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Notes For Weeks 5-9 ENGG1800

The document discusses concepts in rigid body statics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and fluid dynamics. It defines key terms and concepts related to forces, moments, equilibrium, kinematics, kinetics, fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid flow, and Bernoulli's equation.

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Rebecca Morris
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17 views

Notes For Weeks 5-9 ENGG1800

The document discusses concepts in rigid body statics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and fluid dynamics. It defines key terms and concepts related to forces, moments, equilibrium, kinematics, kinetics, fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid flow, and Bernoulli's equation.

Uploaded by

Rebecca Morris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rigid Body Statics

Definition: Combination of a large number of particles in which all particles remained at a


fixed distance from one another
Newtons law of motions
1. An object will remain at rest/ uniform motion unless acted upon an external force
2. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to its mass
Force = Mass x acceleration
3. For every action there is an equal and opposition reaction
4. Gravitational attraction
Weight = mass x gravity

Force vectors
- Parallelogram law of addition: When two forces act on an object as the same time,
the net force on the object is constructed by a parallelogram with the two forces as
adjacent sides
- Triangle rule of addition: if two vectors as represented as adjacent sides of a triangle
the third side is the resultant of the two -> drawn using head to tail
- Magnitude is calculated:
- A = √ (a ¿ ¿ 2 ¿ +b2 )∨¿ ¿ ¿C = √ (a 2+ b2−2 abcosC )
- Direction of resultant force
A B c
- = =
sinA sinB sinC

Moments of Forces
- When a body is subject to a force it will tend to rotate around a point. This tendency
to rotate is called the moment of the force/ torque
- Moment magnitude M = Fdsin(theta)
- Moment direction is when the moment Is perpendicular to the plan
- For the Resultant moment split each force into horizontal and vertical components
then sum the components in each direction and get their moment
- Moment of a couple is two parallel noncollinear forces -> Moment = force x distance
- If multiple forces can simplify into one resultant force
- ∑ Fx=0 ∑ Fy=0 ∑ Mo=0
- ( Fr ) x=∑ Fx , ( Fr ) y=∑ Fy ,
- Fr=√ ( Frx )2+¿
−1 Fry
- θ=tan
Frx
- Resultant force line of action MR = WR d

Static Equilibrium
- Remains at rest/ has a constant velocity. Sum of all forced acting on object are equal
to zero -> ∑ Fx=0 ∑ Fy=0

Structural analysis
- Structures in bridges and roofs use trusses -> interconnected triangles that work
together. Each of its joints are in equilibrium
- Tensile force: force that elongates member
- Compressive force: shortens member
Dynamics
Definition: Branch of mechanics that deals with motion of bodies under action forces
- Kinematics: study of motion without reference to forces
- Kinetics: relates action of forces on bodies to their resulting motions

Kinematics of Particles
- Velocity = displacement % time interval and acceleration = velocity % time
- When a is constant, the following equations
2 2 1 2
- v=v 0+ at , v =v o +2 a ( s−so ) , s=so+ vot + a t
2
- Don’t forget to change units e.g., hours to seconds (/3.6)

Kinetics of particles
- Unconstrained motion: particle if free of mechanical guides and follows a path
determined by its initial motions
- Constrained motion: some forces acting on a particle are constrained motions
- If the action forces are in different directions
- ∑ Fx=max , ∑ Fy=may , ∑ Fz=maz
- If there is no motion in one of the directions, this means the forces are balances and
the sum of F in that direction equals 0

Fluid Mechanics
Definition: fluids can be divided into liquids and gases-> they can flow and do not have
definite shape

Density and Pressure


- Density: measures amount of mass per unit
- P = mass of substance / volume
- For liquid density p = SG. Pw
- Pressure: force per unit area exerted by a fluid
- Pressure = force/area
- Pressure in a static fluid is P = pgh
- Pascals law: pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions
- Gauge pressure: if pressure is relative to atmosphere pressure
- Absolute pressure: if pressure is relative to vacuum
Viscosity
- Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow – “shear stress”
- Force = viscosity x area x rate of shear deformation
Surface tension
- Liquid surface acts like a stretched elastic membrane in tension trying to resistant an
external force
Hydraulic pressure and forces
- Incompressible fluids: liquid volume will not change under pressure unlike gases
Buoyancy
- Tendency of an object to float in a fluid. All liquids and gases (with gravity) exert an
upward force known as the buoyant force
- Buoyant force = fluid density x gravity x fluid Volume

Fluid Statics
Definition: branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the behaviour of fluids at rest/ in a
state of equilibrium (e.g., pressure and buoyancy)

Hydraulic pressure
- For a fluid at rest there are no stresses but there are normal stresses (pressure) due
to weight
- Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest are the same in all direction
- Pgauge = pgh (density x gravity x height)

Manometer and Hydraulic jacks


- Devices that allow us to measure pressure acting on a column of fluid
- Manometer: two points will have the same pressure if they are the same horizontal
level
- PA = PB = PC -> P = PA + Pliq ->P = PA + pgh
- Liquid density p = SG. Pw
- Hydraulic Jacks: also have the same pressure at horizontal level. The area ratio
between the two pistons enables us to hold larger forces while paying small ones
F1 F2
- P 1= , P 2=
A1 A2
A2
- F 2= F1
A1

Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces


- Static forces resulting from pressure on submerged surfaced include dams, canals
- To determine these forces, need to find their magnitude and line of action
- FR = Pc x A (pc is the absolute pressure in the liquid at the location of the centroid of
area A1

Buoyancy
- Tendency of an object to float in a fluid. All liquids and gases (with gravity) exert an
upward force known as the buoyant force
- Net vertical pressure force acting on an immersed body
- Buoyant force = fluid density x gravity/acceleration x fluid Volume

Fluid Dynamics
Definition: branch of physics that studies the motion and behaviour of fluids

Fluid Flow Rate/ Volume flow rate


- The amount of fluid that passes through a given area/ Volume
- Q = V x A (Velocity x Area)
- Mass flow rate: mass of fluid that passes over a certain time
- M = p x Q (density x Volume flow rate)
- Can still use basic method to measure flow rate Q = V/t, m = M/t
Conservation of mass (continuity)
- Principle: mass is neither created nor destroyed
- Special forms of the conservation of mass
1. Steady, incompressible flow (volume does not change)
2. Steady, incompressible flow with uniform inlet/ outlets velocities
3. Steady, incompressible pipe flow (one inlet and outlet)
p1v1A1 = p2v2A2 If density is the same v1A1 = v2A2

Conservation of linear momentum


- Special forms of the conservation of linear momentum
1. Steady, incompressible flow (volume does not change)
2. Steady, incompressible flow with uniform inlet/ outlets velocities
3. Steady, incompressible pipe flow (one inlet and outlet)
4. ∑ Fx= p 2 v 22 A 2− p 1 v 12 A 1

Viscous and inviscous flow


- viscous: fluid has resistance to flow due to its internal friction (oil, honey)
- Invsious: fluid has no internal friction or viscosity (air, water)

Fluid Dynamics – Bernoulli’s Equation


Conservation of mass

Steady, incompressible flow

Conservation of momentum
- Navier Stokes Equation

Laminar vs. Turbulent flow


- Laminar flow: smooth, ordered, and predictable movement of fluid particles
- Turbulent: chaotic, irregular, and unpredictable motion of fluid particles.

Conservation of momentum for Inviscid fluids


- Euler Equation assumes viscosity is zero - > “inviscous”, “frictionless”
Inviscid flow
- Truly inviscid fluids do not exist -> approximation used to understand many flows
- Inviscid assumption allows for simple solutions to hydraulic, pipelines, nozzles

Streamlines, streak lines, and path lines


- Streamline: line that smoothly connects velocity vectors at an instance in time.
- Streak line: curved line formed by a string of fluid particles which have passed
through a certain point
- Path line is a path that a fluid particle traces

Bernoulli’s Equation
- A simple algebraic expression relating pressure, velocity and elevation of a fluid.
- Strict conditions on its use: 1. Steady flow
2. Incompressible flow (M < 0.3)
3. Frictionless (inviscid) flow
4. Flow along a streamline
- P(pressure), d(density), V(velocity), g(gravity), z(height)
- (Pressure energy + Kinetic Energy+ Potential Energy) is Constant along a streamline.

Static, stagnation and dynamic pressures


- Static Pressure: measure static pressure in a flowing fluid by use of a wall pressure tap.
- Stagnation pressure: pressure obtained when a flowing fluid is decelerated to zero
speed in a frictionless process. In an incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation can be
used to calculate the stagnation pressure (denoted as Po).

- If the static pressure is P at a point in the flow where the velocity is V, then the
stagnation pressure P0 occurs where stagnation velocity V0 =0.
- Stagnation pressure is equal to the static pressure plus the dynamic pressure.

- If the static pressure is also measured, then the flow velocity is calculated from

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