Unit-4(b)

Three Phase Transformers

Syllabus
Auto-transformers: Constructional details, copper saving, VA rating, conversion of two winding
transformer to an autotransformer, applications.
Three phase transformers: Construction, principle of operation, three phase transformer
connections - Y/Y, Y/Δ, Δ /Y, Δ/Δ, vector groups, open Δ and Scott connections.
Tap changing transformers

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Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, the reader will able to
❖ Explain the constructional details and operating principle of a 3-phase
transformer
❖ Classify 3-phase transformers based on primary and secondary winding
connections
❖ Explain open delta or V-V connection
❖ Explain constructional details and principle of operation of three winding
transformer
❖ Explain the transformation from 3-phase to 2-phase using Scott connection.
❖ Illustrate tap changing transformers
❖ List the applications of 3-phase transformers
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4.1 Introduction
The generation of electrical power at various generating stations is usually 3-
phase and the voltages are in the range of 13.2kV or 22kV. To step-up the
generated voltages for transmission purposes, and to step-down the transmission
voltages for distribution purposes, it is necessary to transform the 3-phase voltage
system to a higher or lower value. In order to reduce the power loss to the
distribution end, the power is transmitted at somewhat higher voltages like 132kV
or 400kV. Hence, for transmission of the power at higher voltages, three phase step-
up transformer is used. Also, at the end of the transmission or distribution, these
high voltages are step-down to low voltages such as 6600V, 400V, 230V etc. For
this purpose, a three-phase step-down transformer is used. Three-phase circuits
are the most economical for AC power transmission and distribution. As a
consequence, 3-phase transformers are the most widely used in power systems. A
3-phase transformer may be a single large unit (all windings wound around the
same core, immersed in one tank) or it may be made up of three single-phase units.
In practice the choice between one and another type is governed mainly by
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economic reasons, transportation, future expansion, reliability etc. In either case,
the windings may be connected in star-star (Y-Y), delta-delta (∆-∆), star-delta (Y-∆)
or delta-star (∆-Y).
Applications: Three phase transformer places a major role in prominent areas of
electrical power engineering, such as
• These transformers are used in power supply such as power station
generator, machine transformer, network transformer, distribution
transformer, substation transformer etc.
• Power stations and substations use 3-phase transformers to step-up or step-
down the voltages.
• Laboratories use 3-phase variacs i.e. 3-phase auto transformers to supply
power to induction and synchronous motors.
• These transformers are used in buck-boost converters.
• These transformers provide electrostatic shielding for transient noise
protection.
4.2 Construction of 3-phase Transformers
A 3-phase transformer can be constructed by using common magnetic core
for both primary and secondary windings. As we discussed in the case of single-
phase transformers, construction of 3-phase transformer can be core type as well
as shell type. So, for a bank of 3-phase core type transformer, three core type single
phase transformers are combined. Similarly, a bank of 3-phase shell type
transformer is getting by properly combining three shell type single phase
transformers. In a shell type transformer ‘E’ and ‘I’ laminated core surrounds the
coils whereas in core type coil surrounds the core.
4.2.1. Core Type Construction
The most common type 3-phase core type construction is shown in figure
(4.1). In core type 3-phase transformer, core is made up of three limbs or legs and
two yokes and the magnetic path is formed between these yokes and limbs. As
usual, the core is made up of thin laminated sheets to reduce eddy current losses.
Each limb has primary and secondary windings in cylindrical shape arranged
concentrically. In this type of construction, the cross-sectional area of the limbs is
same as the cross-sectional area of the yokes. Circular cylindrical coils are used as
the windings for this type of transformer. The primary and secondary windings of
one phase are wounded on one leg.

Figure (4.1): Three-phase core type construction

4.2.2 Shell Type Construction
A 3-phase shell type transformer construction is shown in figure (4.2). In
shell type construction, the three phases are more independent because each phase
has independent magnetic circuit compared with core type transformer. The
construction is similar to that of three single phase shell type transformers kept on
the top of each other. The magnetic circuits of this type of transformer are in
parallel. Due to this, the saturation effects in common magnetic paths are
neglected. The windings of the shell type 3-phase transformer are either connected
in delta or star as desired. However, shell type constructed transformers are rarely
used in practice.

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 Figure (4.2): Three-phase shell type construction
4.3 Three Phase Transformation
The transfer of 3-phase voltage from one level to another level is known as 3-
phase transformation. The 3-phase voltage transformation can be obtained by using
the following methods
(i) Using a bank of three single phase transformers.
(ii) Using a single unit of 3-phase transformer.
4.3.1 Bank of three single-phase Transformers

Figure (4.3): Bank of three single phase transformers in star-delta

Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in three-phase form.
Even where single-phase power is required, such as in homes and small
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establishments, these are merely tapped off from a basic 3-phase system.
Transformers are, therefore required to interconnect three phase systems at
different voltage levels. This can be done using three single-phase transformers
called as a transformer bank. The schematic diagram of a bank of three single
phase transformers in star-delta connection is shown in figure (4.3). The primary
windings of three identical single-phase transformers can be usually connected
either in star or in delta to form a three-phase system. Similarly, the secondary
windings can also be connected in star or delta. We have, therefore, four methods of
interconnection of primary/secondary, viz., star/star, star/delta, delta/star and
delta/delta. The primary and secondary windings shown parallel to each other
belong to the same single-phase transformer.
Advantages:
• A bank of three single-phase transformers is used in underground work such
as in mines, for easy transport of these units.
• When one transformer in a bank of three single-phase transformers becomes
defective, it may be removed from service and the other two transformers
may be reconnected in open delta to supply service at rated capacity on an
emergency basis until repairs can be made.
Disadvantages:
• A bank of three single phase transformers costs around 20% more than
single unit of a 3-phase transformer for the same rating.
• It occupies more space when compared to a single unit of 3-phase
transformer.

4.3.2 Single unit of a 3-phase Transformer

(a) Schematic diagram

Figure (4.4): Three phase transformer (core type) in star-delta

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 Instead of a bank of three separate single-phase transformers, each having
its own separate iron core; a single transformer can be designed to serve the same
function. Such a single unit, called a three-phase transformer, has three primary
windings and three secondary windings as shown in figure (4.4). These primary and
secondary windings can be connected either in star or delta. Such a transformer
differs from the single-phase transformers in the design of the iron-core. In the
single-phase transformer bank, the fluxes associated with a particular phase utilize
an iron core which serves only that phase, whereas in the 3-phase transformer the
iron core couples different phases together. Because of this sharing of the iron core
by the three phases, such transformers can be built more economically.
Advantages:
A single three-phase transformer unit has the following advantages:
• It occupies less space for same rating, compared to a bank of three single-
phase transformers.
• It has less weight and cost.
• Since only one unit is required to be handled, it is easy for the operator.
• The core is of smaller size and hence less material is required.
Because of these advantages, 3-phase transformers are in common use, especially
for large power transformations.
Disadvantages:
• In a single unit of 3-phase transformer, when one phase becomes defective,
the entire 3-phase unit must be removed from service.
• It is difficult to transport single unit of large 3-phase transformer to the site.
4.4 Three-phase Transformer Connections
A 3-phase transformer can be built by suitably connecting a bank of three
single-phase transformers or by a single unit of 3-phase transformer. The primary
or secondary windings may be connected in either star (Y) or delta (∆) arrangement.
The four most common connections are
(i) star-star (Y-Y) Connection
(ii) delta-delta (∆-∆) Connection
(iii) star-delta (Y-∆) Connection and
(iv) delta-star (∆-Y) Connection
4.4.1 Star-star (Y-Y) Connection
This type of connection is generally used for small current, high voltage
transformers. In the Y-Y connection, 57.7% (or 1/√3) of the line voltage is impressed
upon each winding but full line current flows in each winding. Hence with star
connection, turns per phase are minimum and winding insulation is stressed by
57.7% of line voltage. The schematic diagram star-star is shown in figure (4.5).
From figure 4.5(c), it is clear that (i) indicates 00 phase shift i.e., the primary and
secondary are in phase, whereas, (ii) indicates 1800 phase shift i.e., the connections
of the secondary transformer are reversed. The phase current is equal to line
current and they are in-phase. The line voltage is √3 times the phase voltage and
there is a phase separation of 300 between the line and phase voltages on both
primary and secondary side.
It can be noted that power circuits supplied from a Y-Y bank often create
serious disturbances in communication circuits in their immediate vicinity.
Because of this and other disadvantages, the Y-Y connection is seldom used.
As primary is star connected
V
V1 ph = 1L --- (4.1)
3
Since secondary is also connected in star, we have
V2 ph V 
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph = K  1L 
V1 ph  3
V 
V2 L = 3V2 ph = 3K  1L  = KV1L --- (4.2)
 3

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 Figure (4.5): Star-star connection
Advantages:
• Both primary and secondary circuits are in phase
• Due to star connection, phase voltage is 1/√3 times of line voltage, hence
needs lesser winding turns.
• Level of insulation can be reduced.
• It can be used as an auto-transformer.
• As the neutral is available, it is suitable for 3-phase 4-wire system.
Disadvantages:
• If the neutral is not provided, the phase voltages tend to become severely
unbalanced, when the load is unbalanced. Therefore, star-star connection is
not satisfactory for unbalanced loading in the absence of neutral connection.
• Even though the star or neutral point of primary is earthed, the third
harmonics presented in the alternator voltage may appear on the secondary
side. This causes distortion in the secondary phase voltages
Application:
• This Type of Transformer is rarely used due to problems with unbalanced
loads.
• It is economical for small high voltage transformers as the number of turns
per phase and the amount of insulation required is less.

4.4.2 Delta-delta (∆-∆) Connection

This type of connection is generally used for large current, low voltage
transformers. The schematic diagram of ∆-∆ connection is shown in figure (4.6). The
phase voltage is equal to line voltage and both line and phase voltages are in phase.
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The line current is √3 times phase current and there is a phase separation of 300
between the line and phase currents on both primary and secondary side. Here
magnetizing current and voltage drops in impedances have been neglected.

Figure (4.6): Delta-delta (∆-∆) Connection

The main advantage of this connection is that if one transformer gets damaged or
removed from service, the remaining two can be operated in open-delta or V-V
connection. Due to this operation the continuity of supply can be maintained at
reduced capacity i.e., 57.7% of its rated capacity.
As primary is delta connected
V1L = V1 ph --- (4.3)
Since the secondary is also connected in delta, we have
V2 ph
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph = KV1L
V1 ph
V2 L = V2 ph = KV1L --- (4.4)
Advantages:
• This type of connection is used for both balanced and unbalanced loads.
• If one transformer fails, the remaining two transformers will continue to
supply the three-phase power in open-delta or V-V connection at reduced
capacity.
• If third harmonics present, then it circulates in a closed path and therefore
does not appear in the output voltage wave
Disadvantages:
• As the neutral is not available, it is not suitable for 3-phase 4-wire system.

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 •More insulation is required due to a greater number of turns per phase when
compared to star-star connection
Application:
• Suitable for large, low voltage transformers.
• This type of connection is normally uncommon but used in some industrial
facilities to reduce impact of SLG faults on the primary system.
• It is generally used in systems where it needs to be carried large currents on
low voltages and especially when continuity of service is to be maintained
even though one of the phases develops fault.

4.4.3 Star-delta (Y-∆) Connection

This type connection is commonly used for stepping down the voltage from
high level to low level at the end of transmission line. The schematic diagram of Y-∆
connection is shown in figure (4.7). In primary, phase current is equal to line
current and both line and phase currents are in phase. The line voltage is √3 times
the phase voltage and there is a phase separation of 300 between the line and phase
voltages. In secondary, phase voltage is equal to line voltage and they are in phase.
The line current is √3 times phase current and there is a phase separation of 300
between the line and phase currents.
In this connection of transformers, the neutral of the primary winding is earthed.
The insulation on the primary side, i.e., HV side of the transformer is stressed only
to 57.7% of line to line voltage.

Figure (4.7): Star-delta (Y-∆) Connection

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As primary is star connected
V
V1 ph = 1L --- (4.5)
3
Since the secondary is delta connected, we have
V2 ph V 
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph = K  1L 
V1 ph  3
V   K 
V2 L = V2 ph = K  1L  =  V1L --- (4.6)
 3  3
Advantages:
• The primary is star connected and hence less number of turns is required.
This makes the connection economical for large high voltage step-down
power transformers.
• The neutral is available on the primary can be earthed to avoid distortion.
• Large unbalanced loads can be handled satisfactorily.
• The neutral point allows both types of loads (single phase or three phases) to
be met.
• This connection has no problem with third harmonic components due to
circulating currents in delta.
Disadvantages:
• In this connection, the secondary voltage is not in phase with primary. i.e.
300 phase shift between the primary and the secondary voltages. Hence this
connection cannot be paralled with star-star or delta-delta connected
transformers.
• If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of
another transformer without phase shift, there would be a problem
Applications:
• It is commonly employed for power supply transformers.
• This type of connection is commonly employed at the substation end of the
transmission line. The main use with this connection is to step down the
voltage.
4.4.4 Delta-Star (∆-Y) Connection
This connection is used for stepping up the voltage from low level to high
level, for example at the beginning of HV transmission line. The schematic diagram
of ∆-Y connection is shown in figure (4.8). In primary, phase voltage is equal to line
voltage and both line and phase voltages are in phase. The line current is √3 times
phase current and there is a phase separation of 300 between the line and phase
currents. In secondary, phase current is equal to line current and they are in
phase. The line voltage is √3 times phase voltage and there is a phase separation of
300 between the line and phase voltages.

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 Figure (4.8): Delta-star (∆-Y) Connection
On high voltage side (i.e. secondary side) of the transformer, insulation is
stressed only about 57.7% of line voltage. These transformers are also used as
distribution transformers, for example 11kV/400V, used to distribute power to
consumers by 3-phase, 4-wire system.
As primary is delta connected, we have
V1L = V1 ph --- (4.7)
V2 ph
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph --- (4.8)
V1 ph
Since the secondary is star connected, we have
V2 L = 3V2 ph = 3KV1 ph = 3KV1L --- (4.9)
Advantages:
• In primary side due to delta connection, winding cross-section required is
less.
• Due to availability of neutral in the secondary side, it can be used for 3-
phase, 4-wire system.
• There is no distortion due to third harmonic components.
• Large unbalanced loads can be handled without any difficulty.
Disadvantages:
• In this connection, the secondary voltage is not in phase with primary. i.e.
there exist 300 phase shift between the primary and the secondary voltages.
Hence this connection cannot be paralled with star-star or delta-delta
connected transformers.
• If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of
another transformer without phase shift, there would be a problem.
Applications:
• It is commonly used as a step-up transformer.
• Commonly used in commercial, industrial, and high-density residential
locations.
• This connection is used universally for connecting generators to transmission
systems as Generator Transformer
In summary the voltage and current relationships for different types of
transformer connections is given in the following table:

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 Primary side Secondary side
Type of Line Phase Phase Phase Phase Line Line
connection voltage voltage current voltage current Voltage Current
Y-Y VL VL IL KV L IL KV L IL
3 3 K K
∆-∆ VL VL IL KVL IL KV L IL
3 K 3 K
Y-∆ VL VL IL KV L IL KV L 3I L
3 3 K 3 K
∆-Y VL VL IL KV L IL 3KVL IL
3 K 3 K 3
Table (4.1): Voltage and current relationships for different types of 3-phase
transformer connections
Solved Problem-1: A 3-phase step-down transformer is connected to 6600V mains
and it takes 20A. Calculate the secondary line voltage, line current and output for
the following connections.
(i) Y-Y (ii) ∆-∆ (iii) Y-∆ (iv) ∆-Y. Turns ratio per phase is 10
Solution: Given that
V1L = 6600V , I1L = 20 A
Transformation ratio, K=1/10=0.1
(i) Y-Y connection
As primary is star connected
V1L 6600
V1 ph = = = 3810.5V
3 3
I 1L = I1 ph = 20 A
I1 ph I1 ph 20
K=  I 2 ph = = = 200 A
I 2 ph K 0.1
Since secondary is also connected in star
I 2 L = I 2 ph = 200A
V2 ph
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph = 0.1  3810.5 = 381.05V
V1 ph
V2 L = 3V2 ph = 3  381.05 = 660V
Secondary output= 3V2 L I 2 L = 3  660  200 = 228.63kVA
(ii) ∆-∆ connection
As primary is delta connected
V1L = V1 ph = 6600V , I1L = 20 A
I1L 20
I1 ph = = = 11.547 A
3 3
V2 ph
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph = 0.1  6600 = 660V
V1 ph
Since secondary is also connected in delta
V2 L = V2 ph = 660V
I1 ph 11.547
I 2 ph = = = 115.47 A
K 0.1
 I 2L = 3I 2 ph = 3  115.47 = 200V
Secondary output= 3V2 L I 2 L = 3  660  200 = 228.63kVA
(iii) Y-∆ connection
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 As primary is star connected
V1L 6600
V1 ph = = = 3810.5V , I1L = I1 ph = 20 A
3 3
V2 ph
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph = 0.1  3810.5 = 381.05V
V1 ph
Since secondary is delta connected
V2 L = V2 ph = 381.05V
I1 ph 20
I 2 ph = = = 200A
K 0.1
I 2L = 3I 2 ph = 3  200 = 346.4 A
Secondary output= 3V2 L I 2 L = 3  381.05  346.4 = 228.63kVA
(iv) ∆-Y connection
As primary is delta connected
V1L = V1 ph = 6600V
I1L 20
I1 ph = = = 11.547 A
3 3
I1 ph 11.547
I 2 ph = = = 115.47 A
K 0.1
Since secondary is star connected
I 2 L = I 2 ph = 115.47 A
V2 ph
K=  V2 ph = KV1 ph = 0.1  6600 = 660V
V1 ph
V2 L = 3V2 ph = 3  660 = 1143.15V
Secondary output= 3V2 L I 2 L = 3  1143.15  115.47 = 228.63kVA
Solved Problem-2: A 11000/440V, 50Hz, 3-phase transformer is delta connected
on the HV side and star connected on the LV side. There are to be 12V per turn and
the flux density is not exceeded 1.2 Tesla. Calculate the number of turns per phase
on each winding and the net cross-sectional area of the core?
Solution: Given that
V1 ph 440
= 12 , Bm = 1.2 Tesla , V2 ph = = 254.03V
N1 3
Since the HV side is delta connected, phase and line voltages are equal, i.e.,
V1 ph = V1L = 11000V
11000 11000
 = 12  N 1 = = 917
N1 12
V2 ph 245.03
= 12  N 2 = = 21
N2 12
V1 ph = 4.44 Bm AfN1
11000 = 4.44  1.2  A  50  917
 A = 450cm 2
Solved Problem-3: A 3-phase transformer has delta connected primary and a star
connected secondary working on 50Hz, 3-phase supply. The line voltages of primary
and secondary are 6600V and 600V respectively. The line current on primary side is
15A and secondary has a balanced load at 0.8 p.f lagging. Calculate the secondary
phase voltage, line current and output power?
Solution: Given that
V1L = 6600V , V2 L = 600V , I1L = 15 A, load p. f = 0.8 lagging
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Primary side (delta connected):
V1 ph = V1L = 6600V
I 1L = 15 A
I 1L 15
I 1 ph = =
= 8.666 A
3 3
Since secondary side is star connected,
V 600
V2 ph = 2 L = = 346.4V
3 3
 Secondary phase voltage, V2 ph = 346.4V
V2 ph 346.4
K= = = 0.0525
V1 ph 6600
I 1 ph
8.66
I 2 ph = =
= 165 A
K 0.0525
 Secondary line current, I 2 L = I 2 ph = 165 A
Output = 3V2 L I 2 L cos  = 3  600  165  0.8 = 137.178kW

4.5 Labeling of Transformer Terminals

In a single-phase transformer, we have only two coils namely primary and
secondary. Primary is energized with single phase supply and load is connected
across the secondary. However, in a 3-phase transformer there will be three
numbers of primary coils and three numbers of secondary coils. So, these three
primary coils and the three secondary coils are to be properly connected so that the
voltage level of a balanced 3-phase supply may be changed to another 3-phase
balanced system of different voltage level.
The labelling of transformer banks is necessary to facilitate proper
connection of the 3-phase banks either in Y or ∆. The terminals on the primary side
of each phase are labelled as A, B, C (capital letters) while those on the secondary
side are labelled as a, b, c (small letters). Let us consider three identical
transformers T1, T2 and T3. For transformer-T1, primary terminals are marked as
A1A2 and the secondary terminals are marked as a1a2. The markings are done in
such a way that A1 and a1 represent the dot (•) terminals. Similarly terminals for T2
and T3 transformers are marked and shown in figure (4.9).

Figure (4.9): Labeling of transformer banks

It may be noted that individually each transformer will work following the
rules of single-phase transformer i.e., induced voltage in a1a2 will be in phase with
applied voltage across A1A2 and the ratio of magnitude of voltages and currents will
be as usual decided by K where K=N2/N1, the transformation ratio. This will be true
for transformers T2 and T3 as well i.e., induced voltage in b1b2 will be in phase with
applied voltage across B1B2 and induced voltage in c1c2 will be in phase with applied
voltage across C1C2.
4.6 Vector Groups
A vector group is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
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method of categorizing the high voltage (HV) winding and low voltage (LV) winding
configurations and the difference in phase angle between them of 3-phase
transformers.
The transformer vector group show the phase difference between the primary
and secondary sides of the transformer and also determines the HV and LV
windings arrangement of 3-phase transformers. Three phase transformers are
divided into four main groups according to the phase difference between the
corresponding line to neutral voltage on the HV side and the LV side. The phase
difference is the angle by which the LV line to neutral voltage lags the HV line to
neutral voltage, and is measured in units of 30° in clockwise direction. These
groups are
Group No.1: No phase displacement
Group No.2: 1800 phase displacement
Group No.3: -300 phase displacement
Group No.4: +300 phase displacement
The phasor differences can also be measured by using the clock methods as
shown in figure (4.10). Consider the minute hand of the clock shown the high
voltage and always shown to occupy the position 12 and the low voltage winding is
represented by the hour hand. The angle of 30° is the angle between two adjacent
figures on the clock dial and is taken as the unit of dial shift. When the hour hand
of the clock is at 12, then the phase displacement is zero. When the hour hand is at
1 then the phase shift -30° degree. At 6 the phase shift is 6 ×30º = 180º. Similarly,
when the hour hand is at 11 the phase shift is 11 × 30º=330º= +30º. The number 0,
6, 1, and 11 in the group reference number indicates the primary to secondary
phase shift regarding the hours of the clock.

Figure (4.10): Clock convention representation of vector groups

On the name plate of a 3-phase transformer, the vector group is mentioned.
In the typical representation of the vector group Yd1, the first capital latter ‘Y’
indicates that the primary is connected in star and the second lower case letter ‘d’
indicates delta connection of the secondary side and the third numerical figure
conveys the angle of phase shift based on clock convention i.e., 300 lagging.
Imp Note: The only transformer in the same group may be connected in parallel.
For example, a star-star, 3-phase transformers can be parallel with another three-
phase transformer whose windings are either connected in Y-Y or ∆-∆. The ∆-∆
transformer cannot be parallel with Y-∆ transformer.
4.6.1 Transformer winding connections for various vector groups
While drawing the transformer winding connections for various vector groups, the
following conventions should be followed:
(i) HV and LV phasors always represents line to neutral voltage
(ii) Always take HV phasor as reference and fixed at 12 ‘O’ clock position and
rotate LV phasor in space.
(iii) Line to neutral voltage primary and secondary must be either in same phase
or in opposite phase

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 (iv) In the clock representation, minute hand represents HV phasor, which
should always occupies 12 ‘O’ clock position and hour hand represents LV
phasor.
Case-(i): Vector Groups Yy0 and Yy6
(a)Yy0 vector group

Figure (4.11): Yy0 vector group winding connections

(b)Yy6 vector group

Figure (4.12): Yy6 vector group winding connections

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Case-(ii): Vector Groups Dd0 and Dd6
(a) Dd0 vector group

Figure (4.13): Dd0 vector group winding connections

Figure (4.14): Dd6 vector group winding connections

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 16

Case-(iii): Vector Groups Yd11 and Yd5
(a) Yd11 vector group

Figure (4.15): Yd11 vector group winding connections

(b) Yd5 vector group

Figure (4.16): Yd5 vector group winding connections

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 17

Case-(iv): Vector Groups Yd1 and Yd7
(a) Yd1 vector group

Figure (4.17): Yd1 vector group winding connections

(b) Yd7 vector group

Figure (4.18): Yd7 vector group winding connections

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 18

Case-(v): Vector Groups Dy11 and Dy5
(a) Dy11 vector group

Figure (4.19): Dy11 vector group winding connections

(b) Dy5 vector group

Figure (4.20): Dy5 vector group winding connections

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 19

4.7 Open Delta or V-V Connection
When one transformer of a ∆-∆ system is damaged or accidently opened, the
system will continue to supply 3-phase power at reduced capacity. This defective
transformer is disconnected or removed for repair and the remaining two
transformers continue to function as an open delta or V-V system to provide supply
with reduced capacity, i.e., about 57.7% as that of original ∆-∆ bank.
In ∆-∆ connection as shown in figure 4.21(a), if the secondary phase current
is Iph, then the full load secondary line current IL=√3 Iph and if Vph is the phase
voltage, then the line voltage VL=Vph. Therefore, kVA rating of the bank of three
single phase transformers is
( kVA)− = 3VL I L = 3VL ( 3I ph ) = 3Vph I ph --- (4.10)
Now, if one transformer (winding) is removed from the bank, then ∆-∆ bank
becomes V-V bank [shown in figure 4.9(b)], the secondary line current IL becomes
equal to secondary phase current Iph.
 ( kVA)V −V = 3VL I L = 3V ph I ph --- (4.11)
( kVA)V −V 3Vph I ph 1
= = = 0.577 or 57.7% --- (4.12)
( kVA)− 3Vph I ph 3
Thus, the total load carried by V-V bank is only is 57.7% of the capacity of original
∆-∆ bank, but not two-third (66.67%) of the ∆-∆ bank.
66.67 − 57.7
 Reduction in the rating= 100 = 13.45% --- (4.13)
66.67

Figure (4.21): Open delta connection

Also, in open delta system,
kVA per transformer V I 1
= ph ph = = 0.577 or 57.7%
Total load in V − V 3Vph I ph 3
Thus, the kVA supplied by each transformer in a V-V system is not half (50%) of the
total kVA, but it is 57.7%
Transformer Utility Factor (TUF): The ratio of actual kVA available to the total
kVA possible in open delta connection is known as the transformer utility factor
(TUF).

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 20

 Actual kVA available 3Vph I ph 3
TUF = = = = 0.866
Total kVA possible 2Vph I ph 2

4.7.1 Power Supplied by V-V bank

When V-V circuit is delivering 3-phase power, the power factor of the two
transformers is not the same (except at unity p.f.). Therefore, the voltage regulation
of the two transformers will not be the same. If the load power factor angle is ф,
then one transformer operates at cos(300-ф) and the other at cos(300+ф). Thus, the
powers supplied by two transformers are
P1 = VL I L  cos(30 −  ) = kVA  cos(30 −  ) --- (4.14)
P2 = VL I L  cos(30 +  ) = kVA  cos(30 +  ) --- (4.15)
Total power supplied by the transformers
P = P1 + P2 = VL I L  cos(30 −  ) + VL I L  cos(30 +  )
= 2VL I L  cos 30 cos 
= 3VL I L cos 
 P = 3VL I L cos  --- (4.16)
At unity power factor load i.e., p.f. = 1  ф= 0
Power supplied by each transformer is
3
P1 = P2 = 3VL I L cos 30 = VL I L --- (4.17)
2
(i) When ф = 0 i.e. load p.f. = 1
Each transformer will have a p.f. = cos 300 = 0.866
(ii) When ф = 300 i.e. load p.f. = 0.864.
In this case, one transformer has a p.f. of cos (300-300) =1 and the other of
cos(300+300)= 0.5
(iii) When ф= 600 i.e. load p.f. = 0.5
In this case, one transformer will have a p.f. = cos(300-600) = cos(-300) = 0.866
and the other of cos(300+600) = 0. It means that one of the transformers will not
supply any load whereas the other having a p.f.= 0.866 will supply the entire
load.

4.7.2 Advantages, disadvantages and applications

Advantages:
• It is used when one of the transformers in a ∆-∆ bank fails, so that continuity
of supply may be maintained with reduced capacity.
• It is employed when the 3-phase load is small, so that installation does not
warrant a 3-phase transformer bank.
Disadvantages:
• Voltage become unbalanced at the secondary terminal
• Power handling capacity of the transformer will be reduced. Reduction is
approximately 15.5%
• The two transformers in V-V bank operated at different power factors except
for a balanced unity power factor load.
Applications:
• As a temporary measure when one of the transformers in a ∆-∆ system is
damaged, so that service is continued although at reduced capacity, till the
faulty transformer is repaired or a new one is substituted.
• It is extensively used in distribution systems, for instance during the initial
stages (it is used as V-V bank) of rural electrification when the load is small
but it is expected to grow later on (it is used as ∆-∆ bank).
Solved Problem-4: Three single-phase transformers connected in delta-delta,
supply a balanced 3-phase load of 1500kW at 4400V at 0.8 p.f lagging. The
transformers are supplied from 3-phase mains at 11000V. Find the currents in the

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 21

windings of each transformer. If one transformer is found faulty and the other two
are connected in V-V fashion, determine the currents in the windings of each
transformer and its p.f.
Solution: Given that
∆-∆ connection:
Load, PL=1500kW
V1L = 11000V , V2 L = 4400V
load p. f = 0.8 lagging
PL = 3V2 L I 2 L cos 
 1500  10 3 = 3  4400  0.8I 2 L
 I 2 L = 246 A
I 2L 246
Secondary phase current, I 2 ph = = 142 A =
3 3
Current in the secondary winding=142A
V2 ph 4400
K= = = 0.4
V1 ph 11000
I 1 ph = K  I 2 ph = 0.4  142 = 56.8 A
Current in the primary winding=54.8A
V-V connection:
In V-V connection, secondary line current is same as the secondary phase current
PL = 3V2 L I 2 L cos 
 1500  10 3 = 3  4400  0.8I 2 L
 I 2 L = 246 A
Secondary phase current= Secondary line current=246A
Current in the secondary winding=246A
Current in the primary winding
I1 ph = K  I 2 ph = 0.4  246 = 98.4 A
Power factor in V-V connection =0.866× Power factor in ∆-∆ connection
=0.866×0.8=0.6928 lagging
Solved Problem-5: Three single-phase transformers are connected in mesh. If one
transformer is found faulty and removed what will be the reduction in rating of each
of other transformers? What must be the rating of each transformer in a V-V
connection to supply a 3-phase balanced load of 200kVA? If a third similar
transformer is included what will be the rated capacity of the set?
Solution:
Let the rating of each transformer be S1
Total rating of three transformers=3S1
Total rating of two transformers in V-V connection=2S1
V − V capacity
But = 0.578
 −  capacity
V − V capacity = 0.578  3S1 = 1.734S1
Reduction in rating for the V-V set=2S1 -1.734S1=0.266S1
0.266 S1
Reduction in rating of each transformer = = 0.133S1 i.e., 0.133 times or
2
14.3% of its rating.
Total load=200kVA
200
Load to be shared by one transformer = = 100kVA
2
Let S2 be the rating of each transformer. Then

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 22

( S 2 − 0.133S 2 ) = 100kVA
0.867 S 2 = 100kVA
 S 2 = 115.34kVA
Rating of each transformer in V-V connection=115.334kVA
If a third transformer of 114.334kVA is included, rating of the new (∆-∆) set
=3×115.334kVA=346kVA
Solved Problem-6: Two transformers connected in open delta, supply a 400 kVA
balanced load operating at 0.866 p.f. lagging. The load voltage is 440 V. Determine
the kVA and kW supplied by each transformer
Solution: We know that the ratio of operating capacity to available capacity in an
open delta is 0.866. Hence, kVA of each transformer is one-half of the total kVA
load divided by 0.866.
(400 / 2)
(i) kVA supplied by each transformer = = 231kVA
0.866
cos = 0.866 lagging   = 300
(ii) kW supplied by each transformer
P1 = kVA  cos(300 −  ) = 231 cos(300 − 300 ) = 231kW
P2 = kVA  cos(300 +  ) = 231 cos(300 + 300 ) = 115.5kW
Solved Problem-7: Two 40kVA single phase transformers are connected in open-
delta to supply a 230V balanced 3-phase load. (i) What is the total load that can be
supplied without overloading either transformer? (ii) When the open delta is closed
by the addition of a third 40kVA transformer, what total load can be supplied? (iii)
Percentages increase in load.
Solution: Given that
V=230V, Rating=40kVA
40 103
(i) The rated secondary transformer current, I 2 L = = 173.9 A
230
This is also equal to the load line current, so the load kVA is
S L = 3V2 L I 2 L 10−3 = 3  230 173.9 10−3 = 69.28kVA
load kVA 69.28
= = 0.866
total capacity of two individual transformers 2  40
(ii) When the open delta is closed by the addition of a third 40kVA transformer, the
∆-∆ bank will operate at full capacity of the individual transformers. Therefore, the
load kVA supplied by the ∆-∆ bank is
S− = 3  40 = 120kVA
120 − 69.28
(iii) Percentage increase in load kVA = = 0.732 = 73.2%
69.28
Solved Problem-8: A ∆-∆ consisting of three 40kVA, 2300/230V, 50Hz
transformers supplies a load of 80kVA. If one transformer is removed, find for the
resultant V-V connection (i) kVA load carried by each transformer, (ii) percentage of
rated load carried by each transformer, (iii) total kVA rating of V-V connected bank
of transformers, (iv)ratio of V-V bank to ∆-∆ bank of transformer ratings, and
(v)percentage increase in load on each transformer when bank is converted into V-V
bank.
Solution: Given that
Load=80kVA, f=50Hz, Rating=40kVA
(i) Load in kVA per transformer when connected in open delta
1 1
=  original load in  −  bank =  80 = 46.18kVA
3 3
(ii) Percentage of rated load carried by each transformer

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 23

 kVA load per transformer in V − V 46.18
= = = 115.15%
kVA rating per transformer in V − V 40
(iii)kVA rating of V-V bank=0.577× kVA rating of ∆-∆ bank=0.577×3×40=69.24
V − V rating 69.24
(iv) = = 0.577
 −  rating 120
1 1
(v) Load supplied by each transformer in ∆-∆ bank =  total load =  80 = 26.66kVA
3 3
Percentage increase in load on each transformer when bank is converted into V-V
increase in kVA per transformer in V − V bank 46.18 − 26.68
bank = = = 0.732 = 73.2%
origial kVA load per transformer in  −  bank 26.66

4.8 Scott Connection or T- connection

Purpose of Scott Connection:
A Scott-connection or T-connection is a type of circuit used to produce two-
phase electric power (2-ф, 900 phase rotation) from a three-phase (3-ф, 1200 phase
rotation) source, or vice versa, which was proposed by C. F. Scott. Since 2-phase
generators are not available, the conversion from two phases to three phases is not
a practical application. This connection evenly distributes a balanced load between
the phases of the source, which uses two transformers with different ratings. But
identical transformers with suitable tapping may also be used for the
interchangeability and provision of spares. One of the transformers having 50%
taping is called as main or center tapped transformer and other one having 86.67%
tapping is called as teaser or auxiliary transformer.
Design of Scott Connection:
By using Scott connection, we are converting 3-phase balanced system into 2-
phase balanced system. Generally, in 2-phase system all the voltages or currents
are 900 apart from each other and also their magnitudes are equal. So, for
converting 3-phase balanced system of voltages to 2-phase balanced system of
voltages, the requirements are as follows:
(i) Voltage phasors must be 900 to each other
(ii) Magnitude of the voltages should be same, i.e., Va = Vb

Figure (4.22): Scott connection-design circuit

The design circuit diagram for Scott connection is as shown in figure (4.22). In
this connection, the two transformers are electrically connected and magnetically
isolated. The main transformer, which has center tapped primary with N 1 turns and
the other teaser transformer with N turns in the primary. The secondaries of both
the transformers each with N2 turns. The mid-point, M of the main transformer
primary is connected to teaser transformer primary. In this circuit we are providing
3-phase supply across the terminals A, B and C as shown in the figure 4.22(a).

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 24

 V2 N 2
We know that, transformation ratio, K = =
V1 N1
For teaser transformer,
Va N N
= 2  Va = 2  VAM --- (4.18)
VAM N N
For main transformer,
Vb N N
= 2  Vb = VBC  2 --- (4.19)
VBC N1 N1
We also know that in 1-phase transformer primary and secondary phase
voltages must be parallel to each other. So, in similar way for 3-phase transformer,
VAM // Va & VBC // Vb . So, from figure 4.22(b), it is clear that the 2-phase voltages on
the secondary side are perpendicular to each other i.e. Va & Vb = 90 . So, the first
requirement of 2-phase system is satisfied.
Also, in order to get 2-phase balanced system, the magnitude of the voltages
must be same.
i.e., Va = Vb
N2 N
 VAM = VBC  2
N N1
V
 N = AM  N1 --- (4.20)
VBC
From ∆ABM of figure 4.10 (a), we have
V2 3 3
VAM = VAB 2 − VMB 2 = V 2 − = V= V BC --- (4.21)
4 2 2
From eqns. (4.20) & (4.21) we have,
3 V BC 3
N=  N1 = N1 = 0.867 N1 --- (4.22)
2 VBC 2
From eqns. (4.18), (4.21) & (4.22) we have,
N2 N2 3 N
Va =  VAM =  V = 2 V --- (4.23)
N 3 2 N
N1
2
From eqns. (4.19), (4.21) & (4.22) we have,
N2 N2
Vb = VBC  = V --- (4.24)
N1 N1
Therefore, the transformer secondary voltages are equal i.e., Va=Vb
If the primary of the teaser transformer is having 0.867 times turns of the
primary of the main transformer (N1), and secondaries of the teaser and main
transformer have equal number of turns i.e., N2, then secondary terminal voltage of
the two transformers (Va & Vb) will be equal in magnitude and in quadrature (since
VAM and VBC are in quadrature) as shown in figure 4.22(b). Therefore, when the
primary voltage on the 3-phase side is balanced, the voltage obtained on the 2-
phase side is also balanced.
Analysis of Scott Connection for Balanced Load:
Now the circuit diagram for Scott connection can be redrawn as shown in
figure (4.23). Let us connected a balanced lagging load across the secondaries of
both the transformers, and hence the load currents Ia and Ib flows through the
secondaries of the teaser transformer and main transformer respectively. Because
the current of Ia in the secondary of teaser transformer, a reflection current IA flows
the primary of the same transformer. Similarly, reflection current I BC flows through
the primary of main transformer due its secondar current Ib.

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 25

 Figure (4.23): Scott connection-analysis circuit
By neglecting the magnetizing current, according to MMF balanced method
NI A = N 2 I a
3
N1 I A = N 2 I a
2
2  N2  2
 IA =   Ia = KI a = 1.15KI a --- (4.25)
3  N1  3
N1I BC = N2 Ib
N 
 I BC =  2  I b = KI b = KI a --- (4.26)
 N1 
The current at node-B is
IA
I B = I BC − --- (4.27)
2
The current at node-C is
IA
I C = − I BC − --- (4.28)
2
As secondary load currents Ia and Ib are equal in magnitude and in phase
quadrature, the line currents are equal in magnitude. i.e. I A = I B = IC = 1.15KI a and
displaced from each other by 1200. Thus, when the load on one side is balanced,
the input currents on the other side are also balanced.
Advantages:
• If desired, a three phase, two phase, or single-phase load may be supplied
simultaneously.
• The neutral points can be available for grounding or loading purposes.
Disadvantages:
• The full rating of the transformer is not utilized
• The teaser transformer operates at only 0.867 of its rated voltage.
Applications:
• Used in an electric furnace installation where it is needed to operate two
single-phase furnaces together and draw a balanced load from the
three-phase supply.
• Used to supply electric tracks in electric traction so as to keep the load on 3-
phase system as nearly balanced as possible.
• Used for giving power to 2-phase control motors.

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 26

Solved Problem-9: Two transformers are required for a Scott connection operating
from a 440V, 3-phase supply for supplying two single-phase furnaces at 220V on
the two-phase side. If the total output is 200 kVA, calculate the secondary to
primary turn ratio and the winding currents of each transformer.
Solution: Given that
Primary voltage=440V
Secondary voltage=220V
Total kVA output=200kVA
Main Transformer:
V N 220
Secondary to primary turns ratio, K = 2 = 2 = = 0.5
V1 N1 440
total load kVA 200 103
Secondary current = = = 454.54 A
2  secondary voltage 2  220
Primary current= K× secondary current = 0.5  454.54 = 227.27A
Teaser Transformer:
3
Primary voltage=  440 = 381V
2
Secondary voltage=220V
220
Secondary to primary turns ratio = = 0.577
381
Solved Problem-10: Two single-phase furnaces working at 200V are connected to
3300V, 3-phase mains through Scott-connected transformers. Calculate the current
in each line of the 3-phase mains when the power taken by each furnace is 500kW
at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Neglect losses in the transformers.
Solution: Given that
Primary voltage=3300V
Secondary voltage=200V
Output of each furnace=500kW
p.f=0.8 lagging
200
Transformation ratio, K = = 0.06
3300
load kW 500 103
Secondary current, I a = = = 3125 A
secondary voltage  p. f 0.8  200
I A = 1.15KI a = 1.15 0.06  3125 = 215.625A
As the two-phase load is balanced, the 3-phase side is also balanced
I A = I B = I C = 215.625A

4.9 Tap Changing Transformers

Voltage variation is a normal phenomenon in electrical systems because of
rapid growth of industries and distribution network. Therefore, it is very important
to keep the consumer’s terminal voltage within the specified limits for satisfactorily
working of electrical equipment. The transformer output voltage and hence the
consumers terminal voltage can be controlled by changing the effective turns ratio
of transformer i.e., by proper selection of tapings on the windings.
A tap changer is device used for either decreasing or increasing the turns of
the transformer windings and thus the secondary voltage can be adjusted as per
the requirement. Tapings are generally provided on HV windings due to the
following reasons:
(i) The number of turns on HV winding is larger and therefore this enables a
smoother control of voltage
(ii) Tap changers on HV side will have to handle low currents.
(iii) The HV winding generally wound over LV winding hence it is easier to access
the HV winding turns instead of LV winding.

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 27

The tap-changing transformers are classified into two types:
(1) Off-load tap changing transformer
(2) On-load tap changing transformer

4.9.1 Off-load tap changing transformer

Occasional adjustments in secondary voltage can be made by off-load tap
changing transformer. In this method, the transformer is disconnected from the
main supply when the tap setting is to be changed and usually tap setting is done
manually. The tapings may be placed on secondary side, which change the number
of turns in the secondary winding as shown in the figure (4.24).
Let V1=Primary voltage
N1= Primary windings turns
V2= Secondary terminal voltage
N1= Secondary windings turns
V1
 Secondary terminal voltage, V2 =  N2
N1
So, the secondary voltage can be adjusted by changing the tapping positions.

Figure (4.24): Off-load tap changing transformer

4.9.2 On-load tap-changing transformer

Daily and short time adjustments are made by means of on-load tap
changing transformer. The tap positions are changed without interrupting the load
current. Now-a-days, almost all the large power transformers are fitted with on-load
tap changers. While tapping, two essential conditions are to be fulfilled.
(i) The load circuit should not be broken to avoid arcing and prevent the
damage of contacts.
(ii) No parts of the windings should be short circuited while adjusting the tap.

Figure (4.25): On-load tap changing transformer

The tap changing employing a centre tapped reactor R shown in the figure
(4.17). Here S is the diverter switch and 1, 2, 3 are selector switch. The transformer
is in operation with switches 1 and S closed. To change to tap 2, switch S is opened,
and 2 is closed. Switch 1 is then opened, and S closed to complete the tap change.

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 28

It is to be noted that the diverter switch operates on load, and no current flows in
the selector switches during tap changing. During the tap change, only half of the
reactance which limits the current is connected in the circuit.
Additional Solved Problems
ASP-1: A balanced 3-phase load of 150 kW at 1000 V, 0.8 lagging power factor is
supplied from 2000 V, 3-phase mains through single-phase transformers connected
in (i) delta-delta (ii) V-V. Find the current in the windings of each transformer and
the power factor at which they operate in each case.
Solution: Given that
Load, PL=150kW
V1L = 2000V , V2 L = 1000V
load p. f = 0.8 lagging
∆-∆ connection:
PL = 3V2 L I 2 L cos 
 150  103 = 3  1000  0.8I 2 L
 I 2 L = 100 A
I 2 L 100
Secondary phase current, I 2 ph = = = 57.5 A
3 3
Current in the secondary winding=57.5A
V2 ph 1000
K= = = 0.5
V1 ph 2000
I1 ph = K  I 2 ph = 0.5  57.5 = 28.75 A
Current in the primary winding=24.75A
V-V connection:
In V-V connection, secondary line current is same as the secondary phase current
PL = 3V2 L I 2 L cos 
 150 103 = 3 1000  0.8I 2 L
 I 2 L = 100 A
Secondary phase current= Secondary line current=100A
Current in the secondary winding=100A
Current in the secondary winding
I1 ph = K  I 2 ph = 0.5  100 = 50 A
Power factor in V-V connection =0.866× Power factor in ∆-∆connection
=0.866×0.866=0.75 lagging
ASP-2: It is proposed to transmit the power generated by a 200 MVA, 11 kV, 50 Hz,
3-phase generator to a three-phase 220 kV transmission line using a bank of three
single-phase transformers. Find the turns ratio and the voltage and current ratings
for each single-phase transformer when the connections are
(i)Star/Star (ii)Star/Delta (iii)Delta/Star and (iv)Delta/Delta
Solution: Given that
V1L = 11kV , V2 L = 220kV
MVA rating =200
MVA rating per phase =200/3=66.67
Type of V1 ph V2 ph N1 V2 ph 66.67 66.67
connection = I1 ph = I 2 ph =
(kV ) (kV ) N2 V1 ph V1 ph V2 ph
(kA) (kA)
Y-Y V1L V2 L 20 10.49 0.52
= 6.35 = 127
3 3

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 29

 Y-∆ V1L V2 L = 220 34.6 10.49 0.3
= 6.35
3
∆-Y V1L = 11 V2 L 11.5 6.06 0.52
= 127
3
∆-∆ V1L = 11 V2 L = 220 20 6.06 0.3

ASP-3: Three 200kVA, 1100/230V, 50Hz transformers are connected in delta-delta

formation to supply a 600kVA load at 0.8 p.f. lagging. One of these single-phase
transformers is to be removed for emergency repair, thus making an open delta
connection of two single phase transformers supplying the three-phase load.
Calculate the (i) load on each of the three single phase transformers connected in ∆-
∆, (ii) load on each transformer when connected in open delta. (iii) percentage
increase in load on each transformer when the defective transformer is removed, (iv)
total kVA rating V-V connected bank of transformers, (v) total kVA rating ∆-∆
connected bank of transformers, and (vi) ratio of rating of open delta and full delta
connections.
Solution: Given that
Load=600kVA, p.f=0.8, Rating=200kVA
(i) Load on each of the three single phase transformers connected in ∆-∆
1 1
=  total load =  600 = 200kVA
3 3
(ii) Load on each transformer when connected in open delta
1 1
=  original load =  600 = 346.41kVA
3 3
(iii) Percentage increase in load on each transformer when the defective transformer
 346.41 − 200 
is removed =   100 = 73.2%
 200 
(iv)Total kVA rating V-V connected bank of transformers
= 3 × kVA rating of each transformer= 3 ×200=344.4
(v)Total kVA rating ∆-∆connected bank of transformers
= 3× kVA rating of each transformer=3×200=600kVA
 346.4 
(vi) Ratio of rating of open delta and full delta connections =   100 = 57.7%
 600 
ASP-4: A Scott-connected transformer is fed from 6600V, 2-phase network and
supplies 3-phase power at 500V between lines on a 4-wire system. If there are 500
turns per phase on the 3-phase side, find the number of turns in the low voltage
winding and position of the tapping of the neutral wire?
Solution: Given that
2-phase side: 3-phase side:
Va=Vb=6600V VAB=VBC=VCA=V=500V
N2=? N1=500
N 2 V AB
K= =
N 1 Va
V AB 500
 N2 =  N1 =  500 = 38
Va 6600
Primary turns on the teaser transformer=0.866×N2=0.866×38=33
Neutral point tapping may be taken from one third of the primary of the teaser
transformer from the end of the main transformer side.
Neutral point located at two third from point A=2/3×33=22.
So, the neutral point located at 22nd turn from point A.
ASP-5: A 2-phase 240V supply is to obtained from a 3-phase, 3-wire 440V supply
by means of a pair of Scott-connected single-phase transformers. Calculate the
turns ratio of main and teaser transformers. Find the input current in each of the
Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 30
3-phase lines, when each of the 2-phase currents is 10A lagging behind the
respective phase voltage by 34.90?
Solution: Given that
Primary voltage=440V
Secondary voltage=240V
Ia=10
Main transformer:
240
Transformation ratio, K = = 0.545
440
Teaser transformer:
Primary voltage, V1t=0.866×440=381V
Secondary voltage=240V
240
Transformation ratio, K = = 0.63
381
Input currents of 3-phase line are calculated as follows:
I A = 1.15KI a = 1.15  0.545  10 = 6.627 A
As the two-phase load is balanced, the 3-phase side is also balanced
I A = I B = I C = 6.627 A
ASP-6: Two electric furnaces are supplied with single-phase current at 80V from a
3-phase, 11000V system by means of 2-single phase Scott-connected transformers,
with similar secondary windings. When the load on the main transformer is 800kW
and on the teaser transformer is 500kW, determine the current in each line of the
3-phase mains at unity p.f.?
Solution: Given that
Primary voltage=11000V
Secondary voltage=80V
Output of main transformer=800kW
Output of teaser transformer=500kW
80
Transformation ratio, K = = 0.007272
11000
Load kW 500  10 3
Secondary current, I a = = = 6250 A
sec ondary voltage  p. f 1  80
I A = 1.15KI a = 1.15  0.007272  6250 = 52.267 A
Load kW 800  10 3
Ib = = = 10000 A
sec ondary voltage  p. f 1  80
2
I 
I B = I C = ( KI b ) 2 +  A  = (0.007272  10000) 2 + (26.1335) 2 = 77.27 A
 2 
Review Questions
1. Discuss various possible poly phase connections in poly phase transformers.
2. Explain the Scott connection or T-T connection for 3-phase to 2-phase
transformation.
3. Discuss the open-delta and Scott connections in 3-phase transformers.
4. What is the three-winding transformer? What is the third winding called as?
Why third winding is needed?
5. List out the advantages and disadvantages of a bank of three 1-phase
transformers to a single unit of 3-phase transformer.
6. State the factors affecting the choice of three phase connections.
7. Explain the advantages of using a tertiary winding in a bank of star-star
transformers.
8. Describe four possible ways of connection of 3-phase transformer with
relevant relation amongst voltage and current on both H.V and L.V sides.
9. What are the distinguish features of (i) Y-Y (ii) ∆-∆ (iii) Y-∆ (iv) ∆-Y 3-phase
transformer connections? Compare their advantages and disadvantages.
10. What is an open delta system? What are the applications of this system?
Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 31
 11. Draw the Scott connection of transformers and mark the terminals and turns
ratio. What are the applications of Scott connection?
12. Draw and explain the circuit diagram of a transformer arrangement for
converting from 3-phase to 2-phase supply.
13. Give the equivalent circuit and applications of 3-winding transformer.
Explain how the parameters can be determined experimentally?
14. Describe the four phasor groups pertaining to 3-phase transformers. Draw
the connection schemes and phasor diagrams for each of these four groups.
15. What is the necessity of tap changing in transformers?

Exercise Problems
1. A Δ-Δ bank consisting of three 20-kVA, 2300/230-V transformers supply a
load of 40 kVA. If one transformer is removed, find for the resulting V-V
connection
(i) kVA load carried by each transformer
(ii) Percent of rated load carried by each transformer
(iii) Total kVA rating of the V-V bank
(iv) Ratio of the V-V bank to Δ-Δ bank transformer ratings.
(v) Percent increase in load on each transformer when bank is converted
into V-V bank
[Ans: (i)24.1kVA (ii)114.5% (iii)34.64kVA (iv)57.7% (v)174.2%]
2. A 3-phase transformer has 145 turns/phase on each secondary winding and
1382 on each primary winding. The primary side is connected to a 6600V, 50
Hz, 3-phase supply. Calculate the no-load secondary line voltage when the
windings are connected in (i)Star-delta (ii) Delta-star
[Ans: (i)400V (ii) 1200V]
3. What should be the kVA rating of each transformer in a V − V bank when the
3-phase balanced load is 40 kVA? If a third similar transformer is connected
for operation, what is the rated capacity? What percentage increase in rating
is affected in this way? [Ans: (i)23kVA (ii) 69kVA (iii)72.5%]
4. A step-down transformer is connected to 3-phase, 6kV supply. The supply
current is 12A. The ratio of turna per phase is 10. Determine the secondary
line voltage, the line current and the output for the following connections
(i)Star/Star (ii)Star/Delta (iii)Delta/Star and (iv)Delta/Delta
[Ans: (i)600V, 120A, 124.7kVA (ii)344.4V, 207.84A, 124.7kVA
(iii)1039V, 69.3A, 124.7kVA (iv) 600V, 120A, 124.7kVA ]
5. A 50kW, 440V, 3-phase ac motor has an efficiency of 90% and operates at
0.85 p.f. lagging on full load. It is supplied by a 6600/440V, delta-star
connected transformer. Ignoring the magnetizing current, calculate the
currents in the primary and secondary transformer phases on full-load?
[Ans: 84.76A, 4.3A]
6. In an open-delta transformer bank, the load power factor is 0.866 lagging.
What are the individual transformer power factors? [Ans: 1, 0.5]
7. Two 100V, 1-phase furnaces take loads of 600kW and 900kW respectively at
a power factor of 0.707 lagging and are supplied from 6600V, 3-phase supply
through a Scott connected transformer. Calculate the currents in the 3-
phase lines? Neglect transformer losses. [Ans: IA=144.5A, IB=IC=204.7A]
8. Two single-phase furnaces working at 100 V are connected to 3300V, 3-
phase mains through Scott-connected transformers. Calculate the current in
each line of the 3-phase mains when the power taken by each furnace is
500kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Neglect losses in the transformers.
[Ans: IA=IB=IC=214.7A]

Dr. Ramana Pilla, Professor, Department of EEE, GMRIT-Rajam Page 32