GENERAL PHYSICS 2 ELECTRICITY - electric charge at rest on

an object • Gauss’ Law

• Electric Charge and Static Electricity ELECTRIC DISCHARGE - loss of static - Carl Friedrich Gauss
Law of Electric Charges: same charge electricity - relationship between a charge
repels; distribution and the electric field it
opposite charge attracts • Coulomb’s Law produces
ELECTRIC FORCE - force between charged - describe electrostatic force between 𝑸𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅
objects greater charge: greater electrically charged particles 𝛷=
the force 𝒌 |𝒒𝟏𝒒𝟐| 𝑬𝟎
further distance: less the force 𝑭𝒆 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑸 = 𝝈𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑸 = 𝝈(𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒍)
Electroscope - device for measuring greater force: greater magnitude of the
amount of electric charge an object has charges greater force: least distance of • Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
the charges - to find charge of an electron
Types of Charging: 1. When doing a Millikan oil-drop
FRICTION - electrons are wiped from one experiment, it is best to work with drops
object onto another
• Electric Fields that have small charges. Therefore, when
CONDUCTION - electrons move from one the electric field is turned on, should you
- region around a charged object where
object to another through direct contact try to find drops that are moving rapidly or
electric forces can be exerted on another
INDUCTION - charges in an uncharged slowly? drops with less charge will move
charged object
object are slower 2. Two oil drops are held motionless
𝑭𝒆
rearranged without direct contact in a Millikan oildrop experiment. Can you
𝑬=
𝒒𝟎 be sure that the charges are the same? no
Conservation of Charge: no charges are 3. Two oil drops are held motionless in a
Electric Field Lines - visualizing the electric
created or destroyed Millikan oildrop experiment. The ratios of
field
which two properties
• Conductors and Insulators of the oil drops have to be equal? the mass
• Electric Flux
IONIZATION ENERGY - amount of energy to charge
- electric field and the surface through
necessary to remove an electron from ratio
which it passes
an atom
FLUX - amount of (electric) field passing
ELECTRON AFFINITY - amount of energy
through a specified area electric flux: total
needed to remove an electron from a
number of field lines
negatively charged ion STATIC
𝛷𝐸 = 𝑬(𝑨)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
• Electric Potential and Work - work opposite sign? The spacing indicates the 4. A force of 40 N acts on a charge of 0.25 C
required to bring a system of charges close relative magnitude of the electric field. in a region of space. The electric field at
together from an infinite distance 6. Inside an air-conditioned room metallic the point of the charge is 160 N/C
𝒌𝑸 𝑱 objects generally feel cooler to touch 5. The current flowing in your house is
𝑽= = than wooden objects. Why is this so? unlikely to affect a compass needle
𝒓 𝑪 Metal conducts heat better than wood because the wires are insulated with
- a charge moves in an electric field without 7. If you comb your hair and the comb plastic and the current is
any change in its kinetic energy becomes positively charge what will alternating
𝑾 = 𝒒∆𝑽 happen to your hair? it will acquire 6. How can we know the direction and the
negative charged charge of an object? by using test charge
A. 8. If you comb your hair and the combs 7. How does a charged particle "know"
1. When an ebonite rod is rubbed with become negatively charged, then your another one is "there?" by using test
animal fur, the rod becomes negatively hair becomes positively charged. charge
charged as negative charges are 9. Which of the following is not an 8. How the electrostatic force related with
transferred from the fur to the rod. insulator? copper the distance between two charges?
2. Which one of the following statements 10.Two uncharged objects have no effect Inversely
best explains why tiny bits of paper are on each other. proportional
attracted to a charged rubber rod? The
paper becomes B. C.
electrically polarized by induction 1. How is electricity formed? Transfer of 1. A negative charge of −2.0𝑥10−4 C and a
3. Which one of the following statements is electrons positive charge of 8.0𝑥10−4 C are
true concerning the magnitude of the 2. According to Coulomb's law, if the separated by 0.30 m. What is the force
electric field at a point in space? It is a electric force between two charges is between the two charges?
measure of the electric force per unit positive, which of the following must be 2. A negative charge of −6.0𝑥10−6 C exerts
charge on a test charge. true? The force between the charges is an attractive force of 65 N on a second
4. A positively charged rod is brought close repulsive charge that is 0.050 m away. What is the
to one end of a neutral metallic plate. 3. Two charges q1 and q2 are separated by magnitude of the second charge?
What type of charge is induced on the a distance r and apply a force F to each 3.A force of 2.4𝑥10−2 N exists between a
closest side of the plate? Negative other. If both charges are doubled, and positive charge of 8.0𝑥10−5 C and a positive
5. Which one of the following statements is the distance between them is halved, the charge of 3.0𝑥10−5 C. What distance
true concerning the spacing of the new force between them is 16F separates the charges? 4. A negative
electric field lines in the vicinity of two- charge of −2.0𝑥10−4 C and a zero
point charges of equal magnitude and
 charged object are separated by 0.30 m. Which of the following will be each other with a small separation?
What is the force between the two surrounded by a magnetic field? An There is a magnetic
charges? aluminum rod that has been touched by attractive force between the broken pieces
a magnet.
5. An electric field is measured using a 5. Which of the following is NOT true about
positive test charge of 3.0𝑥106 C. This the relationship between electricity and
test charge experiences a force of 0.12 N magnetism?
at an angle of 15° north of east. What are All magnets are surrounded by an
the magnitude and direction of the electrical field.
electric field strength at the location of 6. Moving the magnet back and forth
the test charge? through the coil of wire will cause which
6. What is the magnitude of the electric of the following to occur? Electrical
field strength at a position that is 1.2 m current will flow through the wire.
from a point charge of 4.02x10−6 C? 7. How does decreasing the number of
7. A positive test charge of 6.0106 C is turns in the coil of wire affect the
placed in an electric field of 50.0-N/C strength of the magnetic field of the
intensity. What is the strength of the electromagnet? The magnetic field
force exerted on the test charge? becomes.
8. What is the electric potential 17.3 cm 8. Which of the following devices work
from a +6µC point charge? because an electric current is used to
create a magnetic field? An electric fan
D. and a vacuum cleaner
1. Which one of the following statements 9. What is true about the field lines of all
concerning the direction of the electric electric, magnetic, and gravitational
field between the plates is true? It points fields? never cross
toward the negative plate 10. A bar magnet is divided in two
2. Which of the following is a device pieces. Which of the following
designed to open an overloaded circuit statements is true? Two new magnet is
and prevent overheating? circuit breaker created.
3. Which of the following will increase the 11. A bar magnet is divided in two
strength of the magnetic field in an pieces. Which of the following
electromagnet? Increasing the number statements is true about the force
of loops of wire around the iron core 4. between the broken pieces if they face
GENERAL PHYSICS 2 DIAMETER / CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA –
inversely proportional Resistor
Current, Voltage, and Resistance 𝑹𝟏/𝑹𝟐 = 𝒅𝟐𝟐/𝒅𝟏𝟐 RESISTOR – electric component designed
VOLTAGE (V) – charge (electron) pusher; TEMPERATURE – (conductor) directly to have specific amount of resistance;
causes the current to flow proportional; (insulator) inversely controls current flow and voltage
Alessandro Volta - inventor of proportional Noise of a Resistor – caused by its applied
electrochemical cell or the battery (1800) Superconductivity – resistance becomes voltage, physical dimension, and material
zero, allowing current to exist without it’s made of; Johnson’s Noise
CURRENT (I) – flow of charge within a energy wasted Power Rating of Resistor – maximum
conductor KIND of MATERIAL – resistivity (𝜌) power
Andre Ampere – discovered Resistors – conductors whose resistance is resistor can dissipate in form of heat
electromagnetism Types of Current Flow: constant when temperature is constant Voltage Rating of Resistor – maximum
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT – current 𝑹 = (𝝆𝑳)/𝑨 voltage can be applied across a resistor
flows out of positive side back to the
negative side of the battery; incorrect Types of Resistor: (based on conductive
(engineering) property)
Current Drift Velocity and Current
ELECTRON FLOW – electrons flow out of LINEAR RESISTOR – resistance remain
Velocity Current: 𝑰 = ∆𝑸/∆𝒕 = C/s
negative side back to positive side of the constant with increase in the potential
CHARGE DENSITY (p) – current of electric
battery (science) difference/voltage
charge per unit of area or volume
𝝆 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆/𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 NON-LINEAR RESISTOR – current passed
RESISTANCE (R) – opposes the push from CURRENT DENSITY (j) – ratio of the amount through is not exactly directly
the voltage source; affects the speed of the of current flowing through a conductor to proportional to the potential difference
current the crosssectional area of it applied
Georg Ohm – (Ohm’s Law) there is direct 𝒋 = 𝑰/𝑨 DRIFT Types of Resistor: (based on resistor’s
proportionality between voltage applied VELOCITY – average velocity attained by value)
across a conductor and the electric charged particles such as electrons on a FIXED VALUE RESISTOR – value is fixed
current Factors Affecting Resistance: material due already while manufacturing and can’t be
LENGTH of the WIRE – directly to electric field changed
proportional VARIABLE RESISTOR / POTENTIOMETER
𝑽𝒅 = ∆𝑿/∆𝒕
𝑹𝟏/𝑹𝟐 = 𝑳𝟏/𝑳𝟐 𝑽𝒅 = 𝑰/(𝒏𝑨𝒒) – value can be changed during usage
Resistivity – resistance per unit length of *n = number of charges PACKAGE RESISTOR – contains package
a specific substance to electric force *q = charge of an electron that have two/more resistors inside it
−𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗
 Types of Resistor: (based on LINEAR RESISTANCE – has a constant value 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝑘𝑊ℎ) ∗
composition) of ohms; R doesn’t change with applied 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 (ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) Power = V x I
CARBON DEPOSITION – made by voltage; V and I are directly proportional Electric Cost:
depositing thin layer of carbon around a NON-LINEAR RESISTANCE – increasing (𝑷 ∗ 𝑻) ∗ 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
ceramic rod applied V produces more current, but I
CARBON COMPOSITION – normally doesn’t change in the same proportion as Power Dissipation in Resistance: - heat is
produces noise due to electron passing the increase in V produced from the friction between
through one carbon to another; cheap Thermistor – another non-linear moving free electrons and the atoms
HIGH VOLTAGE INK FILM – made by resistance obstructing their path - heat is evidence
coating a that power is used in producing current
special resistive ink in a helical band Ohm’s Law Formulas:
METAL FILM – made by depositing 𝑽 𝑽
vaporized metal vacuum on a ceramic
core rod Basic Electrical Measuring Instruments
METAL GLAZE – made up of mixed glass Purpose of Ohm’s Law: Electrical Instrument – more rapid than
and metal and applied as thick films to a - in society, it is important in mechanical instrument; depends upon
ceramic substrate describing electric circuits because it mechanical meter movement as indicating
WIRE WOUND – made by winding a relates the voltage to the current, with devise Electronic Instrument – has a very
metal wire around a ceramic core the resistance value moderating the rapid response
CERAMIC METAL – made by firing certain relationship between the two
metals blended with ceramics on a - for students, it allows to analyze Classification of Measuring Instruments
ceramic substrate circuit diagram, especially when you PRIMARY/ABSOLUTE – gives the
combine it with Kirchhoff’s laws, which magnitude of quantity under
Resistor Color Coding Chart follow on from it measurement in terms of physical
- at home, it can be extended to constants of the instrument (Ex. Tangent
Ohm’s Law describe electrical power because Galvanometer, Raleigh Current Balance,
- states that “in an electric circuit, power P=IV, can use it to ensure Absolute
the current passing through most circuit provides enough energy Electrometer)
materials is directly proportional to the SECONDARY – gives the magnitude of the
potential difference applied across Electric Power electrical quantity to be measured directly
them” KILOWATT HOURS (kWh) – unit used for MULTIMETER (VOM) – combines
large amounts of electric work/energy several measurement functions in one
unit (display, selection knob, ports)
 CLAMPMETER – two jaws which open to VOLTAGE DIVIDER – series circuit used to FUSE - short piece of metal that melts when
allow clamping around electrical produce voltage source of desired too large current pass through it
conductor magnitude from a highervoltage battery CIRCUIT BREAKER - automatic switch that
AMMETER – two polarized terminal- opens when current reaches a threshold
device; connected in series with circuit value; open and stops the current
elements to measure sign and Application of Voltage Drop: GROUND-FAULT INTERRUPTER - prevents
magnitude of current flowing 1. Signal attenuators such injuries as it contains an electronic
VOLTMETER – has two terminals and 2. Creating reference voltages for the circuit that
senses the voltage between terminals sensors detects small differences in current
where they may be 3. Gadget regulator
connected to a circuit 4. Turning knob • Exploring Magnetism
Fe / Co / Ni - magnetic materials
Symbols used to Diagram Electric Parallel Circuit MAGNETIC POLES - north and south; like
Circuits - contains more than one path for poles repel and opposite attracts; isolated
current to flow; if a component is removed N and S have “never” been observed
Series Circuit it is possible for current to take another MAGNEC FIELD - field of electromagnetic
- all current travels through each device path to reach other components - voltage energy that transfers forces of magnet;
and is the same everywhere; there is only across every parallel component is equal depicted with field lines; always run from
a single current path north to south pole which creates a
closed circle
Voltage Source: - total resistance (RT) is equal to the Tesla - SI unit for magnetic field
𝑽𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑽 reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal
+ 𝑽𝟐 Total Resistance:
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION - dynamic
𝑹 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 …
- only partial current flows through electric/magnetic field creates a
Potential Drop:
each path - a positive lead and a negative magnetic/magnetic field
lead starts at the QUARKS - form neutrally charged neutrons
power supply and ends at the last source and
Voltage Drop: positively charged protons in the nucleus
• Circuit Safety Devices
SHORT CIRCUIT - occurs when a circuit with MAGNETIC FLUX (Wb) - measure of
a very low resistance is formed magnetic field strength present in a given
area; proportional to number of field lines
that pass through a surface
𝝓𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 𝝓𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔∅
𝑾𝒃 = 𝑻 ∗ 𝒎𝟐

Electromagnetic Induction
FARADAY - found that to generate current,
either the conductor can move through a
magnetic field or a magnetic field can move
past the conductor
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - process
of generating current through a circuit
𝑭 = 𝑰𝑳𝑩
F = force in a current-carrying in a
magnetic field
B = magnetic field strength
I = current
L = length of wire
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (V) - induced by
charging area of a coil in a constant
magnetic field Induced Current - current in
the coil brought about by a changing
magnetic field
𝑬𝑴𝑭 = 𝑩𝑳𝒗(𝒔𝒊𝒏∅)

Two conditions:
1. Charge must be moving, because
no magnetic force acts on a stationary
charge.
2. Velocity of the moving charge
must have a component that is
perpendicular.