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Quadratic Equation

The document provides information about polynomials and quadratic equations. It defines polynomials and discusses their properties and degrees. It then defines quadratic equations and discusses solving them using the quadratic formula and factoring, as well as discussing the nature of roots using the discriminant. It provides several examples of solving quadratic equations.

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SAGAR POUDEL
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views15 pages

Quadratic Equation

The document provides information about polynomials and quadratic equations. It defines polynomials and discusses their properties and degrees. It then defines quadratic equations and discusses solving them using the quadratic formula and factoring, as well as discussing the nature of roots using the discriminant. It provides several examples of solving quadratic equations.

Uploaded by

SAGAR POUDEL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEDICATION

This project is especially dedicated to our college and


our entire college faculty teachers and especially to Math
teacher respected Mr. Ram Janam Chaudhary who
helped and guided me to successfully complete this project
work.
Also I would like to dedicate this project to my dear
father, who has been a wonderful supporter until my
research was completed, and to my beloved mother, who has
been encouraging me for months to complete this project
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my
mathematics teacher Mr. Ram Janam Chaudhary sir for his
wonderful guidance throughout this project.

I am also grateful to my parents for their continuous


support to me throughout this experiment, to my friends for
their help, and to all those who contributed directly or
indirectly towards the completion of this school project

During this project, I acquired many valuable skills, and I


hope that in the years to come, those skills will be put to
good use.

.
Table of contents
 Polynomials and its introduction.
 Introduction to Quadratic Equation.
 Nature of Roots
 Common Roots
 Brief introduction to Biquadratic Equation
 Some Examples.
Quadratic Equation
Before starting the discussion about quadratic equation,Let’s recall the concept
of polynomial:

Polynomials
Polynomial is made up of two terms, namely Poly (meaning “many”)
and Nominal (meaning “terms.”). A polynomial is defined as an expression
which is composed of variables, constants and exponents, that are combined
using the mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division (No division operation by a variable). Based on the
numbers of terms present in the expression, it is classified as monomial,
binomial, and trinomial. Examples of constants, variables and exponents are
as follows:

 Constants. Example: 1, 2, 3, etc.


 Variables. Example: g, h, x, y, etc.
 Exponents: Example: 5 in x5 etc.

Degree Of Polynomials
 The degree of a polynomial is defined as the highest degree of a
monomial within a polynomial. Thus, a polynomial equation having one
variable which has the largest exponent(power) is called a degree of the
polynomial.
Polynomial Degree Example
Constant or Zero Polynomial 0 6
Linear Polynomial 1 3x+1
Quadratic Polynomial 2 4x2+1x+1
Cubic Polynomial 3 6x3+4x3+3x+1
Polynomial Degree Example
Biquadratic Polynomial 4 6x4+3x3+3x2+2x+1

Properties

Some of the important properties of polynomials along with some important polynomial
theorems are as follows:

1. Factor Theorem
According to factor theorem, if f(x) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 and ‘a’ is any real
number, then, (x-a) is a factor of f(x), if f(a)=0.
f(x) = (x-a)q(x)
where q(x) is a polynomial of degree one less than(n-1) f(x).

2 .Remainder Theorem
If f(x) is divided by (x – a) with remainder r, then f(a) = r.

3 .Bezout’s Theorem
Polynomial f(x) is divisible by binomial (x – a) if and only if f(a) = 0.
Fundamental Theory of Polynomials
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that every
polynomial equation f(x) = 0 has at least one root, real or
imaginary(complex).
Thus, x6−3x4+3x3+2x2 + 2 = 0 has at least one root.
But √x + 5 = 0 has no root as the given equation is not a
polynomial equation, so fundamental theorem of algebra does not
apply on this equation.

Note : Every polynomial equation f(x) = 0 of degree 'n' has exactly


'n' real or imaginary roots.

Some examples of fundamental theorem of algebra:


(i) f(x) = -2 is a polynomial of degree 0 . This is a constant
polynomial and it has zero real roots.
(ii) f(x) = x + 4 is a polynomial of degree 1 and it has one
real root,
x = -4.
(iii) f(x) = x2 + 10x + 25 = (x+5)2is a polynomial of degree 2
and it has one real root, x = -5.
(iv) f(x) = x3 + x = x(x2 + 1) is a polynomial of degree 3 and it
has one real root x = 0 and two imaginary roots, x = −i, +i.
Quadratic Equation
Introduction
A quadratic equation is a second-degree equation. The general form
of the quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real
numbers and a ≠ 0. For example, x2 + 2x + 1 = 0.
A polynomial is an algebraic expression containing many
terms. A polynomial of degree two of the form ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) is
called a quadratic expression in x. We can also say that a quadratic
polynomial f(x) when equated to zero is called a quadratic equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0,
Roots of Quadratic Equation
The values of x which satisfy the quadratic equation are
called the roots of the quadratic equation. Roots are also called
zeros or solutions of a quadratic equation.
 Solving Quadratic Equation
a) Using quadratic formula:
If ax2+bx+c = 0 is the given quadratic equation, the roots are
given by x = [-b±√(b2-4ac)]/2a.
b) Factorisation method:
Let ax2+bx+c = a(x-α)(x-β) = 0, then x = α and x= β will satisfy
the given equation.
So factorizing the equation and equating each to zero gives the
roots of the given equation.
 Discriminant Formula of quadratic equation
The discriminant formula is used to find the number of solutions that a
quadratic equation has. In algebra, the discriminant is the name given to
the expression that appears under the square root (radical) sign in the
quadratic formula.
D = ±√(b2-4ac)

Q) Why discriminant is important?


Using the discriminant, the number of roots of a quadratic equation can
be determined. A discriminant can be either positive, negative or zero. By
knowing the value of a determinant, the nature of roots can be determined as
follows:

 If the discriminant value is positive (b2-4ac>0), the quadratic


equation has two real and distinct solutions.
 If the discriminant value is zero, (b2-4ac=0) the quadratic equation
has only one solution or two real and equal solutions.
 If the discriminant value is negative, (b2-4ac<0) the quadratic
equation has no real solutions.( two equal and imaginary solution)

Note:
If the value of discriminant The quadratic equation will
= 0 i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0 have equal roots i.e. α = β =
-b/2a

Example 1: Find the values of k for which the quadratic expression


(x – k) (x – 10) + 1 = 0 has integral roots.
Solution:
The given equation can be rewritten as, x2 – (10 + k)x + 1 + 10k = 0.
D = b2 – 4ac = 100 + k2 + 20k – 40k = k2 – 20k + 96 = (k – 10)2 – 4
The quadratic equation will have integral roots, if the value of discriminant > 0, D
is a perfect square, a = 1 and b and c are integers.
i.e. (k – 10)2 – D = 4
Since discriminant is a perfect square. Hence, the difference of two perfect square
in R.H.S will be 4 only when D = 0 and (k – 10)2 = 4.
⇒ k – 10 = ± 2. Therefore, the values of k = 8 and 12.
Example 2: Find the values of k such that the equation p/(x + r) + q/(x – r) = k/2x
has two equal roots.
Solution:
The given quadratic equation can be rewritten as:
[2p + 2q – k]x2 – 2r[p – q]x + r2k = 0

For equal roots, the discriminant (D) = 0, i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0


Here, a = [ 2p + 2q – k ], b = – 2r [ p – q ] and c = r2k
[-2r (p – q)]2 – 4[(2p + 2q – k) (r2k)] = 0

r2(p – q)2 – r2k(2p + 2q – k) = 0


Since r ≠ 0, therefore, (p – q)2 – k(2p + 2q – k) = 0
k2 – 2(p + q)k + (p – q)2
k = 2(p+q) ± √[4(p + q)2 – 4(p – q)]2/2 = -(p + q) ± √4pq
∴ The values of k = (p + q) ± 2√pq = (√p ± √q)2
Example 3: Find the quadratic equation with rational coefficients when one root
is 1/(2 + √5).
Solution:
If the coefficients are rational, then the irrational roots occur in conjugate pairs.
Therefore, if one root is α = 1/(2 + √5) = √5 – 2, then the other root will be β =
1/(2 – √5) = -√5 – 2.
Sum of the roots α + β = -4 and product of roots α β = -1.
Thus, the required equation is x2 + 4x – 1 = 0.
Example 4: Form a quadratic equation with real coefficients when one of its root
is (3 – 2i).
Solution:
Since the complex roots always occur in pairs, so the other root is 3 + 2i.
Therefore, by obtaining the sum and the product of the roots, we can form the
required quadratic equation.
The sum of the roots is
(3 + 2i) + (3 – 2i) = 6.
The product of the root is (3 + 2i) × (3 – 2i) = 9 – 4i2 = 9 + 4 = 13.
Hence, the equation is x2 – Sx + P = 0
Therefore, x2 – 6x + 13 = 0 is the required quadratic equation.
 Quadratic Equations having Common Roots
1.Condition for one root common.
Let β be the common root (solution) of quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 =
0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0. This implies that a1β2 + b1β + c1 = 0 and a2β2 + b2β
+ c2 = 0.
Now, Solving for β2 and β we will get:
or,β2/(b1c2 – b2c1) = -β/(a1c2 – a2c1) = 1/(a1b2 – a2b1) [using determinant
method]
Therefore, β2 = (b1c2 – b2c1)/ (a1b2 – a2b1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
And, β = (a2c1 – a1c2)/(a1b2 – a2b1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
On squaring equation (2) and equating it with equation (1) we get:
Or,(a1b2 – a2b1)/(b1c2 – b2c1) = (a2c1 – a1c2)2
Hence, it is the required condition for quadratic equations having one
common root.
2.Condition for two root common
If both the roots of quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 =
0 are common then:
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
Example: For what value of k, both the quadratic equations 6x2 – 17x
+ 12 = 0 and 3x2 – 2x + k = 0 will have a common root.
Solution:
If one of the root of quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is
common then: (a1b2 – a2b1)(b1c2 – b2c1) = (a2c1 – a1c2)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Form the given quadratic Equations, a1 = 6, b1 = -17, c1 = 12, a2 = 3, b2 = -2 and c2 =
k.
On substituting these values in equation (1), we will get:
[(6×-2) – (3×-17)] × [-17k – (-2×12)] = (3×12 – 6k)2
-663k + 936 = 1296 + 36k2 – 432k
36k2 + 231k + 360 = 0
12k2 + 125k + 120 = 0
(4k + 15) (3k + 8) = 0
Therefore, the values of k are -15/4, -8/3.

Some others concepts :


Biquadratic Equation
A polynomial equation of degree four without the terms of degree
three and one is known as a biquadratic equation.
General Form: z4 + a0z2 + c = 0
Examples:

 x4 +16x2 + 6 = 0
 2x4 + 14x2 + 3 = 0
How to Solve Biquadratic Equations?
Biquadratic equations can be easily solved by converting them into
quadratic equations i.e. by replacing the variable ‘z’ with x 2.
Example: Find the zeroes of a biquadratic equation x4 – 3x2 + 2 =
0.
Solution:
Given x4 – 3x2 + 2 = 0
On substituting x2 = z in the given equation we get,
z2 – 3z + 2 = 0
z2 – 2z – z + 2 = 0
z(z – 2) -1(z – 2) = 0
∴ z = 1 and z = 2
Hence, x = ±√1 and x = ±√2 [Since, z = x²]
Some important questions related to this chapter;
1.Find the values of x for which the expression (x2 – 4x + 3)/(x2 + x + 1) <
0.
Solution:
Let f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + x + 1.
The coefficient of x2 in g(x) is positive and the value of discriminant (D) < 0.
Hence, g(x) is positive for all values of x.
Since, f(x)/g(x) < 0. Therefore, f (x) must be less than 0.
i.e. x2 – 4x + 3 < 0
Or, (x – 3) (x – 1) < 0
Therefore, 1 < x < 3.
2. The expressions x2 – 11x + a = 0 and x2 – 14x + 2a = 0 must have a
common factor and a ≠ 0, find the common factor and the common root.
Solution:
If (x – α) is the common factor of the given quadratic equations then, x = α
becomes the root of the corresponding equation.
Therefore, α2 – 11α + a = 0 and α2 – 14α + 2a = 0
On subtracting the above equations we get,
3α – a = 0 ⇒ α = a/3
Hence, a2/9 – 11a/3 + a = 0,
On solving the above quadratic equation we get, a = 0 or 24
Since a ≠ 0, therefore, a = 24.
3. For what values of ‘m’ does the quadratic equation (1 + 2) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 +
8m) = 0 have equal roots?
Solution: The roots are equal if discriminant (D) = 4(1 + 3m)2 – 4(1 + m)(1 + 8m) = 0
Bibliography

(Ram Man Shrestha, Bhanu Ratna Bajracharya(2079)Basic


Mathematics class 12 (Sukunda Pustak Bhawan ,Kathamndu)
(Gopal Neupane , Ram Krishna Lamichanne)Pioneer
Mathematics(Dreamland Publication, Kathmandu)
Ncert Book Of Mathematics (pdf. www.ncert.com)
www.wikipedia.com( Reference on quadratic equation)
( MATHEMATICS : www. Midaseclass.com
(Raman Kumar Karn ) Easy Mathematics (2076)class 10 (Asmita
Publication, Kathmandu).
Concept Of quadratic equation(www. Unacademy.com)

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