Quadratic Equation
Quadratic Equation
.
Table of contents
Polynomials and its introduction.
Introduction to Quadratic Equation.
Nature of Roots
Common Roots
Brief introduction to Biquadratic Equation
Some Examples.
Quadratic Equation
Before starting the discussion about quadratic equation,Let’s recall the concept
of polynomial:
Polynomials
Polynomial is made up of two terms, namely Poly (meaning “many”)
and Nominal (meaning “terms.”). A polynomial is defined as an expression
which is composed of variables, constants and exponents, that are combined
using the mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division (No division operation by a variable). Based on the
numbers of terms present in the expression, it is classified as monomial,
binomial, and trinomial. Examples of constants, variables and exponents are
as follows:
Degree Of Polynomials
The degree of a polynomial is defined as the highest degree of a
monomial within a polynomial. Thus, a polynomial equation having one
variable which has the largest exponent(power) is called a degree of the
polynomial.
Polynomial Degree Example
Constant or Zero Polynomial 0 6
Linear Polynomial 1 3x+1
Quadratic Polynomial 2 4x2+1x+1
Cubic Polynomial 3 6x3+4x3+3x+1
Polynomial Degree Example
Biquadratic Polynomial 4 6x4+3x3+3x2+2x+1
Properties
Some of the important properties of polynomials along with some important polynomial
theorems are as follows:
1. Factor Theorem
According to factor theorem, if f(x) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 and ‘a’ is any real
number, then, (x-a) is a factor of f(x), if f(a)=0.
f(x) = (x-a)q(x)
where q(x) is a polynomial of degree one less than(n-1) f(x).
2 .Remainder Theorem
If f(x) is divided by (x – a) with remainder r, then f(a) = r.
3 .Bezout’s Theorem
Polynomial f(x) is divisible by binomial (x – a) if and only if f(a) = 0.
Fundamental Theory of Polynomials
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that every
polynomial equation f(x) = 0 has at least one root, real or
imaginary(complex).
Thus, x6−3x4+3x3+2x2 + 2 = 0 has at least one root.
But √x + 5 = 0 has no root as the given equation is not a
polynomial equation, so fundamental theorem of algebra does not
apply on this equation.
Note:
If the value of discriminant The quadratic equation will
= 0 i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0 have equal roots i.e. α = β =
-b/2a
x4 +16x2 + 6 = 0
2x4 + 14x2 + 3 = 0
How to Solve Biquadratic Equations?
Biquadratic equations can be easily solved by converting them into
quadratic equations i.e. by replacing the variable ‘z’ with x 2.
Example: Find the zeroes of a biquadratic equation x4 – 3x2 + 2 =
0.
Solution:
Given x4 – 3x2 + 2 = 0
On substituting x2 = z in the given equation we get,
z2 – 3z + 2 = 0
z2 – 2z – z + 2 = 0
z(z – 2) -1(z – 2) = 0
∴ z = 1 and z = 2
Hence, x = ±√1 and x = ±√2 [Since, z = x²]
Some important questions related to this chapter;
1.Find the values of x for which the expression (x2 – 4x + 3)/(x2 + x + 1) <
0.
Solution:
Let f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + x + 1.
The coefficient of x2 in g(x) is positive and the value of discriminant (D) < 0.
Hence, g(x) is positive for all values of x.
Since, f(x)/g(x) < 0. Therefore, f (x) must be less than 0.
i.e. x2 – 4x + 3 < 0
Or, (x – 3) (x – 1) < 0
Therefore, 1 < x < 3.
2. The expressions x2 – 11x + a = 0 and x2 – 14x + 2a = 0 must have a
common factor and a ≠ 0, find the common factor and the common root.
Solution:
If (x – α) is the common factor of the given quadratic equations then, x = α
becomes the root of the corresponding equation.
Therefore, α2 – 11α + a = 0 and α2 – 14α + 2a = 0
On subtracting the above equations we get,
3α – a = 0 ⇒ α = a/3
Hence, a2/9 – 11a/3 + a = 0,
On solving the above quadratic equation we get, a = 0 or 24
Since a ≠ 0, therefore, a = 24.
3. For what values of ‘m’ does the quadratic equation (1 + 2) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 +
8m) = 0 have equal roots?
Solution: The roots are equal if discriminant (D) = 4(1 + 3m)2 – 4(1 + m)(1 + 8m) = 0
Bibliography