Englich project :

Global warming

Members of the groupe :

Abdelhamid ouail
Maalem idris
Tahtah achraf
Mhemdi abdelbary
Bensasi ishak

Class : 1AM7
It is an increase in the average temperature of the atmospheric air located
in the lower layer of the Earth’s surface, during the past century or two.[1]
This phenomenon occurs when the sun’s heat is trapped in the Earth’s
atmosphere after it enters it, which raises the Earth’s temperature and
makes it Warmer,[2] and this is done by absorbing atmospheric gases such
as carbon dioxide for the sun’s energy and holding it near the earth, which
contributes to the rise in the earth’s temperature.[3] after comparing a set
of data related to various weather phenomena such as temperature, and
precipitation rates with changes What occurs in the climate, such as the
chemical composition of the atmosphere and ocean currents, shows that
these climatic changes occur naturally every certain period of time since
the beginning of the geological age, but during the industrial revolution
increased climate changes due to human activities.[1] During the past
century, the average global surface temperature increased from (0.3 to 0.6)
degrees Celsius, which represents the largest increase in the surface
temperature of the Earth during the past thousand years, and a greater
increase in temperatures is expected. The temperature durinthis century,[4]
as the average global temperature is currently 15 degrees Celsius, and
weather scientists expect it to increase from 2-4 degrees Celsius by
Global warming only provides a description of the increase in
global temperatures, although there are studies that show that the
effect of global warming goes beyond just an increase in
temperature, as it has a major impact on the occurrence of climate
changes around the world, and on global weather patterns, which
affects weather elements as rates. precipitation.
Greenhouse gases are gases that naturally exist in the atmosphere,
such as carbon dioxide, that absorb long waves of "infrared" and
emit them to the atmosphere, which works to heat the earth to suit
the ability of living organisms to live on its surface.[7] The
importance of its role in preserving the Earth's heat, but the
increase in its percentage significantly due to human factors
causes an imbalance in climate change and the rise in the Earth's
temperature, which causes global warming.[7] The concentration
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expressed in
percentages, and indicates The proportion of the atmosphere
made up of greenhouse gases, The proportions of other gases can
also be calculated according to the total air volume in the
atmosphere, i.e. a specific gas volume to the volume of air, and
the ratios of these gases are very small, so the concentration of
gases is indicated through the following units: [7]
Ppt
refers to parts of the gas for each A trillion parts of air in the
atmosphere.
Ppb
stands for parts of gas per billion parts of air in the atmosphere.
Ppm
stands for parts of gas per million parts of air in the atmosphere.
For example, as of 2009, the concentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere has reached 385 ppm, which means that for every
million molecules of air
Architectural increase in carbon dioxide concentration,
A major source of carbon dioxide emissions
. High concentration of methane in the atmosphere
Due to many factors, including the following: Intestinal fermentation
of animals. Manure management methods. Cultivation of rice fields.
Change in land use methods and change in land moisture
. Pipeline effects. Poor ventilation in landfills. The high concentration
of nitrous oxide (Nitrogen Dioxide) due to various agricultural
activities, including the use of fertilizers. The use of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in many areas, including: Fire
suppression systems. Manufacturing processes. Use in addition to
halons in refrigeration systems.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes are one of the factors that contribute to the formation
of global warming, as the occurrence of volcanic eruptions over
millions of years led to the emission of large quantities of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, such as water vapor and
carbon dioxide.[11] It is worth noting that a single volcanic
eruption has no effect. On the phenomenon of global warming, but
these effects are the result of the occurrence of many volcanoes
during the history of the Earth, when studying the impact of all
these volcanoes since the formation of the Earth, the effect of
volcanoes in increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, and thus its impact on global warming, is evident.
[11] Solar Changes in solar activity and related activities, such as
flares and sun spots, affect the change in global temperature
Melting permafrost
The melting of ice in both the North and South Poles contributes on a
large scale to global warming due to the presence of large amounts of
carbon stored in the ice, and after the melting of that ice due to many
factors such as forest fires, volcanic eruptions and solar activity, gases
are released widely. 10] When carbon is emitted suddenly, it will
disrupt various natural processes such as the carbon cycle, as the
source of carbon stored in ice is from outside the atmosphere for
thousands of years.

Forest fires
Forest fires affect the average global temperature, especially those
that occur on a large scale and over long periods, as the combustion of
plants leads to the emission of carbon stored in plants, thus increasing
the proportion of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, and these gases in addition to Solar radiation has a
significant role in increasing the temperature of the atmosphere and
polluting the air

global warming effects

Effects of global warming on health
Global warming or the greenhouse effect affects the health of living
organisms, for example as follows: [12] Outbreak of harmful
infections and acute cholera epidemic in some types of seafood
; Because of the high temperature of surface waters such as the
oceans. The low ability of bodies to resist viruses and infectious
infections due to the failure of agricultural crops and the spread of
famine
. Prevalence of kidney stones caused by dehydration
The effects of global warming on the climate
clearly affect the climate, including the following:[13] Changing
rainfall rates lead to higher average global temperatures to increase
evaporation rates, accelerating the occurrence of the water cycle, as
rising steam in the atmosphere will lead to greater rainfall, although it
will not be distributed equally to all regions of the world, and some
regions will beWinters are wetr, drier in summer, and according to
studies, global rainfall will increase from 3% to 5%. Melting snow
and ice will melt ice forms on earth such as rivers, ice sheets and
snow in the summer, so weather scientists predict that the amount of
sea ice floating in the northern and southern oceans will decline
during the 21st century without specifying the exact amount of
melting. Sea level rise has led to rising sea levels and levels, due to
the melting of plates, glaciers and frozen water in the oceans, in
addition to the increase in the volume of water in water bodies due to
their expansion caused by high temperatures, and it should be noted
that sea level increased from (10-20) cm during the twentieth century,
and sea level is expected to rise about (20-50) cm by 2100m.
Increasing ocean acidity helps the oceans on earth reduce the climate
changes that occur in the world by absorbing some excess heat and
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but there are many interactions
between water and carbon dioxide that increase ocean acidification or
increase ocean acidity, having had an impact by frying
them. Therefore, the increase in acidity is expected to rise from 0.14
to 0.35 PH by 2100, which could cause more problems for marine
organisms. The impact on ocean currents produces ocean currents due
to differences in ocean salinity and temperature. When ocean
temperatures rise alongside changing salinity due to several factors,
including changes in rainfall rates and increased flow of fresh water
from melting ice into the oceans, this disrupts current movement or
disrupts the saline heat cycle in the oceans, significantly affecting the
climate.. Change in weather Some climate scientists believe that
hurricanes, including tropical cyclones, will change (and may already
begin) as a result of global warming, as ocean surface water provides
the energy needed to trigger storms, and warm-water oceans are
expected to increase the intensity and destruction of hurricanes over
time. Increasing clouds are one element of the global climate, where
rising temperatures further increase evaporation, causing the
production of large amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere, which
condenses in the form of droplets to accumulate, condense, and form
clouds of different kinds, and these clouds have different effects on
the climate, some of which cool the climate, and others enhance the
impact of warm gases through steamWater. Changing carbon cycle
Models suggest that the Earth's system will be able to absorb less
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as the climate warms,
exacerbating the global warming problem. Change in the biological
system will affect different biological systems, such as changing the
geographical ranges of plants and wildlife, affecting the
characteristics of wild and domesticated "pets", the lengths of
growing seasons, and changing frost times. The effects of global
warming on the biosystem have a significant impact on vital systems
in the environment, including:[14] The movement of animals and
plants in their growth northward, according to a report by the National
Academy of Sciences, species of animals and plants are moving and
growing in high areas due to rising temperatures, as they move north
of the globe, the world has added and is ringing Werne that both
plants and animals are looking for the right temperature for their
growth so they move from the equator towards the poles, and if the
rate of climate change changes rapidly, it is possible that all
organisms cannot move to these areas, leading to the extinction of
species of plants and animals that cannot compete in the new
climate.According to the Environmental Protection Agency, these
birds and insects arrive several days or weeks earlier than in the 20th
century to feeding places and nests. Many plant and animal species
have been destroyed by the spread of pathogens that were confined to
the tropics and subtropical regions, and their expansion to many
regions. One-third of animals on Earth and half of plants are expected
to disappear by 2080 if global warming problems are not addressed,
according to a 2013 report in the Journal of Natural Climate Change.
Solutions to the global warming problem

Improving the transport sector leads the transport sector to significant

gas emissions, which have increased rapidly over the past decade, so
these emissions should be reduced by following the following:
improving efficiency for all transport. Transition to low-carbon
fuels. Use the most efficient mass transit systems. Producing a smart
generation of cars helps reduce emissions of gases. Gradual disposal
of electricity produced from fossil fuels is done through a number of
basic measures: the suspension of coal plants and the start of older
and more polluting plants. Prevent the construction of coal-fired
power plants. Apply advanced technology to capture carbon
emissions from power plants and store them in the ground. The use of
nuclear energy helps nuclear energy reduce global warming by
releasing a small amount of greenhouse gas, but in turn it has serious
implications for society, so it is important to discover nuclear energy
further and look for solutions to its problems. The development of
new low-carbon fuel technology helps develop and spread awareness
of low-carbon fuels to reduce harmful emissions, and new energy
sources such as algae and bacteria can be developed, and research on
the use of new materials technology for solar cells and batteries can
be developed..