PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION

Dr.B.CHOKKALINGAM ME, Ph.D

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology
Coimbatore-641010

Operations common to a drill jig PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION

• Locating
• Refers to the dimensional and positional
relationship between the work piece and
the cutting tool
• Locator
• A device used to establish and maintain
the position of a part in jig or fixture to
ensure the repeatability of the
workholders.
4
 PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION
• 3-2-1 method of location • Swarf clearance
• Principle of least point • Fool proofing
• Principle of extreme position • Redundant location
• Principle of mutually perpendicular planes • Make all the location points visible to the
• Location of accurate work operator from his working position
• Small locating surfaces • Make the location progressive( ie. Locate
• Replacement a necessity on one locator and then on to the other)
• Motion economy
5 6

PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION 3-2-1 Location

• 3-2-1 Location • Any part which has to be fixed during
• 3-2-1 principle is used to locate the job . welding or during machining process has to
• What 3 means ? be fixed with this principle.
• What 2 mean ? • Workpiece must be constrained in at least
three direction- mutually perpendicular
• What 1 mean?
• Three directions require three location
• Simple they represent the directions. surfaces
• Locating surface, Line up surface and
Positioning Surface
7 8
 3-2-1 Location 3-2-1 Location

• Locating surface requires 3 pins

• Line up surface requires 2 pins

• Positioning Surface requires 1 pin

3-2-1 Location 3-2-1 Location

 3-2-1 Location 3-2-1 Location

• Every object is having 6 degrees of freedom. • 4) Rotational movement along X -axis

1) Translational movement along X -axis 5) Rotational movement along Y-axis

6) Rotational movement along Z-Axis
2) Translational movement along Y-axis

3) Translational movement along Z-Axis

13

3-2-1 Location 3-2-1 Location

• Restriction of movement by Six-pin
method(3-2-1 method):
• Motion is restricted using clamps and
locators.
• A three pin base can restrict five motions.
>Rotation about X,Y axes.(4 motions)
>Translation along -ve z-axis (1 motion)
15 16
 3-2-1 Location 3-2-1 Location
• Directions nine, ten and eleven are
restricted by a clamping device. (3 motions)

17 18

3-2-1 Location 3-2-1 Location

• This is the most common locating method

employed for square or rectangular parts.
• Flat bases may also be used, but
• these should be installed rather than
machining into the base.

19 20
 3-2-1 Location Principle of Least Point
• But pin/button type locators offers more • Points more than necessary should not be
accuracy as the area of contact is less.
used to secure location

• If more are such as for the finished

• Moreover, they raise the work above the
surface, extra ones should only be
base so that chips wont interrupt the
operation. inserted

21 22

Principle of extreme position Principle of extreme position

• Locating points should be chosen as far

apart as possible on any one workpiece
surface

23 24
 Principle of mutually perpendicular
Principle of extreme position planes
• Locating points are to be provided in the
mutually perpendicular planes
• If not perpendicular
• Wedging action between the two locating
surfaces lifts the workpiece.
• A large error in the movement of the
workpiece due to displacement of locating
point or chip adhering to it
25 26

Principle of mutually perpendicular

planes Locating Surfaces-Raised above
the surrounding surfaces of
jig/fixture
 Location of accurate work Location of accurate work
• Location should be done on the most
accurate surface of the workpiece
• A machined surface is preferable to the
unmachined surface
• When more than one machined surface
are available, locate from the most
accurate surface

29 30

Location of accurate work Small locating surfaces

• Located fro outside diameters 80mm or • Use of small locating surfaces such as rest
110mm (or) buttons, supporting pins or cylindrical
• Centre 40mm diameter bore locators.
• Benefits:
• Less time for cleaning
• Reduced chances of adhering particles
• Saving in material & labour

31 32
Small locating surfaces Small locating surfaces

Small locating surfaces Small locating surfaces

 Replacement a Necessity Swarf clearance
• All locating points require replacement due • All corners that collect small chips and
to wear and tear
• Easily replaceable swarf must be avoided by relieving them
• Easily repairable • Corners of locators should be provided
• VEE locator- easily built up & replaceable
with undercut(or) recesses.
• Rest buttons and cylindrical locators
– Easily pressed through the holes

37 38

Swarf clearance Swarf clearance

40
Swarf clearance Swarf clearance

Swarf clearance Fool Proofing

• Foolproofing ensures that the part will fit

into the jig/fixture only in its correct
position.

• Prevents the part from being loaded

incorrectly.
Fool Proofing Fool proofing

45 46

Fool proofing Redundant location

47 48
 Redundant location Redundant location

49 50

PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION Motion Economy

• Make all the location points visible to the • It involves use of easy, quick and
operator from his working position economic loading of work pieces.
• Make the location progressive( ie. Locate
on one locator and then on to the other)

51
 Motion Economy Motion Economy
• Machined Bore ‘A’ • I) Drilling of Hole ‘C’ (First)
• Either drill holes ‘B’ or ‘C’ first
• Locate on the drilled hole to drill the other • Locator A – First – Fixed
hole • Locator C – Second – Removal Locator

• Drilling of the hole ‘B’

Motion economy Motion Economy

• II) Drilling of Hole ‘B’ (First)
• Locator A – First – Fixed
• Locator B– Second – Fixed
• Workpiece is loaded on both the locators
‘A’ &’B’ in one motion
• ‘A’ & ‘B’ locators are parallel
• Parallel locators are preferable to right
angled locators
55
Motion Economy Golden Rule of Workholding
• “Grab the workpiece one time and don’t
turn it loose until you finished with all
operations”
• Goal :
• To prevent inaccuracy
• Change of workholders increases more
errors
• Best practice is to do all operations in
one set up
57