Q.1Explain Message Queuing Telemetry Transport [MQTT] protocol with diagram.

• MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport.

• MQTT is a machine to machine internet of things connectivity protocol.

• It is an extremely lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol.

Architecture of MQTT
components of the MQTT.

o Message
o Server or Broker
o TOPIC
o Broker

Message

• Messages are the information that you want to exchange between your devices. It can be a
message like a command or data like sensor readings,

for example.

Temperature sensor temperature is 25 degree celcius.

Publish /Subscribe

• The first concept is the publish and subscribe system.

• In a publish and subscribe system, a device can publish a message on a topic, or it can be subscribed
to a particular topic to receive messages.

▪ For example Device 1 publishes on a topic.

▪ Device 2 is subscribed to the same topic that device 1 is publishing in.
▪ So, device 2 receives the message.
Topic
▪ Another important concept is the topics. Topics are the way you register interest for incoming
messages or how you specify where you want to publish the message.
▪ Topics are represented with strings separated by a forward slash. Each forward slash indicates a
topic level. Here’s an example of how you would create a topic for a lamp in your home office:
Broker
▪ The MQTT broker is responsible for receiving all messages, filtering the
messages, deciding who is interested in them, and then publishing the message to all
subscribed clients.

• We will look at the example. Suppose a device has a temperature sensor and wants to send the rating
to the broker.
• If the phone or desktop application/subscriber wishes to receive this temperature value on the other
side, then there will be two things that happened.
• The publisher first defines the topic; for example, the temperature then publishes the message, i.e.,
the temperature's value. After publishing the message, the phone or the desktop application on the
other side will subscribe to the topic, i.e., temperature and then receive the published message, i.e.,
the value of the temperature.
• The server or the broker's role is to deliver the published message to the phone or the desktop
application.
Q.2. Explain Constrained Application Protocol [CoAP] with its message format and fields.

• CoAP stands for Constrained Application Protocol, and it is defined in RFC 7252.
• CoAP is a simple protocol with low overhead specifically designed for constrained devices and
constrained networks.
• This protocol is used in M2M data exchange and is very similar to HTTP.

There are two different layers that make CoAP protocol: Messages and Request / Response.

Messages
the CoAP protocol uses two kinds of messages:

1) Confirmable message
• A confirmable message is a reliable message.
• Using this kind of message, the client can be sure that the message will received at the
server.
• A Confirmable message is sent again and again until the other party sends an acknowledge
message (ACK).
• The ACK message contains the same ID of the confirmable message

• If the server has troubles managing the incoming request, it can send back a Rest message
(RST) instead of the Acknowledge message (ACK).

2) Non-confirmable message.
• These are messages that don’t require an Acknowledge by the server.
• They are unreliable messages.
• To this category belongs messages that contain values read from sensors.
• Even if these messages are unreliable, they have a unique ID.
Request / Response
• The CoAP Request/Response is the second layer in the CoAP abstraction layer.
• The request is sent using a Confirmable (CON) or Non-Confirmable (NON) message.

Message Format
• Message formats CoAP makes use of two message types, requests and responses, using a simple,
binary header format.
• CoAP is by default bound to UDP and optionally to DTLS, providing a high level of communications
security.
• The smallest CoAP message is 4 bytes in length, if the token, options and payload fields are omitted,
i.e. if it only consists of the CoAP header.
• The header is followed by the token value (0 to 8 bytes) which may be followed by a list of options in
an optimized type–length–value format.
• The length of the payload is implied by the datagram length.
Q.3. Explain The Core IoT Functional Stack.

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interconnected devices, sensors, and other objects
that are able to exchange data and perform actions based on that data.
• he core IoT functional stack is a model that describes the various layers and components
involved in building an IoT solution.

• It is composed of four layers:

Things Layer:
• This layer is responsible for gathering data from various sensors and devices.
• It includes sensors, actuators, and other hardware components that can collect data.
Network Layer:
• The Network Layer is responsible for transmitting the data collected by the Perception Layer
to the next layer. It includes various communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
and other wireless and wired communication technologies.
Data Processing Layer:
• The Data Processing Layer receives the data from the Network Layer and processes it to
extract relevant information.
• It includes various analytics tools, machine learning algorithms, and databases.
Application Layer:
• The Application Layer is the topmost layer of the stack, responsible for providing user-facing
services and applications.
• It includes various IoT platforms, mobile applications, and web-based dashboards.
Q.4 What SCADA system in IOT ? How SCADA is adapted to IP network?

• SCADA is software used to control industrial processes by gathering real-time data and
making data-driven decisions.
• It can manage almost any type of industrial process and includes hardware and software
components.
• The hardware gathers data and feeds it to field controllers, which forward it to a human-
machine interface (HMI) for processing and presenting in a timely manner.
• SCADA systems also log all events for reporting process status and sound alarms when
conditions become hazardous.
• Components of a SCADA system
• Sensors and actuators.
• SCADA field controllers.
Applications of SCADA

• Water Systems
Water SCADA systems monitor and control the water being pumped at well sites and treated
at water treatment plants. They also use it to fill overhead storage tanks.Additionally, water
SCADA systems control booster pumps to regulate water pressurebeing delivered to
customers.
• Wastewater Systems
Wastewater SCADA systems monitor and control lift stations that are used to pump wastewater
to treatment plants. Once the wastewater reaches the treatment plant, the treatment process
is controlled step by step using SCADA. Wastewater SCADA monitoring is also used to
document operations and prepare reports that verify compliance with governmental
regulations.
• Electric Generation, Transmission and Distribution Systems
Electric generation SCADA software is used to monitor every phase of generating electricity
from fuel input to electrical output. Such plants have to be able to respond instantaneously to
fluctuations in demand. Electric transmission utilities use SCADA to monitor and control the
amount of electrical power being transmitted over long distances.
• SCADA is also used for safety and protection purposes. When a transmission line experiences
a fault, the system will quickly attempt to clear the fault and restore power. Electric distribution
systems also use SCADA to monitor and control electrical substations and distribution lines.
• Oil and Gas Systems
 Unlike electric and telecom systems, oil and gas SCADA systems move a physical substance
through their infrastructure over a vast area. Oil and Gas SCADA is used to monitor well and
pumping sites plus distribution pumping pressure and pipeline flow. In addition to using SCADA
to monitor and control compressor stations, SCADA software is also necessary from a safety
standpoint because it is used to detect anomalies and prevent catastrophic events from
occurring.
• Manufacturing Plant Systems
Manufacturing plant SCADA precisely control all plant operations. For instance, SCADAcan be
used to monitor and control temperature, pressure and humidity. It can also be used to
monitor production lines to ensure that output goals are being met. SCADA can also control
assembly line robots and monitor parts usage so that just-in-time inventory control can be
implemented.
• Food Production Systems
Food production SCADA applications are used to ensure food quality and meet production
goals. All phases of food preparation are typically monitored and controlled. SCADA can be
used to control the exact mix of ingredients as well as the time and temperature required to
process foods. This prevents foods from being spoiled due to a heating process that was off by
a few degrees. SCADA applications are also important in food production to document the fact
that the production process meets industry standards and complies with governmental
regulations.
• Mass Transit Systems
Mass transit systems also rely heavily on SCADA. Railways, subways and tramways use it to
time their operations and control their switches so that engines and cars can safely pass each
other. Railroad crossing signals are also controlled remotely. Traffic control systems also rely on
SCADA to improve traffic flow and maximize safety.
Q.5. Write a note on below IOT platforms

a. Arduino

• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

• It is designed to help people create interactive projects by providing an easy-to-use platform
for developing embedded systems.
• Arduino boards are equipped with digital and analog inputs and outputs that can be
connected to sensors, motors, and other devices.
• The platform includes an integrated development environment (IDE) that makes it easy to
write and upload code to the board.
• The code is written in C++ and can be easily modified by users to fit their specific needs.
Arduino has become a popular platform for hobbyists, artists, and students interested in
creating interactive and electronic projects.
• Its affordability, versatility, and ease of use have made it a favorite among makers and
tinkerers.

b. Raspberry Pi

• Raspberry Pi is a popular low-cost, credit-card sized computer that can be used in IoT
(Internet of Things) projects.
• It has become a popular choice for IoT applications due to its flexibility, connectivity options,
and ease of use.
• Raspberry Pi can run a variety of operating systems, including Linux-based ones, and can be
programmed using various languages such as Python and C++.
• It can also be connected to a wide range of sensors, cameras, and other devices to collect
and process data, and can communicate with other devices and the cloud via Wi-Fi, Ethernet,
or other connectivity options.
• The Raspberry Pi's small size and low power consumption make it ideal for IoT projects where
space and energy efficiency are important factors.
Q.6 Explain How IOT can be used in below domains

a. Home automation b. Environment c. Logistics

d. Agricultura. Home automation:

• IoT can be used in home automation to control and automate various devices and appliances
in a house such as lights, thermostats, security cameras, door locks, and more.
• IoT devices can communicate with each other and be controlled remotely through a
smartphone app or voice assistant, providing convenience and energy efficiency.

b. Environment:

• IoT can be used to monitor and manage environmental factors such as air quality, water
quality, and weather conditions.
• Sensors and devices can be deployed to collect data on temperature, humidity, pollution
levels, and other environmental parameters. This data can be analyzed to provide insights for
environmental monitoring, climate research, and pollution control.

c. Logistics:

• IoT can be used in logistics to track and manage shipments, optimize supply chain operations,
and improve inventory management.
• IoT devices such as RFID tags, GPS trackers, and sensors can be attached to packages,
vehicles, and equipment to monitor their location, condition, and movement in real-time.
This information can be used to improve delivery times, reduce losses and damages, and
streamline logistics operations.

d. Agriculture:

• IoT can be used in agriculture to monitor crops, soil, and weather conditions, and optimize
farming operations.
• IoT devices such as sensors, drones, and satellite imagery can be used to collect data on crop
growth, soil moisture, and nutrient levels.
• This data can be analyzed to provide insights for precision agriculture, crop yield prediction,
and resource management. IoT can also be used to automate irrigation systems, monitor
livestock, and track supply chain operations in agriculture.