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Software Process Model

The document discusses software process models and system development lifecycles. It defines key terms like systems, inputs, processes, outputs. It also describes different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, management information systems, and decision support systems. Finally, it outlines the roles and responsibilities of a system analyst in developing systems using the system development lifecycle approach.

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Xsree Heart
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18 views

Software Process Model

The document discusses software process models and system development lifecycles. It defines key terms like systems, inputs, processes, outputs. It also describes different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, management information systems, and decision support systems. Finally, it outlines the roles and responsibilities of a system analyst in developing systems using the system development lifecycle approach.

Uploaded by

Xsree Heart
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Software Process Model

UNIT
Introduction to System
The term system is derived from the Greek word ’systema’ which
means took place together i.e system is an organized relationship
among functioning of all units. It is a set or arrangement of things so
related or connected as to form unity. In order to achieve common
objective. In other word, system is a set element joint together for
common objective. Thus, we can define a system as collection
elements or components that are organized together for common
purpose in order to enable the flow of information. System can be
combination of people, device, process and method interrelated in
such a fashion that they all work together for common goal. Some
example of system are :
• Open system [example: biological system]
• Close system [example: nuclear weapon]
• Permanent system [example: government policy]
• Temporary system [example: small group research project in the
laboratory]
• Natural system [example water cycle, ecosystem etc]
• Manufactured system [example: transportation, manufacturing
system]
Basic interacting components of a system
• 1) Input: It involves capturing and assembling element that enter the system to be
processed. For eg, the input to a calculator is the keypad. We press keys and the keypad
sends an electric signal to be processed.
• 2) Process: It involves transformation processes that converts input into output. The
input signal are changed according to the instruction supplied to generate an output.
• 3) Output: It involves elements that have been produced by a transformation process to
their final and ultimate destination. The output of a calculator is the scree.
• 4) Storage: Storing for future so that we can retrieve and access whenever required.
• 5) Controlling: Monitoring the overall data and resources flow is known as controlling.
• 6) Feed back: Feedback is the idea of monitoring current output of the system and
comparing it with the system goal.
• 7) System boundary: The system boundary defines the components that make up the
system and scope of the organization which can be changed during system design.
• 8) System Environment: Anything outside the system boundary that may directly or
indirectly affect the system behavior is system environment.
Information System term
• Data: It is the raw facts and figures which are uninterpreted, unrelated and
isolated and doesn't give any sense are known as data. Data can be
collected from various sources such as interview, observation, sampling,
measuring, questionnaire, etc. Data are ta transformed into information
after processing which may later help in decision making
Eg, Global, 12, Pokhara, School
• Information: Information is the processed form of data. It is organized,
interpreted, corrected form of raw facts and figure. It is the processed data
into a form that is meaningful to the user so that decision maker may take
necessary action.
Eg, Global is a school located in Pokhara-12
Definition of Information system:

• The system which accepts data as Input, process it to generate the


information and provides the information to the user as output is the
information system. The information system is interrelated
components working together to collect data, process it, give output
and store using the resources of hardware, software, people,
procedure & controlling mechanism.
• It helps to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis
and visualization in an organization. The major objective of an
information system is to provide information on timely basis
throughout the organization. So that top level management can make
proper decision and take appropriate course of action in time.
Types of the information system
In an organization, there are various types of operations
that takes place. Several operation requires several
information system for the effective management of an
organization. Senior managers need information to help
with the business planning. Middle management need
more detail information to help them monitor and control
business activities. Employees with operation roles need
information to help them carry out their duties. Hence,
business organization tends to have several information
system operating at the same time. The several
information system are:
Transaction processing system (TPS)
A TPS is a basic business system which serves the most elementary day to
day activities of an organization. It supports the operational level of the
business that supplies data for higher level management for decision. A TPS
also collects and stores information about transaction and control some
expect of transaction, which includes the collection, modification and
retrieves of all transaction data. TPS is also known as real time processing.
For example, billing system to send invoice to customer, inventory
management system to keep record of purchase, sales and stock.
Management Information system (MIS)
Management information system provides information to manager of an
organization which helps them to organize, evaluate and efficiently
manage departments within an organization. It is primarily intended for
providing information from the data after processing them. The data are
generated, collected recorded, stored, processed and retrieved by MIS
after it has been generated by business operation or TPS in an
organization. It is the system that provides the information necessary to
manage and organization effectively. It has large quantity of input data
obtained from TPS and produce summary report as an output. It is used
by middle level management. For example, annual budgeting system,
auditing system etc
Decision Support system (DSS)
It is a computer based application that collects, organize, and analyze
business data to facilitate quality business decision making for
management, operation and planning. This system aid decision maker in
compiling a variety of data from of data from many sources. DSS
analysis helps companies to identify and solve problem and make
decision. It is created to help people to make decision by providing
access to information and analysis tool. It support the decision process
so manager can make simulation and prediction. DSS allows user to use
different option and find out what the outcome would be so that proper
action con be identified. DSS is flexible, adaptable and quick.
Executive support system

It is also known as executive information system. It is a decision support


system used to assist senior executive in the decision making process. It
does this by providing easy access to important data needed to achieve
strategic goals in on organization. ESS normally features graphical
display on an easy to use interface. ElS can be used in many different
type of organization to monitor enterprise performance as well as to
identify opportunities and problems.
System Analyst
The person who is involved in analyzing, designing, implementing and
evaluating, computer based information system to support decision
making and operation of an organization is known as system analyst.
He/she is a computer specialist person who is in charge of designing,
modifying and analyzing various system to ensure compatibility and
user effectiveness. A system analyst used computers and related system
to design new IT solution, modify, enhance, or adapt existing system
and integrate new feature or improvement all with the aim of improving
business efficiency and productivity. They must posses a high level of
technical expertise and have depth knowledge of current business
practices.
Attributes qualities of good system
analyst/desirable characteristics or qualities
• Knowledge of an organization

• Communication skill

• Technical knowledge

• Creativity

• Problem solving

• Dynamic interface
Roles and responsibilities/Duties

• 1) Defining requirement:

• 2) Analyst and evaluation:

• 3) Gathering data facts and opinion of user:

• 4) Prioritizing requirement:

• 5) Designing system:
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

System is defined as an integrations of objects of the real world


environment joined in some regular interaction. The process of
developing system by set of predefined steps is called system
development life cycle. We need system development lifecycle due to
following reasons. Computer based processing enables the same data to
be processed in many ways according to the need.

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