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Introduction to Engineering Computing
Week 6: Functions II

Dr. Imdad Ullah

Faculty of Engineering
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COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

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the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act.
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Do not remove this notice.

 INTRODUCTION
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What will you learn in this course?

Week 1: Introduction to Python

Week 2: Storing Data and Making Decisions Programming

Week 3: Repeating Actions I Basics

Week 4: Repeating Actions II

Week 5: Functions I
Week 6: Functions II Functions
Week 7: Libraries and Modules I
and Packages

Week 8: Libraries and Modules II

Week 9: Application I

Week 10: Application II Advanced

Week 11: Case Study I
Topics

Week 12: Case Study II

Week 13: Revision and Exam Guide

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Name Part Para2

def funt
I
With Functions St N
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions

glsus2
Errors and Exception Handling
Name a
Errors Types funtion y
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Else and Finally
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
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Python Plotting
We know how to draw the bar chart!

É
ENGG1810/9810 Students

BTS_V Emma Spongebob

Dictionary (based on their lab test 1 mark!)

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Python Plotting
Bar chart Scatter plot Line graph
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Python Plotting (with Function)

Function Signature

Function call
ENGG1810/9810

With Functions
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions
Errors and Exception Handling
Errors Types
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Else and Finally
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)

# of months, # of passengers

mmmm
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)

# of months, # of passengers
animation version of matplot
asaxis
Makes an animation by
navies repeatedly calling a function func.
https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.animatio
n.FuncAnimation.html#matplotlib.animation.FuncAnimation
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)

# of months, # of passengers
Makes an animation by
repeatedly calling a function func.
https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.animatio
The text file contains: n.FuncAnimation.html#matplotlib.animation.FuncAnimation

0,112\n1,118\

You can check how it looks

like by printing it

str.split, by default, splits by all the whitespace characters,

\n or \t
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)

# of months, # of passengers

Will use this for appending the values

A for x-points and y-points

..
. before comma (,) after comma (,)

a
ay
You can check how it looks
like by printing it
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)
Now, we got all the x points and y points value
# of months, # of passengers

return the figure return the axes (Axes object

layout or an array of Axes objects)

o su
setting
limits nz us
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)
Now, we got all the x points and y points value
# of months, # of passengers

return the figure return the axes (Axes object

layout or an array of Axes objects)
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)
Now, we got all the x points and y points value
# of months, # of passengers

return the figure return the axes (Axes object

layout or an array of Axes objects)

wash
quietest
rforanimation
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)
Now, we got all the x points and y points value
# of months, # of passengers

will fig: The figure object used to get needed events, such as draw or resize.
draw func (animate): The function to call at each frame.

Egitto
init_func: A function used to draw a clear frame
frames: iterable, int, generator function
Interval: Delay between frames in milliseconds.
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Plot Animation

The following is the dataset that shows the number of Air Passengers (1949 - 1960)
Now, we got all the x points and y points value
# of months, # of passengers

qname

https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.animation.Animatio
n.html#matplotlib.animation.Animation.save
fps: Movie frame rate (per second).
init_func: A function used to draw a clear frame
extra_args: Extra command-line arguments passed to the underlying movie encoder
ENGG1810/9810

With Functions
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions
Errors and Exception Handling
Errors Types
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Else and Finally
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
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Python Exceptions (Recap)

Covered in Lecture 4

Remember? how to handle the error if the file does not exist.
i.e. File is not found in the directory

If there is no file test.txt If there is no file test.txt

throw

catch
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions (Recap)

Covered in Lecture 4

Remember? how to handle the error if the file does not exist.
i.e. File is not found in the directory

Try to do what we intend to do try:

<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

If it fails or something goes wrong,

program executes codes in except block

NOTE: If nothing goes wrong, the execute block does not run and
program moves to the first line after the try-except block.
ENGG1810/9810

With Functions
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions
Errors and Exception Handling
Errors Types
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Else and Finally
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Error Types

Errors or mistakes in a program are often referred to as bugs.
Errors can be classified into three major groups:
qpr.net

01 Syntax Error 02 Runtime Error 03 Logical Error

Syntax is a set of rules that A problem was not detected Does not throw an error like
govern a language. when the program was syntax or runtime error.
Python cannot interpret the parsed (free of syntax errors), Program executes but output
instruction if the rules but is only revealed when a obtained is not the solution
followed. particular line is executed. you expect.
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Error Types: (1) Syntax Error

Examples
What is Syntax Error?
Syntax is a set of rules that govern a language.

O
Common Python syntax errors include:
putting a keyword in the wrong place
leaving out a symbol (e.g. colon, comma or brackets)
misspelling a keyword O
incorrect indentation
empty block O

O
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Python Error Types: (2) Runtime Error

Examples
What is Runtime Error?
If a program is syntactically correct (free of syntax errors), it will be run
by the Python interpreter.
The program may exit unexpectedly (a.k.a. it has crashed) during
execution if it encounters a runtime error: a problem which was not
detected when the program was parsed, but is only revealed when a
particular line is executed.

É
Some examples of Python runtime errors:
division by zero
performing an operation on incompatible types
using an identifier which has not been defined
accessing a list element, dictionary value or object attribute
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Error Types: (2) Runtime Error

Examples
What is Runtime Error?
If a program is syntactically correct (free of syntax errors), it will be run
by the Python interpreter.
The program may exit unexpectedly (a.k.a. it has crashed) during
execution if it encounters a runtime error: a problem which was not
detected when the program was parsed, but is only revealed when a
particular line is executed.

Some examples of Python runtime errors:

division by zero
performing an operation on incompatible types
using an identifier which has not been defined
accessing a list element, dictionary value or object attribute

FileNotFoundError
got
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Python Error Types: (3) Logical Error

Examples
What is Logical Error? (The most difficult to fix)
Logical error occurs when the program runs without crashing, but produces
an incorrect result (not the output that you expect). willcontinue o at

git
The error is caused by a mistake in the names leading
message, because no syntax or runtime error has occurred.
to o prints

6 times
Some examples of Python logical errors: No syntax or runtime error!
using the wrong variable name
indenting a block to the wrong level
using integer division instead of floating-point division
getting operator precedence wrong
making a mistake in a Boolean expression
off-by-one, and other numerical errors
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Error Types: (3) Logical Error

Examples
What is Logical Error? (The most difficult to fix)
Logical error occurs when the program runs without crashing, but produces
an incorrect result (not the output that you expect). Where i <
num:
The error is caused by a mistake in the
message, because no syntax or runtime error has occurred.

6 times
Some examples of Python logical errors: No syntax or runtime error!
using the wrong variable name
indenting a block to the wrong level
using integer division instead of floating-point division
getting operator precedence wrong
making a mistake in a Boolean expression
off-by-one, and other numerical errors
ENGG1810/9810

With Functions
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions
Errors and Exception Handling
Errors Types
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Finally and Else
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
ENGG1810/9810

Python Error and Exception Handling

Suppose you are travelling from your house to office but in the midway your car get punctured
hence your car will stop this scenario is called Exception. Mechanic will come and repair your car
and you will reach office and process of repairing the puncture is known as Exception Handling.

Stopped. Puncture
Car punctured. Repaired.

Exception Exception
Handled
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions (Recap)

Covered in Lecture 4

Exception Handling Syntax

try: Try to do what we intend to do
<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

If it fails or something goes wrong, program

executes codes in except block

NOTE: If nothing goes wrong, the execute block does not run
and program moves to the first line after the try-except block.
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions (Recap)

Covered in Lecture 4

try: Try to do what we intend to do

<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

If it fails or something goes wrong, program

executes codes in except block

So, there are many other

Built-in Exceptions

NOTE: If nothing goes wrong, the execute block does not run
and program moves to the first line after the try-except block.
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Python Built-in Exceptions

More details can be found here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#Exception
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions

Exception Handling Syntax Example:

try: The try block will generate an exception since uos_code is not defined.
<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors> undefined
y
The following state will raise an error as
uos_code is not defined.
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Python Exceptions

Exception Handling Syntax Example:

try: (With Built-in Exceptions NameError)
<statements we intend to do> The try block will generate an exception since uos_code is not defined.
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

The following state will raise an error as Attenuators

uos_code is not defined.
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions

Exception Handling Syntax Example:

try: (With Built-in Exceptions NameError as e)
<statements we intend to do> The try block will generate an exception since uos_code is not defined.
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

The following state will raise an error as

uos_code is not defined.

What if we have other errors?

without crashing the program?

ENGG1810/9810

With Functions
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions
Errors and Exception Handling
Errors Types
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Finally and Else
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Many Exceptions

Exception Handling Syntax Example:

try:
<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

The following state will raise an error as Try this?

uos_code is not defined.

Fixed the NameError issue

Another issue!
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Python Many Exceptions

Exception Handling Syntax Example:

try:
<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

The following state will raise an error as

Or this?
uos_code is not defined.
Fixed the NameError issue

What if we have two exceptions

Another issue!
at the same time?
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Python Many Exceptions

Exception Handling Syntax Example:

try:
<statements we intend to do> Stop at the point you got the issue and directly handle the exception
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>

The following state will raise an error as

uos_code is not defined.

Stop at the point you got the issue and directly handle the exception
ENGG1810/9810

With Functions
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions
Errors and Exception Handling
Errors Types
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Finally and Else
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions - Finally

Finally: will be executed regardless if the try block
raises an error or not This is quite useful to close objects and clean up resources

try:
<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>
finally:
<statements executed regardless if
the try block raises an error or not>
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Python Exceptions - Else

Else: To define a block of code to be executed
if no errors were raised: Interesting Example to effectively use Else

try:
<statements we intend to do>
except <ExceptionName>:
<statements for handling errors>
else:
<statements if no exception occurs>
ENGG1810/9810

With Functions
Matplotlib: Basic Plotting with Functions
Matplotlib: Times Series Line Graph with Functions
Errors and Exception Handling
Errors Types
Exception Handling
Try Except
Many Exceptions
Finally and Else
Raising Exceptions (with Functions)
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions Raise an Exception

As a Python developer you can choose to throw an
exception if a condition occurs. Rather than using if statement, you can try this:

number
Examples a
raise NameError

https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions Raise an Exception (with Function)

As a Python developer you can choose to throw an
exception if a condition occurs.

Examples
raise NameError

https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions Raise an Exception (with Function)

As a Python developer you can choose to throw an
exception if a condition occurs.

Examples
raise NameError

https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions Raise an Exception (with Function)

As a Python developer you can choose to throw an
exception if a condition occurs.

Examples
raise NameError

https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions
 ENGG1810/9810

Python Exceptions Raise an Exception (with Function)

As a Python developer you can choose to throw an You can return the error as string as well!
exception if a condition occurs.

Examples
raise NameError

https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions
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THANKS FOR
WATCHING
Good luck in studying