Module 1 (Part 1)

Water Demand:
Flow Rates and Projections
The Water Supply System
Sources: Reservoir, Water
Dam, or Groundwater Treatment

Transmission Lines

Pumping Storage
Stations Tanks

Utilizing storage tanks due

to peak demand times
Pump fed due to high

Distribution Distribution Distribution

elevation areas

Lines Lines Lines

Consumption Consumption Consumption

Areas Areas Areas
Metropolitan Manila
Angat Dam What can you observe in the case
of Metro Manila Water System?
Umiray River Sumag River
From:
• How many water sources?
Ipo Dam • How much is the coverage
of the source?
Ipo-Bicti Tunnels • What if the earthquake
damaged one of the line?

Bicti Basins or Bigte Basins (as heard in Norzagaray)

Bicti-Novaliches Aqueducts

Novaliches Portals

La Mesa Dam
Maynilad
La Mesa WTP 1 Manila Water
La Mesa WTP 2 Rodriguez WTP
Balara WTP 1
Balara WTP 2
Metropolitan Tokyo

• How many water

sources?

• How much is the

coverage of the
source?

• Reliable? What
happens if the
earthquake damaged
one line?
Comparing Tokyo from Manila,
what are your thoughts?
Metropolitan Tokyo

The looped system is more reliable.

A damage in one line can be re-routed
on another direction. Nice di ba?
 History of Water System in Manila
1743 1882 1955 1971 1997

Metropolitan Water District NAWASA Era

Francisco Carriedo National Waterworks Metropolitan Waterworks

Carriedo y Waterworks and Sewerage and Sewerage System
Peredo System Authority (NAWASA) (MWSS) Operation through
Nag donate ng Ito yung nasa Quiapo Utang na loob, wala na pong Ito, as of today 2020, existing pa
Concession
10,000 Pesos sa “last na Fountain… tapat ng Nawasa… tigilan nang rin, pero may 2 concessionaires Agreement in PPP
will and testament” Sta. Cruz Church banggitin ever.
for water system

and many more Water Districts were born around the Philippines
From: Maynilad’s Water and Wastewater Services – Youtube Video 2015
Is the Tap Water
from Faucet – Clean?
House or
Building

Water Meter
Main
Water
Line

Customer
Responsibility
Water Utility Customer
• Water is regularly • In-house pipes maybe damaged
Service Line tested and passed • Prone to contamination
• Operation means • Not drinking water from faucet
Water Utility compliant with water is a trust issue
Responsibility quality standards
 Water Demand

• Residential • Industrial Useful for analyzing peak capacity

• Commercial • Fire-fighting requirement of distribution system

For production and

Peak Hourly Demand (PHD) treatment facilities
Liters per Day

Maximum Day Demand (MDD)

Average Annual Demand (AAD)

Average annual daily demand

over a period of one year
Factors Affecting Water Demand

Big City Small Town

Size of
the City

Climate
Condition
Summer Winter

Poor
Affluence
Rich
or Poverty
MLD – commonly used unit in
Philippines Water Supply Industry

MLD
the “almost standard” flow rate
unit in the water utilities for
Philippines Million Liters per Day

We will use this unit in this module

• Use MLD to express answers
• But use CMS when using formulas in calculators

CMS or cubic meter per second = for rivers mostly

LPM or liters per minute = for pumps usually
Water Demand
All water demand types are expressed as ratio of mean average daily flow
p = factor multiplier the annual average
daily demand for time (t) in days

1.2
Range: 1.1 to 1.4
1.4
Range: 1.2 to 1.7
1.8
Range: 1.1 to 1.4
2.7
Range: 1.2 to 1.7
Fire Water Demand

National Board of Fire Underwriters Formula

Q = flow rate in MLD
P = population in thousands

Other Formulas
• Small demand (annually) John Freeman formula

• high demand during Kuichling formula

periods of need
Buston formula
• must be available in Q = flow rate in Liters per minute
addition to coincident P = population in thousands
maximum daily flow rate
Design of Water Supply based on Water Demand

Design capacity of water treatment plant = use Maximum day demand

Q = 1.8 (Average Annual Demand or AAD) Note: AAD = LPCD x Population

Design capacity of water distribution system

whichever is higher between
Maximum daily demand + fire flow demand or Peak Hourly Flow
Q = 1.8 AAD + FD or Q = 2.31 AAD

Normally this governs

this one governs for high LPCD

(mixed commercial-industrial)
The LPCD (for Annual Average Demand)

Domestic Water Demand (50-60% of Total) Industrial Water Demand

• Low Income Group: 135 LPCD • Low Level: 50 LPCD
• High Income Group: 200 LPCD • High Level: 450 LPCD

Commercial Water Demand (20-25% of Total) Fire Water Demand (5 to 10% of Total)
• Average: 20 to 25 LPCD • Hydrant Minimum Pressure = 150 kPa
• Schools: 45 to 90 LPCD • Ave. Discharge = 1100 LPM (from 3 hydrants)
• Offices: 45 to 90 LPCD • Consult for empirical formulas if available
• Cinema: 15 LPCD
• Schools: 45 to 90 LPCD
• Restaurants: 70 LPCD
• Hotels: 180 LPCD
• Hospitals (Bed < 100): 340 LPCD
LPCD = Liters per
• Hospitals (Bed > 100): 450 LPCD
• Public Toilet: 70 LPCD
capita per day
Example 1

Population at design year is 420,000 and Municipal demand is 610 lpcd.

Calculate the following:

a. Design flow of water treatment plant?

b. Fire flow demand?

c. Design capacity of water distribution system?

Choose the bigger, Ans = 591.822 MLD
Example 2

Population at design year is 18,000 and Municipal demand is 505 lpcd.

Calculate the following:

A. Design flow of water treatment plant?

B. Fire flow demand?

C. Design capacity of water distribution system?

Ans = 38.94 MLD
Example 3
Population Projection
Different methods for future
population projections

1. Arithmetic Growth
2. Geometric Growth
3. Logistic Growth Curve
4. Decreasing Rate of Increase

Others: not discussed in this

course or module
a. Ratio method
b. Employment Forecast
c. Birth Cohort Note: Only Arithmetic and Geometric
d. Migration method will be used in this course and module
Arithmetic Method
Geometric Growth Method
Logistic Curve Growth Method
Decreasing rate of increase Growth Method
Example 1
Population at Year 1 = 150,000
Population at Year 2 = 153,000
City demand = 220 Lpcd
Calculate then using arithmethic method:
Population at Year 15? and design flow for water distribution?

Population at Year 15: For Year 15:

Choose the bigger, Ans = 142.38 MLD
Example 2
Population at Year 1 = 150,000
Population at Year 2 = 153,000
City demand = 220 Lpcd
Calculate then using geometric method:
Population at Year 20? and design flow for water distribution?

Population at Year 20: For Year 20:

Ans = 156.555 MLD
Try this one…
LPCD Pop’n In the pipelines with indicated numbers, provide the design flow
A 150 25,000 rates in MLD based on given LPCD and population. The water
B 150 25,000 source is from the treatment plant TP.
C 160 25,000
D 160 25,000
L 160 30,000
M 160 30,000
N 180 30,000
O 180 30,000
Q 180 30,000
R 180 30,000
S 200 30,000
T 200 30,000
W 200 40,000
X 200 40,000
Y 150 40,000
Z 150 40,000
References