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CIVL471-Two-way Slab Design - Part 1

The document discusses types of two-way slabs including slabs on beams, flat slabs, and flat-plate floors. It also covers analysis methods for two-way slabs including the coefficient method and minimum reinforcement requirements.

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Mohammad Reza Bagerzadeh Karimi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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8 views

CIVL471-Two-way Slab Design - Part 1

The document discusses types of two-way slabs including slabs on beams, flat slabs, and flat-plate floors. It also covers analysis methods for two-way slabs including the coefficient method and minimum reinforcement requirements.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Reza Bagerzadeh Karimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CVLE471 - Reinforced concrete design

Two-way Slab design-part 1

Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammad R. Bagerzadeh Karimi


Two-way slab:

TYPES OF TWO-WAY SLABS

Structural two-way concrete slabs may be classified as follows:

1. Two-Way Slabs on Beams: This case occurs when the two-way slab is
supported by beams on all four sides. The loads from the slab are transferred to all
four supporting beams, which, in turn, transfer the loads to the columns.

2. Flat Slabs: A flat slab is a two-way slab reinforced in two directions that usually
does not have beams or girders, and the loads are transferred directly to the
supporting columns. The column lends to punch through the slab.

3. Flat-Plate Floors: A flat-plate floor is a two-way slab system consisting of a


uniform slab that rests directly on columns and does not have beams or column
capitals (Fig. a). In this case the column tends to punch through the slab, producing
diagonal tensile stresses. Therefore, a general increase in the slab thickness is
required or special reinforcement is used.
4. Two-Way Ribbed Slabs and the Waffle Slab System: This type of slab
consists of a floor slab with a length-to-width ratio less than 2. The thickness of
the slab is usually 5 to 10 cm and is supported by ribs (or joists) in two directions.
The ribs are arranged in each direction at spacings of about 50cm to 75cm,
producing square or rectangular shapes. The ribs can also be arranged at 45 or
60 degree from the centerline of slabs, producing architectural shapes at the
soffit of the slab.
Depth limitations of the ACI code:
Deflection shape of uniformly
loaded one-way slab

Ps l s3 Pl l l3
= = P

48EI 48EI
- Ps is the load carried by the short beam, Pl is the load carried by
the long beam Δ
- ls is the span length of the short beam and ll is the span length of
the long beam
- common deflection Δ
3
Ps  l l 
=   On the other hand, Ps + Pl = P
Pl  l s 
Solving above equations Ps and Pl can be calculated. For example if ll /ls = 2,

P 8
Ps = 8 Pl , 9 Pl = P , Pl = and Ps = P
9 9

• Note that in above large part of the load is carried by the short beam.
• A slab can be considered as consisting of two sets of parallel strips
perpendicular to each other.
a

strip c

ly b b

c
section a-a
c
lx section b-b
a

strip c

ly b b

c
section a-a
c
lx section b-b

• Above strips are very similar to the one considered in

• However these slabs are not jointed at the mid points and loads on the
strips are uniformly distributed.

• It can be shown that with similar calculations

(
W x / W y is proportion al to l y / l x )
4
• In reality load carrying mechanism of a slab is not simple. There are many
things which influence on the behavior such as:

– Beams supporting slabs deflects


– Slab loads are also resisted by twisting moments in addition to bending.

Note: twisting action is higher in the strips close to the supports. Twisting
effects can be seen in the form of lifting forces at the free corners and if
lifting is prevented cracking of the slab at the corners must be controlled by
special reinforcements.
In a slab subjected to uniformly distributed load maximum moments occur in the
middle strips and in the strips closer to the supports moments are smaller as
shown in the Figure.

ly ly

Variation of Mx in y direction
2 2

max My
max Mx
ly ly
2 2

lx lx y
Variation of My in x direction
2 2
x
a) Variation of Mx b) Variation of My

- In slabs if the strip where the maximum moment occurs fails, slab will not fail
since the other strips in x and y direction take over loads. The slab fails only after
the yielding of steel in both directions and in a rather large area. This is known
as redistribution of moments in slabs.
- Test with slabs showed that maximum moment in a simply supported square
slab may be computed as 0.036Wul2 which is %25 less than the exact value
0.048Wul2 obtained by elastic analysis. So that, in this case twisting moment
relive the bending moments by about 25%.

- Owing to inelastic redistribution a moment reduction of 25% is provided.

- Consistent with the assumptions of the analysis of two-way edge-supported


slabs, the main flexural reinforcement is placed in an orthogonal pattern, with
reinforcing bars parallel and perpendicular to the supported edges.

- As the positive steel is placed in two layers, the effective depth “d” for the upper
layer is smaller than that for the lower layer by one bar diameter.
Analysis of two-way slab:
Coefficient method:
- The panel A has two discontinuous edges while the other two edges are continuous and
adjacent to another slab.
- The panel B is continuous at three edges and the other edge is discontinuous.
- The panel C is continuous at all its edges.

Note that moments at edges of the slab is negative and the magnitude of positive moment is
based on the condition of continuity at the entire edges of the panel
Various possible support conditions which are considered in the moment coefficient tables
are shown as follows:

As far as ACI coefficient tables are concerned, Table 1 provides coefficients for negative
moments at continuous edges, and the ultimate moment at slab edge is achieved when both
adjacent slabs support full dead and live load. Table 2 provides the coefficient to compute
positive moments of slabs that carry dead load only.

Regarding Table 3 coefficients, they are applied to calculate positive moments of slabs on
which live loads are acted on. Lastly, coefficients used to estimate shears on slabs and loads
on supporting beams.
- According to ACI Code 13.3.1, the minimum reinforcement in each direction for
two-way slabs is that required for shrinkage and temperature crack control, as
given in Table 13.2. For two-way systems,

- The spacing of flexural reinforcement at critical sections must not exceed 2


times the slab thickness h.
The twisting moments discussed earlier are usually of consequence only at exterior
corners of a two-way slab system, where they tend to crack the slab at the bottom
along the panel diagonal, and at the top perpendicular to the panel diagonal.
Special reinforcement should be provided at exterior corners in both the bottom and
top of the slab, for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to one-fifth the
longer span of the corner panel. The reinforcement at the top of the slab should be
parallel to the diagonal from the corner, while that at the bottom should be
perpendicular to the diagonal. Alternatively, either layer of steel may be placed in
two bands parallel to the sides of the slab. The positive and negative reinforcement,
in any case, should be of a size and spacing equivalent to that required for the
maximum positive moment (per foot of width) in the panel, according to ACI Code
13.3.6.

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