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Chapter 2 Numericals

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11 views

Chapter 2 Numericals

Uploaded by

Mary angelique Razon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER TWO

MATRICES

2.10 THE MATRIX

In many economic analyses, variables are assumed to be related by sets of linear


equations.

Matrix algebra provides a clear and concise notation for the formulation and
solution of linear equation problems, many of which would be complicated in
conventional algebraic notation. The concept of determinant and is based on that of
matrix. Hence, we shall first explain a matrix.

Definition of a Matrix

A set of mn numbers (real or complex), arranged in a rectangular formation


(array or table) having m rows and n columns enclosed by a square bracket [ ], is
called m n matrix (read “m by n matrix”) as shown in the figure below.

The letters stand for real numbers. You should note that is the element in the ith
row and jth column of the matrix. Thus, the matrix A is sometimes denoted by
simplified form as ( ) or by * + i.e., ( ). Always remember that matrices are usually
denoted by capital letters A, B, C etc. and its elements by small letters a, b, c etc.

The size of the array is–written as m× n, where

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Order of a Matrix

The order or dimension of a matrix is the ordered pair having as first


component the number of rows and as second component the number of columns
in the matrix. If there are 3 rows and 2 columns in a matrix, then its order is
written as (3, 2) or (3 x 2) read as three by two. In general, if m are rows and n are
columns of a matrix, then its order is (m x n).

2.11 Some types of matrices

1. Row Matrix and Column Matrix:

A matrix consisting of a single row is called a row matrix or a row vector,


whereas a matrix having single column is called a column matrix or a column
vector.

2. Null or Zero Matrix:

A matrix in which each element is “0‟ is called a Null or Zero matrix. Zero
matrices are generally denoted by the symbol O. This distinguishes zero matrix
from the real number 0.

3. Square matrix:

A matrix A having same numbers of rows and columns is called a square


matrix. A matrix A of order m x n can be written as A m x n. If, then the matrix
is said to be a square matrix. A square matrix of order, is simply written as An.

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Linear System of Algebraic Equations

Main or Principal (leading) Diagonal:

The principal diagonal of a square matrix is the ordered set of elements aij,
where i = j, extending from the upper left-hand corner to the lower right-hand
corner of the matrix. Thus, the principal diagonal contains elements a11, a22,
a33 etc.

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Particular cases of a square matrix:

(a) Diagonal matrix:


A square matrix in which all elements is zero except those in the main or
principal diagonal is called a diagonal matrix. Some elements of the
principal diagonal may be zero but not all.

(b) Scalar Matrix:


A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same, is called a
scalar matrix i.e. Thus [] and [] are scalar matrices.
Thus;

(c) Identity Matrix or Unit matrix:


A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is 1(unity) is called a unit
matrix. An identity matrix of order n is denoted by In.

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4. Equal Matrices:
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if they have the same
order and each element of matrix A is equal to the corresponding element of
matrix B i.e for each i, j, aij = bij

then A = B because the order of matrices A and B is same and aij = bij for every
i, j.

Example 1: Find the values of x , y , z and a which satisfy the matrix equation.

Solution: By the definition of equality of matrices, we have

5. The Negative of a Matrix:

The negative of the matrix Amxn, denoted by –Amxn, is the matrix formed by
replacing each element in the matrix Amxn with its additive inverse.

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For example;

for every matrix Amxn, the matrix –Amxn has the property that
A + (–A) = (–A) + A = 0 i.e.,
(–A) is the additive inverse of A.
The sum Bm-n + (–Amxn) is called the difference of Bmxn and Amxn and
is denoted by Bmxn – Amxn

Operations on matrices:

(a) Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar:

If A is a matrix and k is a scalar (constant), then kA is a matrix whose


elements are the elements of A, each multiplied by k;

(b) Addition and subtraction of Matrices:

If A and B are two matrices of same order then their sum A + B is defined as C,
matrix such that each element of C is the sum of the corresponding elements
of A and B.
For example:

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Similarly, the difference A – B of the two matrices A and B is a matrix each
element of which is obtained by subtracting the elements of B from the
corresponding elements of A

If A, B and C are the matrices of the same order m x n then A + B = B + A, and


(A + B) + C =A + (B + C ) i.e., the addition of matrices is commutative and
Associative respectively.
Note: The sum or difference of two matrices of different order is not defined.

(c) Product of Matrices:

Two matrices A and B are said to be conformable for the product AB if the
number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. Then the product
matrix AB has the same number of rows as A and the same number of
columns as B.

Thus, the product of the matrices A mxp and Bpxn is the matrix ABmxn. The
elements of AB are determined as follows:
The element Cij in the ith row and jth column of (AB)mxn is found by;

Since the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B, the


product AB is defined and is given as;

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Thus, c11 is obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row of A i.e., a 11,
a12 by the corresponding elements of the first column of B i.e., b 11, b12 and
adding the product. Similarly, c12 is obtained by multiplying the elements of
the first row of A i.e., a11 , a12 by the corresponding elements of the second
column of B i.e., b21 , b22 and adding the product. Similarly, for c2, c22.

This example shows very clearly that multiplication of matrices in general, is


not commutative i.e., AB  BA.

Example 2:

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Solution:

EXERCISES 1

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EXERCISES 2

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2.20 THE DETERMINANTS OF A MATRIX

The Determinant of a Matrix:

The determinant of a matrix is a scalar (number), obtained from the elements of a


matrix by specified, operations, which is characteristic of the matrix. The
determinants are defined only for square matrices. It is denoted by det A or |A| for
a square matrix A. The determinant of the (2 x 2) matrix.

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The determinant of the 3 x 3 matrix

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EXERCISES

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