Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY968

Review on Herbal Mouthwash for Management and

Prevention of Oral Diseases
1.
Shrikant More; 2. Aniket Indulkar; 3. Mohan Kale
Konkan Gyanpeeth Rahul Darkar College of Pharmacy and Research
Institue Karjat, Raigad

Abstract:- General health and dental health are equally I. INTRODUCTION

important. Periodontal disease, gingivitis, plaque, and
sore throats may affect a higher proportion of the Dental plaque is the root cause of oral health concerns,
population these days. To support maintaining the best and frequent removal of plaque from the oral cavity can stop
possible dental health, several formulae are available. To many of those conditions [1]. Typically, plaque control is
support maintaining the best possible dental health, taking preventative steps to get rid of plaque formation and
several formulae are available. Using mouthwash is prevent its reoccurrence [2]. Plaque can be removed
recommended to lessen plaque, discomfort, bacteria, and chemically or mechanically, and occasionally these two
bad breath. Herbal mouthwash is preferred over methods are combined.
chemical mouthwash since it has fewer side effects or
almost no side effects, doesn't include alcohol, and is not Plaque formed on teeth’s can be mechanically removed
irritating. Medicinal plants can be used for prevention, from the surface of teeth with consistent brushing.
treatment and management of disease as they have Periodontitis, gingivitis, and dental cavities can all be
antibacterial qualities against pathogens that afflict avoided by eliminating the bacterial plaque biofilm, even if
humans. Compared to synthetic mouthwash, herbal toothpaste has very little effect in this process [3].
mouthwash has fewer or no negative effects because it is Dentifrices have been enhanced with a range of substances,
made from extracts of crude drugs. Several plant mostly antibacterial agents, to provide this inhibitory impact
extracts are used to make herbal mouthwashes. The on the development of plaque. It's been demonstrated that
following herbs which are helpful in dentistry are certain agents, such triclosan and chlorhexidine, work well
mentioned in this article: clove, peppermint, miswak, [4,5]. The most potent biguanide antibacterial with broad-
Tulsi, wintergreen, guava, pomegranate, and cinnamon. spectrum anti-plaque effects is chlorhexidine [6]. But
Mouthwashes made with natural ingredients that people because of many side effects, including staining of teeth,
may easily make and use safely at home could improve irritation due to alcohol, it is not advised to use for
dental health in general. Using natural mouthwash to prolonged period for daily use [7,49]. Due to the growing
maintain dental health is the main objective of this awareness of indigenous medical traditions, the usage of
review. natural medicine has created interest and led to formation of
alternative natural therapies for healthcare all over the world
Keyword:- Review on Herbs-Based Mouthwash, Natural [8,9]. For a while now, oral care products have included
Ingredient-Based Mouthwash, Antiplaque, Gingivitis. herbal ingredients, mostly in South region of Asia, to help
people with dental problems such as gingivitis and to
maintain better dental hygiene [10].

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY968

Fig 1 Dental Bioflim

Fig 2 Gum Disease

II. MATERIALS AND METHOD articles published from 2000 to 2024 in the English
language, and articles from google scholar databases. A
A search is conducted on google scholar and PubMed. decrease in gingival irritation and dental plaque are one of
Following are combinations of keywords used: Herbal the outcome measures. For both the control and intervention
mouthwash, herbal mouthwash review, disadvantage of arms, the following criteria is used to analyse the results: the
chemical-based mouthwash, neem containing herbal average reduction in the dental biofilm index (Plaque Index)
mouthwash, evaluation of herbal mouthwash. After each using either the Silness plaque index or the modified
title that the search produced was evaluated, duplicates had Quigley-Hein plaque index or Quigley-Hein plaque index;
been removed from the results that were obtained. We subsequently, the average decrease in inflammation of gums
download the copies of the papers and looked through them using the Silness gingival index; and finally, the short-term
by heading and summary. There was no handsearching side effects (research lasting for atleast one month).
done.
The following patients were not included in the study:
The following were the inclusion criteria: studies articles published before 2000, articles form languages
including patients who do not have any systemic disease, other than English, articles that were not RCTs, and patients
both female and male patients, intervention: studies that taking any antibiotic therapy either during the procedure or
involve use of herbs in mouthwashes, comparison: studies 15 days beforehand.
that included chemical based mouthwashes, only RCTs,

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY968

Table 1 Previous Literature on Herbal Mouthwash

Name of Author and Paper/ Article Title. Considered Design of Study and Conclusion/
Year of Publish. Population. Size of Sample Inference.
Population.
El Naggar, R. A. R., et Effect of Green Tea The study was The study involve 36 chlorhexidine and
al. extract mouthwash on conducted on a sum of dental students of age green tea mouthwash
2024[22] Streptococcus mutans 36 dental students of 17 to 23 years that has have great
count in high caries risk age range 17 to 23 been split up into two antimicrobial efficacy
dental students years. groups: green tea against Streptococcus
group and mutans, so green tea
chlorhexidine group extract mouthwash
could be regarded as a
good substitute
mouthwash to
overcome drawbacks
of chlorhexidine
mouthwash.
R. Ambili.,et al. Efficacy of a herbal The study was The study was Herbal formulation is.
2023[21] mouthwash for conducted in two randomized controlled Significant and can be
management of groups. First group is parallel group trial considered a potential
periodontitis and of patient having therapeutic agent in
radiation-induced periodontitis and the treatment and
mucositis e A second one is patients prevention of
consolidated report of having oral cancer periodontitis as well
two undergoing as for the prevention
randomized controlled radiotherapy. and
clinical trials treatment of radiation-
induced mucositis.
Akshayaa, L., et al. Formulation of Quercetin All authors have The Quercetin The present study
2024[23] Mouthwash and Anti- confirmed that this mouthwash's elaborated on the
microbial Potential study did not involve antimicrobial efficacy antimicrobial efficacy
Against Critical human participants or was evaluated using of the potential oral
Pathogens: An In-Vitro tissue the Agar-Well pathogens. Quercetin
Evaluation. Diffusion Method. mouthwash
Mouthwash dilutions formulation has
were tested against proven to have a
five different potential broad-
organisms: C. spectrum bactericidal
albicans, S. aureus, E. activity comparable to
faecalis, S. commercially
mutans, and available herbal
Lactobacillus. mouthwash. We
observed that when
the concentration of
mouthwash
increases, a
significant zone of
inhibition is created
against oral
pathogens. Therefore,
the current research
warrants extensive
clinical trials and
research on long-term
effects.
Waqar, S. M.,et al. Comparative evaluation Subjects with mild to 144 people with mild The results of this
2024[24] of propolis mouthwash moderate chronic to moderate chronic study show that
with 0.2% chlorhexidine periodontitis. periodontitis were propolis and
mouthwash as an adjunct recruited for a double- chlorhexidine
to mechanical therapy in blind, randomized, mouthwash both

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY968

improving the controlled clinical positively enhance

periodontitis among investigation. clinical metrics,
perimenopausal women: Following scaling and however that propolis
a randomized controlled root planing, significantly improves
trial. participants were BOP more than
divided into two chlorhexidine does.
treatment groups,
which received twice-
daily oral rinses of
0.2% chlorhexidine
and 20% propolis for
a period of six weeks.
At baseline, six
weeks, and twelve
weeks, clinical
measures such
bleeding on probing
(BOP), clinical
attachment loss
(CAL), and pocket
probing depth (PPD)
were examined.
Bencze, B., et al. Development of a novel, NA The manufacturing The developed
(2023)[25]. entirely herbal-based procedure was product might be a
mouthwash effective standardized, and the useful tool to impede
against common oral created tincture was the transmission and
bacteria and SARS-CoV- evaluated by GC/MS spread of SARS-CoV-
2. analysis 2 in
for active compounds, interpersonal contact
experimentally tested and aerosol-
in cell-based generating conditions.
cytotoxicity, salivary Our mouthwash can
protein integrity, cell- help reduce the oral
free antioxidant bacterial flora and
activity, anti-bacterial has an antioxidant
and anti-viral assays, activity that facilitates
and compared with wound healing and
three market-leading prevents adverse
mouthwashes. effects of smoke in
the oral cavity.
Uddeshavisharam, M. T., Formulation and NA The formulated The data presented in
& Shantaram, M. B. D. evaluation of herbal mouthwash was this study; it was
2023[26]. mouthwash inoculated in the plate concluded that the
of agar media by developed herbal
streak plate method mouthwash Possess
and a control was significant,
prepared. therapeutically
After being put in the efficacious, suitable
incubator, the plates vehicle for drug
are incubated for 24 delivery in low cost
hours. After the but with high
incubation period potential. This study
plate were taken out should be completed
and checked for with more
microbial growth by investigations and
comparing it with the studies, to explore the
control. product in long term
follow-up and
laboratory tests to
improve all the effects
and side effects of the

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY968

new products, since it

will be used as
medical product.
Fahim, M. F. M. Effect of Prepared herbal 110 school children. For a duration of According to this
(2023)[27]. mouthwash in thirty days, 110 study, mouthwash that
maintaining the Oral schoolchildren were has been made is both
Health of School randomized to two safe and highly
Children: A single-blind groups: the test group, effective at preserving
randomised control trial. which received herbal dental health.
mouthwash containing
Anacyclus
pyrenthrum DC,
Punica granutum
(pericarp), Capparis
spinosa (root bark),
and Quercus infectoria
Oliv (galls), and the
control group, which
received mouthwash
containing 0.2%
chlorhexidine. The
evaluation was
conducted by DMFT.
To ascertain the long-
term impact of the
intervention, salivary
pH, the Oral Hygiene
Index-Simplified
(OHI-S), the Plaque
Index (Loe & Silness)
(PI), the Plaque Index
Simplified (O'Leary et
al., 1972) (PI-S), the
Gingival Index (Löe-
Silness) (GI), and
Bleeding on Probing
(BOP) were measured
at baseline and 30
days. GI and PI were
then evaluated on
60th, 90th, and 120th
days.

III. RESULTS Southern et al.'s and Nayak et al.'s research demonstrated

that the herbs based mouthwash did not result in a
A primary causative agent for periodontitis and statistically significant drop in PI and GI scores as compared
gingivitis is plaque [11]. It's crucial to remove plaque every to the chemical mouthwashes, demonstrating the chemical
day to maintain healthy gingiva. Biofilm formed on teeth’s mouthwashes superiority. Comparably effective to non-
can be mechanically removed from the surface of teeth by herbal alternatives were discovered to be herbal compounds
brushing on a regular basis [12]. But toothpaste isn't really such as tea tree, miswak, triphala herb, aloe vera plant and
very helpful in getting rid of it [13]. Because it causes polyherbal groupings like Zingiber officinale, Rosmarinus
gingivitis, periodontitis, and dental cavities, removing officinalis, and Calendula officinalis [17,18,19,20,28].
microbial dental plaque biofilm is essential [14]. To this Information were not sufficient enough to determine which
end, mouthwashes and dentifrices have been enriched with a mouthwash is more effective at preventing gingivitis and
range of substances, chiefly antimicrobial agents [15]. plaque, even though both groups showed comparable levels
of effectiveness. The values did not differ much.
The results of all the investigations demonstrated a
considerable decline in both the herbal based and non-herbal
based groups of mouthwashes; nevertheless, there is little
variation in GI and PI scores between the two groups [16].

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY968

IV. DISCUSSION  Herbal Mouthwash Consist Tea Oil , Basil Oil and Clove
Oil:
Herbal mouthwash is a natural oral care product that Tea oil (0.2–0.3%), clove oil (0.2–0.3%), and basil oil
may help to maintain good oral hygiene. It is composed of a (0.2–0.3%) are ingredients. A broth microdilution
variety of spices and herbs with antiviral, antibacterial, and experiment was done to determine the mouth rinse's
antiseptic qualities [50]. Herbal mouthwash is a natural minimum inhibitory concentration, and the results showed a
alternative to commercial mouthwashes. It can help 25% MIC [43].
maintain oral hygiene, freshen breath, and may have other
benefits depending on the ingredients used [29]. Certain  Mouthwash Having Pomegranate Extract:
herbal mouthwashes were tested in vitro and also in vivo as To prepare a mouthwash containing pomegranate
part of the quest for an appropriate alternative to mechanical extract , peels of pomegranate were first sun-dried and then
therapy for long-term use [30]. Aloe vera has shown to be a stored in the hot-air oven at 60°C for 7 days. After drying
strong antibacterial and to be useful in the treatment, ground, it until it became powder. After that, a Soxhlet
prevention, and reoccurrence of plaque [31]. Given that it extractor was used to create an aqueous extract using the
avoids adverse effects including toxicity, tooth obtained powder. After 5 days, 20 grams of PPE had been
discoloration, and sudden hypersensitivity, it can serve as a produced. The same process is used to create pomegranate
good herbal replacement. In a Kamath et al. study [32]. aril extract, but it must be kept for 15 days at 60°C in a hot
Although chlorhexidine is still the gold standard air oven to dry. The sterilized grinder can be used to
mouthwash, aloe vera exhibits promising results in reducing produce freshly made pomegranate juice. After heating 400
plaque and gingivitis scores, without any reported adverse millilitres of pomegranate juice for an hour, a strong
effects [51]. According to study done by Bhat et al. it concentration is produced.[44]
showed that herbal mouthwashes with constituents like S.
persica, P. betel, T. Billerica, and E. cardamomum can  Polyherbal Mouthwash:
prevent plaque. Many investigations have shown that S. The contents of mixed herbal mouthwash include
persica, a toothbrush tree known as "Miswak" locally, is an babool chaal (20% w/v), chameli leaves (10% w/v), darim
effective antiplaque agent [33]. When we compared to leaves (10% w/v), mulethi (5% w/v), and neem (2% w/v).
chlorhexidine mouthwash with herbal mouthwash or herbal Some of the roles that various ingredients perform are as
mouth rinse, herbal mouthwash was found to be just as follows:Mulethi is astringent, babool chaal act as astringent
effective as chemical mouthwash at reducing plaque and agent, Chameli plant leaves act as antimicrobial agent, and
gingivitis. neem is both as an astringent and also as antibacterial[45].

TRP mouthwash was reported to lower inflammatory  Neem Containing Mouthwash:

indicators in a study performed by Pradeep et al., which 100 g of neem sticks should be chopped into tiny
improved the gingivitis [34]. The outcomes approximated sections and ground till it became a rough powder. This
those of CHX mouthwash, which has been considered the rough powder should be kept at 27 degree Celsius or room
"gold standard" for treating gingivitis and periodontitis. temperature. After the neem powder is soaked for two to
Thus, TRP mouthwash could be considered a useful for four hours, put it into the distillation apparatus with ten parts
gingivitis treatment [35]. It seems that CHX-MW and waters. Heat it until sixty percent of the concentrate is
triphala mouthwash are equally clinically effective in obtained. After completely cooling, mix it in 1000 millilitres
treating plaque-induced gingivitis. TRP is an accessible, of distilled water to create a 2% neem solution, these neem
affordable solution with few negative effects on gums [36]. solution is then formulated in the mouthwash [46].
Emami SA et. al., observed statistically insignificant
reduction in the gingival and plaque ratings in the placebo  Triphala Mouthwash:
group from baseline to day 14[37]. It was discovered that The following is how triphala mouthwash was made in
using a polyherbal mouthwash might safely and effectively one of the studies that was reported:
reduce gingivitis and plaque [38,39,40]. The research
conducted by Southern et al. revealed that the only rinse that Dissolve 60 grams of triphala churna (consist of 3
exhibited a statistically significant impact on reducing mean herbs) in 1000 mL of double-deionized water, boil and
GI and PI scores was chlorhexidine. When compared to strain and then mix 1 mL of pudina extract and 2 millilitre
herbal remedies and placebos, chlorhexidine was more of glycerine. Pudina act as a flavouring ingredient and
successful in lowering gingival and plaque scores [41]. glycerine act as a sweetener.
According to a Jalaluddin et al. study, PI and GI ratings
reduced in both the herbal and chlorhexidine groups; Once it has cooled, pour 50 mL into amber-coloured
however, a significant difference were only observed in the bottles.[47]
baseline values [42].

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 Arimedadi Oil: [7]. FLÖTRA, L., Gjermo, P. E. R., RÖLLA, G., &
The constituents of Arimedadi oil are Lodhra plant , WAERHAUG, J. (1971). Side effects of chlorhexidine
Lavang fruit, Gairic, Agaru plant, Padmakashtha plant, mouth washes. European Journal of Oral
Nagarmotha stem, Manjishtha, Jeshthamadh stem, Laksha, Sciences, 79(2), 119-125.
Welchi seeds, Wadachi Paane, Dalchini leaves, Yashti, [8]. Hasen, G., & Hashim, R. (2021). Current awareness of
Jaiphala, Kapoor, Kankol, Kshudra Chandan bark, Dhayati health professionals on the safety of herbal medicine
phoole, Khairchaal, Lahan welchi, Nageshar, and Til tel[48]. and associated factors in the southwest of
Ethiopia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare,
V. CONCLUSION 2001-2008.
[9]. Boparai, J. K., Singh, A., Gupta, A. K., Matreja, P. S.,
Herbal mouthwash is a natural alternative to Khanna, P. M. L., Gupta, V., & Gautam, R. K. (2017).
commercial mouthwashes. It can help maintain oral hygiene, A study to determine the knowledge and level of
freshen breath, and may have other benefits depending on awareness of medical undergraduates about herbal
the ingredients used. Depending on the oral diseases, a range medicines and herb-drug interactions. International
of mouthwashes may be recommended. As a result, oral Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 6(1), 17.
healthcare professionals need to be aware of the many [10]. Abhishek KN, Supreetha S, Sam G, Khan SN,
etiologic factors and oral cavity predisposing diseases. It Chaithanya KH, Abdul N: Effect of neem containing
should go without saying that the best mouthwash is toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis--a randomized
chlorhexidine. Herbal mouthwashes, however, can be a double blind clinical trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015,
useful substitute when socioeconomic factors are 16:880-3
considered, side effects and consumer preference for natural [11]. Cope, G., & Cope, A. (2011). Gingivitis: symptoms,
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