Computer Basics

Data- aisi jaankari jisse koi decision na liya ja sake.

Information-Processed data jisse decision liya ja sakta hai.
UPS(interrupted power supply) :power cut hone par yah device computer ko band nahi hone
deti.
Mother Board : Computer ke andar laga ek electronic board jisne main main component jaise
Ram,rom,processor etc lage hote hain.
Port: Computer cabinet me woh jagah jaha par kisi device jaise keyboard,mouse ,printer etc
ko connect karte hain.
Bus: Computer ke andar data transfer etc ke liye use hone wale wires.
What is computer?
Computer ek electronic device hai jisko input device se data aur instructions(commands)
diye jate hain,CPU(processor ) diye gaye instructions ke base par data ko process kar result
output devices ke dwara dikhata hai.
Father of computer: Charles Babbage
First computer programmer :Ada Lovelace

Types of Computers:
Work ke according
1.Digital computer: Mostly computers digital hote hain jo discrete data par work karte hain.
2.Analog Computer: aise computer continuous data par work karte hain.
3.Hybrid Computer:Digital aur Analog dono ke features.
Size aur capicity ke according
1.Personal computer (pc)
2.Mini computer
3.Super mini Computer
4.Mainframe computer
5.Super computer :fastest and constly
First super computer- CDC 660 by cymor Cray (father of super computing) in 1964
First super computer of India – PARAM 8000 in 1991 by Vijay Bhatkar (Father of Indian
Super Computer)
Fastest super computer- Frontier (US)
Others types of computers-
Servers
Workstations
Laptops
Desktops
Smart phones etc.
Computer Generations :
First Generation:
Year:1946-1959
Component : Vacuum tubes
Language: Machine language
Computer:ENIAC first electronic general purpose computer ,EDVAC ,IBM -650

Second Generation
Year 1950-60
Component-Transistors
Punch card used
Third generation
Year 1964-71
Component: microchips or IC
Mouse and keyboard used
Forth generation
Year after 1972
Component: Microprocessor
First super computer invented
Languages: c,c++ ,DEBASE etc
GUI(Graphical user interface) used
Fifth Generation
Current abhi chal rahi hai jisme AI (Artificial intelligence) ka use ho raha hai aur karne
ki koshis chal rahi hain.
ULSI (ultra large scale integration) technology ko use kiya ja raha hai
Language: Python,R , C#,Java etc

Input Devices
Jin devices se computer ko data aur instructions dete hain unhe input devices kahte hain.
Input devices:
1.Keyboard:Yah main input device hai.keyboard ko Christopher Latham Sholes ne developed
kiya tha.
Main keys:
ESC :Dialog boxes ,menu aur kisi screen ko hatane ke liye
F1-F12 : Function key -Alag-Alag application me alag-alag use,f1 for help
Print screen:Computer screen ko capture karne ke liye
Ctrl(Control key) Isla use short-cut ke liye kiya jata hai.
Main shortcut keys:
Ctrl+N New file/document
Ctrl+O Open a file/document
Ctrl+S Save a file
Ctrl +P Print file
Ctrl+F4 Close file
Alt+F4 close application/shutdown
Ctrl+ z undo pichhle action ko cancel karna
Ctrl+ Y redo pichhle action ko repeat karna
Ctrl + c copy file/folder/text /picture ko copy karna
Ctrl +x cut file etc ko current location se hatakar clipboard par le jana
Ctrl + v paste clipboard par cut/copy kiye gaye text etc ko cursor location par paste karna.
Ctrl + f find file me kisi text,font etc ko search karna
Ctrl + h replace file kisi text ko naye text se badalna.
Mouse: Diuglas Engelwar ne developed kiya 1960 me.
Scanner
Omr
OCR etc.

Computer Memory
Computer me woh jagah jaha par data,instructions,unprocessed data aur result store hota hai.
Memory types:
1.Primary or Main memory
2.Axilliary or Secondary memory
1.Primary memory:
A.ROM(Read only memory) is memory me BIOS (Basic Input Output System) store hota
hai jo computer ko start karne me use hota hai.
B.RAM(Random Access Memory): jam hum computer me work karte hain to sara work ram
me store hota hai RAM me information(volatile) temporary store hoti hai isliye jab usko save
kiya jata hai to data RAM se secondary memory (Harddisk etc) me store hota hai.
2.Secondary Memory : data permanent store karne ke liye following secondary storage
devices ka use kiya jata hai:
Hard Disk
CD
DVD
Pen drive etc.
Memory units
Smallest unit :Bit
4 bits = 1 Nibble
8 bits = 1 Byte
1024 Btyes= 1 kilobytes (kb)
1024 kb = 1 mega bite (mb)
1024 mb = 1 Giga Byte (gb)
1024 GB = 1 Terabyte (tb)
1024 tb =1 Petabyte (pb)
1024 pb = 1 Exabyte (eb)
1024 eb = 1 Zettabyte (ZB)

CPU (Central Processing Unit)-The brain of computer

Isme 2 unit hoti hain:-
1.ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) -Yaha par mathematical aur logical operations hote hain.
2.CU(Control Unit) -Computer ke sabhi functions yah unit control karti hai.
CPU input devices se instructions ko lekar unhe decode kar data ko process kar memory me
store karne ke saath hi output devices par dikhata hai.

Output devices
Jin devices ko use karke computer output dikhata/print karta hai unko output devices kahte
hain.
Main output Devices:
1.Monitor/vdu (visual display unit)/display /console/screen
*computer screen par dikjne wala result softcopy kahlata hai.
Types of monitors:
I. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
II. LED( Light Emitting Diode)
III. CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) etc.
Pixel- computer screen par dikhne wala el chhota dot.
Resolution -Number of dots in columns x number of dots in row.
2.Printers:Computer output ko paper par printer se print karte hain.
*printed information ko hardcopy kahte hain.
Types of printers:
Inkjet printers
Laser printers
Solid Ink printers
Continuous Ink printers
LED Printers
Dot matrix printers
A3 Printers

Computer Software
Computer me kisi work ko karne ya computer ko control karne karne ke liye jo program use
karte hain unko software kahte hain
Computer Program-Groups of instructions
Software :Group of computer programs
Types of Softwares:
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
1.System Software: Computer ko operate karne,maintain karne ke liye use hone wale
softwares.Isme mainly operating system (OS) hain
Main OS:
MS DOS
WINDOWS98,WINDOWS 7,WINDOWS 10
Mac OS
Unix
Linux
Chrome OS
Android
IOS etc.
2.Application software: Kisi khaas kam ko karne ke liye use hone wale software
application software kahlate hain
Software categories:
Word processor:MS WORD etc
Spreadsheet:MS excel
Browsers: Chrome,Internet Explorers,firefox
DTP :corel draw, publisher,Photoshop
Animation: Maya
Account: Tally ,Busy
Software Package-Group of softwares
Examples :MS Office me ms word,ms excel,m s PowerPoint,m s access,Outlook, sharepoint,
M s publisher etc
Presentation(PowerPoint)-Group of slides kisi subject ko interactive aur animation ke saath
dikhana ke liye.

Computer Network
Jab computer devices ko by wire ya without wire (wireless) connect kiya jata hai to uski
computer network kahte hain.
Types:
PAN(Personal Area Network) :family network
LAN(Local Area Network) 2-3 km ke area me koi network jaise kisi schools,university ya
business ka local network.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) Kisi city ke andar banaya gaya network jaise Fatehpur
city me sabhi CBse schools ka network.
WAN(Wide Area Network) -alag-alag cities,counties ya continental me computers ka
network.
Internet-networks of network
Download:kisi file ko computer etc me copy karna
Upload-computer ki file ko internet par copy karna.
Email(Electronic mail) Internet se message aur files bhejna.
Web Page-Internet par available ek page.
Website-kisi company ,school etc ki kai pages or single page me information.
Portal-aisi website jisme doosri website ke links hote hain.

COMPUTER LANGUAGES
LOW LEVEL –
Machine language -isme sirf 2 digit 0 aur 1 hote hain .computer sirf isi language ko
samajhta hai.
Assembly language-Machine language me kuchh symbol add kar banaya gayi language.
Hardware programming ke liye use hoti hai.
High Level : Just like English.
Examples-Basic, VB, C,C++,Java ,python etch
HTMl,PHP,Java script ,asp.net web programming ke liye
Compiler:High level language me likhe program (source code) ko poora machines
language me (object code) me badalne ke liye.
Interpreter:same as compiler lekin yah line by line convert karta hai.
Debug- Computer program me error find kar hatana.

Windows
Destop-windows load hone par show hone wali screen.
RecycleBin-Windows ka dustbin.Temporary delete ki gayi files aur folder yaha milte
hain jinko aap restore ya permanent delete kar sakte ho.
Start Menu-Gateway of window-Yahà se windows ke kisi bhi software ko open kar sakte
hain.
Menu-List of commands.
Dialog Box: A box jo aapse information lekar apna work karta hai jaise open,save,print
dialog boxes etc.
File:ek hi tarah ki information ko proper way me maintain karne ke liye.
New file create karna:
Jab kisi software me work na kar here ho- Mouse se khali computer screen par right click-
new- file type select Karen-File la name dekar enter key press karen
Jab kisi software me work kar rahe ho- file menu /office button(m.s.office) -New or simple
press Ctrl + N press karen
Folder:ek tarah ki files ko store karte hain jaise office almira ka use hota hai.
Folder create karna- Computer screen me khali jagah par right click-Folder- folder ka name
dekar enter key press karen
Files/Folder ka name change karna-files/ -Folder par right click-Rename-New name type kar
enter key press karen
Files/Folder ko delete karna-File/Folder par right click-enter-enter
Files/Folder ko permanent delete karana-shift key press karte hue delete procedure karen
Files/Folders ko copy karana-Files/Folder ko select Karen-ctrl + c -us location par jayen jaha
file copy karni hain -Ctrl + v press karen
Files/Folders ko current location se hatakar (cut) doosre location par le jana- Copy procedure
ko karen sirf Ctrl + c ki jagah Ctrl + x use karen.
Files ko penDrive me copy karna :
Jab file open na ho -Copy procedure follow karen.
Jab file open ho- pendrive USB port me insert karen-file menu/ office button (m.s. office)-
Save as-Location me removable disk (pendrive) select Karen-File name dekar enter key press
karen
Latest technologies:
Data Science-study of data to extract meaningful insights for business.
Servicenow-Servicenow is currently most wanted cloud based services for business’s all
works .
Artificial intelligence(AI)- Computer me intelligence dalne ki koshis jisse woh situation ke
anusar decision le saken.
Thank you
________________________________________________________________
DILSHAD ALI SIDDIQUI
Commerce & Computer teacher
(NOORUL HUDA ,FATEHPUR)
(Homeopathy Consultant,Blogger)
Resident:149,Kheldar,Fatehpur UP
8887718935,9450235737
E-mail: [email protected]