe used for cating shat ght aloms C $e) writs and “Wein 4 mejels fond ‘Mlermoleadar altrachve “gud aidkygen & used as rockeb | 10 aie “re subbhay extet HEM CORE (roperhies TOY ridising action % O40” PbS + 0, —> Pb soy +40, aes $037 don" 4T +0, Ho 40, —? 1,020, Ba, +0; —> Bad +29, Struckwre Oxidalov state dob arg Use ~ useol for bea ching ivory , flour, delicate falorics etc, “AS gexmicide and aisintectaut] ato walker for steyi dish 4, KM04 and = Manufacture Qk gd * Rhomibie sulphur Ca-sulphur) Lt has St mole cubes, yellows # colour, wi-PE BSP K;, specific gravity 4.06 g cwit | Dnsotuble water , soluble H CS, b Monoclinic Sulphur CB- sulphur) re has Sp molecutey , colourless, neealte Ahaped crystals, mph 342 K, Spectgic gravity (98 96m soluble 342K, Monoclinic Sulphur m: CS, shornbi'e. Y a d Sulphur Prepa xadion ay td St 4s 50, (Oz))} Peepavatroy Bo electric a pale blue 92S, dark blue Piquid and violet blade Selid. [? 0; ach as aq bowergul oxidici Puno “peiberature. discharge %O2 Ozone % thermedaynamicallay UNstable. Give) Reason. CD-4014, 2014) + Ozone is thesmodyyamically ont aud decomposes {nly The caloove conversion i> exotmermic beau & negative Also, eutvopy incseasey © AS to posikive Thus 5G fox 4he Aetompo sition A orome te thermo dy nayncadly AS: Orme ba Os —> 0, +0 Alowic atomic oxigen dius yaaa, Ee Hoe oxidakon while molecular oxegen sty F Sutbhur Yo Vapour fovm ex hibits Pavamagnehic behaviour I fos: At elevated teuifs. sulphur exist ao Sz Molecule which has two uvbained @© Ym tre aub'bonding T* ovbitals Pike O, hence exhibits pararnag netism Stable allohopic form o sulphur AM: Rnombic Sudphus . (Py 4, SOq, lab. Method _ By nearing Cu wilt Hy Gu 48H, 504 > Cushy. + $4. F440 “xt ¥2 ahso pre pared by treahing a Sullehile wits chile 1,504 @ StH "4 ant —5 4,0 + 50, r Oxsadids 4 Sulpruy “Ag Reducing agen: SO, +, Subphuyous kktndg $0 —> Hy so, tner hag aaa As Oxtdnere Teh TF KyS04 tots, +44 5041 4 Hy SOg ths : u WS4 S Sulbhurwe (44) = Bleachin, sind See, a Were nea q a bleachivg achou fy ue Hy S04. krmbora de 10 nedudhon and & : So, ety ti t 1 + Bo ae Peroxodisullphar « Coloured Sau 4 $04 + 8Cu) e7PNo-o $20 Aud. C40) Skuctenps gy 7 TCH) — Colourtess matey | ° oH, “ Hus, 0e Ia Didi san? @ gas having spt and’ v- shape PSOE So. ( Pursuspnaric S ai. a Aud @¢ Oe See ee i oe “ o ° oF ™s, 36 8 uw uses 2 9: 20 75. fersubbhurte yh the Thana facts a seuljohufuic {Soe C49) aad, subpnite and haesyon babpride puch «AS a csingectaut, (Umigant ancl preservahve [84 50, 14,0 > age ty — fox blea cui 9 delicate” arbtles. + SQf"+ ut HiSO4 | Orebared by) CONTACT PROCESS Cone. Hse , 7 2 | CataluH tH Sdg HE ts0g exe (este | oleaw a [Uses] Fe be used as onictising agent, derydrati, agent and for the pre barahou 4 Anes, dvugs, envlesives, volatile actals cue. > while the condition to maximise Hae yield 4 HS wy contact process. es Miss Tn contact process, the nate determinivg Ste 88q +O, BS 4504, AN = 196-6 K/rmel The neachou i> keversible and exothermic i@ DU it negahie. Thus arcoraing te Le- chatetrer pun cible, He condition to maxi thise de yield ae 2) At Dower tempeatart:= As heat 1 evolved fa the Reachon so, at lower Huperaiurt the reachon Proceeds amore m forurrd disechon. a4 +2#4 — \\yy at high pressures As aance moles 44 gaseous neattants give +.30 amo! CBN 1,504 + S04 4 geseoas product, thas at" bight) phessup Moves ta foruiard “bh ecty Hy}604. + COT\\ 6) cata * + (Nir) sop SENSE resence 4 catdlist in chease the fale 4 Reachions Scanned with Cam! Satphuric Aud 5 vill spon fa s Son WSO oS 5 ate fou Probertegizan Suh <7" NaHs04 tho NG, 904 + tHe 20504 4H, [Geter 180 + 11H4,0 se 50, + H,0 NGS, +H, 8 18

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