APOLLO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTRMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
SUNDHELA, BLOCK- SARSAUL,
KANPUR - ALLAHABAD HIGHWAY,
NH2, KANPUR (UP) 209402

B.TECH (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

Synopsis Report 2023-2024

VISION

To develop the Department into a “Centre of Excellence” with a perspective to provide quality
education and skill-based training with state of the art technologies to the students, thereby
enabling them to become achievers and contributors to the industry, society and nation
together with a sense of commitment to the profession.

MISSION

M1: To impart quality education in tune with emerging technological developments in the
field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
M2: To provide practical hands-on-training with a view to understand the theoretical
concepts and technological developments.
M3: To produce employable and self-employable graduates.
M4: To nurture the personality traits among the students in different dimensions
emphasizing the ethical values and to address the diversified societal needs of our
Nation
M5: To create futuristic ambiance with the state of the art facilities for pursuing research.

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 Design Methodology of Off-Grid PV Solar
Powered System
(A Case Study of Solar Powered Bus Shelter)

A Synopsis of Project Work

Submitted To: - Submitted By:-

Mr. Pradeep Kumar (HOD) Akash Verma
Department of Electrical Roll No.:2103530219001
And Electronics

In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree

Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

APOLLO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SUNDHELA, BLOCK- SARSAUL, KANPUR - ALLAHABAD
HIGHWAY, NH2, KANPUR (UP) 209402
2
 APOLLO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled ‘Design Methodology of Off-Grid PV
Solar Powered System (A Case Study of Solar Powered Bus Shelter) submitted by
Akash Verma (Roll No.:- 2103530219001) to the Apollo Institute of
Technology for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering is a Bonafide work carried out by him/her under
my supervision. The contents of this thesis, in full or in parts, have not been
submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Mr. Pradeep Kumar Sanjeev Sir

Head of the Department Supervisor
Department of Electrical and Electrical Lab Technician
Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical and
Apollo Institute of Technology Electronics Engineering

PLACE: Sundhela, Block -Sarsaul, Kanpur

DATE:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The present synopsis of the project would not have been possible
without the help of my friends and electrical lab technician Sanjeev
sir who can give me their precious time and knowledge.

I extend my special thanks to MY HOD MR. PRADEEP KUMAR

for their guidance and kind cooperation throughout my project making
and for completing the synopsis of the project. Last thanks to all the
members of Apollo Institute of Technology for their support.

Akash Verma

(Roll No.:2103530219001)

4
 ABSTRACT

Solar energy has incredible potential to power our daily lives.

Researchers suggest that the amount of sunlight that strikes the Earth's
surface in an hour and a half is enough to handle the entire world's
energy consumption for a full year. Solar power system is one of the
best renewable energy technology which is not only cost effective but
environment friendly as well. For my research, I have suggested
methodologies that may be applicable to other off grid applications. I
will be explaining design methodology using an example of an off-grid
bus shelter. Off-grid or standalone systems can be defined as
independent systems that are not connected to any electrical grid. These
come in different sizes and are mostly used in location where there is
little access to grid infrastructure. The off-grid bus shelter project will
completely depend on the solar energy i.e. solar photovoltaics will
harvest electricity to supply the devices such as lighting LED, Wi-Fi
router and advertising billboard. A battery backup would be used as a
continuous power supply in case of the worst weather. This paper will
focus on how methodology of off grid systems/stand-alone systems can
help to reduce the dependency of grid and allow us to live in self-
sufficient manners without reliance on one or more public utilities.
Further, a PV system will be designed for a bus shelter at EIU to
demonstrate the concept.

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

S. NO. FIGURES PAGE NO.

1 Working of solar cell

2 Off-Grid solar PV system

3 Grid-tied PV system

4 Sun hours across US

5 7th street existing bus shelter

6 CAD representation of the shelter

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Introduction

Energy is a necessity like food and water. Everything around us requires energy.
Over the years there has been an increase in the earth’s population which is
directly proportional to the energy used as well. All the possible gadgets and
equipment need some or the other kind of energy to function. With depleting
fossil fuel reserves it becomes necessary to identify viable renewable energy
resources that can decrease the dependency on fossil fuels.
Solar energy is the most abundant form of energy available to us. It is
approximated that 10000 TW worth of solar energy is incident on earth’s surface
in a day (Bosshard, 2006). According to a report, the world energy consumption
in 2015 was 17.4 TW altogether (Seger, 2016). There has been a minimal increase
in the energy consumption every year, approximately 1-1.5% annual growth. The
world’s total energy consumption is expected to grow by 56% by the year 2040
(U.S Energy Information Administration, 2013). Comparing current
consumption, projected growth in two decades, and the amount of solar radiation
received in an hour we can just imagine the potential solar energy holds. The total
energy consumed is not small fraction of what we receive in an hour.
Despite this energy potential available to us the current utilization of solar energy
is less than 5% globally. There are countries that are taking initiatives to switch
from using fossil fuels to solar applications. These countries form a pool called
the G-20 countries which have taken the global leadership to adopt renewable
resources of energy. Germany is one of the G-20 countries that has switched its
energy needs to approximately 38% to solar, and aims to go completely stop its
dependency on nuclear and replace it with solar by the year 2050 (Richardson,
2017). Similarly, most of the countries have abundant solar potential and can take
a lesson from Germany. Apart from harvesting the resource and decreasing the
dependency on fossil fuel because they are limited, one must understand the
consequences of using fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels for energy has an
adverse effect on the environment. It releases CO₂ into the atmosphere which is

7
responsible for the greenhouse effect. Further, it also causes the ozone layer to be
depleted. These mentioned phenomena can cause several events to occur such as;
acid rain, air pollution, land pollution because of excavating operations, etc.
A 4 KW solar panel used in homes for 25 years can offset 199,697 lbs of CO₂, is
equivalent to planting, and is equal to 208,166 (RGS- Rethink your roof, n.d.). It
is fascinating that how much just one home can make an impact in the
environment by using Solar panels. One could imagine, what would be the benefit
of using this technology on larger scale.

Photovoltaic Cells

In the 18th century, Swiss physicists assembled a warm trap, which was a small-
scale greenhouse. He developed a hot box, by a glass box in another larger glass
box, a total of up to five boxes. When they are proposed to coordinate the sun
illumination, the temperature in the deepest box can be raised to 108 degrees
Celsius; warm enough to soak water and cook food. These crates can be
considered the world's first solar collection. In the late 1950, some organizations
and research facilities began to create a silicon based solar cell that considers the
goal of controlling Earth-orbiting satellites. These include RCA, Hoffman
Electronics, and in addition, the U.S. Army Alert Corps (Desideri, Zapparelli, &
Garroni, 2013). A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that
converts the energy of photons that are incident on it to electrical energy, which
is a natural and synthetic marvel. A separate cell unit can be connected to a frame
module, also known as a solar panel. Different solar cells in a unified set, all
arranged in the plane represents a solar photovoltaic board or module. PV
modules usually have a glass in front of the panel, allowing light to pass through,
while ensuring that the semiconductor plate is protected inside the case.
Solar cells are usually associated, and arranged in series or parallel module,
depending upon the requirement of the customer. The parallel interface unit gets
higher current; however, the problem, for example, that shadow effects can turn
8
off weaker (less bright) parallel strings (different permutations of cells) can cause
great unpleasant effects and may cause damage because of their enlightened
complicity and the reversal of dark cell tendencies. A series of stacked units are
usually autonomous and not parallel, but starting from 2014, each module
provides a singular power box on a regular basis and connects in parallel.

Working Principle of Solar Panels

In the previous discussion it has been established that there is abundance of solar
energy available to be harvested. A brief discussion of what PV cells is also being
covered. It is necessary that we understand how these cells generate electricity so
that we can design systems that can be in tandem with these basic concepts. The
following discussion will explain how the cells generate electricity.

Principle: Sun is a powerhouse of energy and this energy moves around in the
form of electromagnetic radiations. These radiations are of several types such as
light, radio waves, etc. depending upon the wavelength of the radiations emitted.
A very less percentage of sun’s radiations reach the earth’s atmosphere in the
form of visible light. Solar cells use this visible light to make electrons. Different
wavelength of light is used by different solar cells.
Solar cells are made up of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which is used
to produce electricity. The electricity is conducted as a stream of tiny particles
called electrons and the stream is called electric current. Two main types of
electric currents are; DC (direct current) in which the flow of current is in the
same direction while in AC (Alternating current) it may reverse the direction of
current. A typical solar cell has two layers of silicon, which is n-type at the top
and p-type at the bottom. When sunlight strikes the solar cell, the electrons are
absorbed by silicon, they flow between n and p-layers to produce electric current
and the current leaves the cell through the metal contact. The electricity generated
is of AC type.
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 Figure 1 working of solar cell

Types of PV Systems

With growing demand for PV systems, the utilities provided an option for the
consumers to connect their systems to the grid. This step introduced a new term
called “Net Metering.” Net metering allows the consumers to send back the
electricity they generate from their PV systems to the grid. This is possible
because of the grid-tied connection enabled by the utility. Similarly, we also have
systems that are independent and do not require themselves to be connected to
the grid such systems are called off-grid systems or standalone systems. Both the
systems have been explained in detail below:

1. Standalone or Off-Grid Systems

The off-grid system term states the system not relating to the gird facility.
Primarily, the system which is not connected to the main electrical grid is term as
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off-grid PV system (Weis, 2013). Off-grid system also called standalone system
or mini grid which can generate the power and run the appliances by itself. Off-
grid systems are suitable for the electrification of small community. Off-grid
electrification system is viable for the remote areas in the countries where they
do have little or no access to the electricity because of the distinct living and
spread population in the vast area. The off-grid system refers to the support that
would be adequate for a living without depending on the grid or other system.
Electrical energy in the off-gird system produced through the Solar photovoltaic
panels needs to be stored or saved because requirement from the load can be
different from the solar panel output, battery bank is also used for the purpose
generally.

Figure 2. Off-Grid solar PV system

This project is considering the viability of having an off-grid PV system

which can be used to power a bus shelter. This concept can also be utilized on a

11
larger scale to support all types of homes which are in remote areas and where
the cost of connecting cables and other infrastructure of electricity to the house is
expensive.

2. Integrated or Grid-Tied System

Grid connected photovoltaic power system is an electricity generating system
which is linked to the utility gird (energy.gov, n.d.). This photovoltaic system
contains solar panel, inverter and the equipment to provide connection to the grid.
Grid connected systems are feasible for various setup such as residential.
Commercial and larger scale grid tied system different than the off grid solar
power systems. Usually grid connected system does not need battery backup,
because when system generate the energy more than the load it will automatically
transfer to the linked utility gird.

Figure 3. Grid-tied PV system

In the residential setups grid connected rooftop systems usually having the
capability of 10 kilowatts which could be enough to meet the house requirements,
and the excess would feed the grid which can be used by other consumers
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connected to the grid. The feedback or excess power transfer system works
through a meter to track the transferred power. In some instances, PV system
wattage could be less than the normal consumption due to several different factors
and in this scenario, consumer will utilize the grid energy.

Methodology of Designing an Off-Grid PV System

Site assessment

In the introduction of solar photovoltaic (PV) clusters for private, commercial, or

agricultural operations; a crucial idea is to determine the merits of the site
(Franklin, 2017). Identifying the place and position of the panels is a crucial step
in designing a PV system as the later components will be streamlined to this step.
A few concepts and tips one must keep in mind while performing the site
assessment are:
1. Shade Analysis: Shading can be a problem for the solar panels as they decrease
the maximum power that can be generated. Several factors contribute to this
issue, the most common cause of shade on a solar panel are; 1) Shade from
neighboring trees and buildings in vicinity, 2) typical cloudy weather, and 3)
shade from adjacent solar panels (Solar Choice, 2016).

While designing a solar PV system one must investigate these factors thoroughly
so that maximum output can be obtained. One of the tools most commonly used
is solar pathfinder which gives the direction of the sun through out the year and
how much any specific area will receive sunlight throughout the year (Solar
Pathfinder, n.d.). Apart from having this tool, it is important that the site
assessment is done properly to locate the best site keeping in mind all the aspects.
2. Sun hours: Sun hours are important to know how much radiance will be
required to generate the needed output wattage. This parameter gives us the

13
knowledge of number of hours an area will receive maximum sunlight (Franklin,
2017). With advances in technology we have this data available online and
anyone can use it. We have studied the data from NREL and NASA but for our
project we will be using data given by NREL as it is giving information of the
Sun hours to a closer proximity to Charleston. The following chart gives the
required information of the Sun hours depending on different zones classified by
NREL.

Figure 4 Sun hours across U.S

Tilt angle: Tilt angle is the setting of the panels one needs to have to get the
maximum radiance. Ideally the tilt angle is the latitude of the geographic location.
It is suggested to have an adjustable panel frames as the sun hours keep changing
with respect to the tilt in winters and summers. Hence for any area a specific tilt
angle is calculated to get the maximum radiance through out the year for a fixed
panel. Also, it is advised to have the panels facing the south to get the maximum

14
afternoon sun. A couple of devices are used in the process of finding the tilt angle
and the radiance that will fall upon panel at that tilt angle are inclinometer and
pyranometer, respectively.
An inclinometer is kept on the panel and the degrees are read to find the latitude
of the area as it is perpendicular to the Sun’s radiations when it is at its highest
point in the sky. Pyranometer measures the solar irradiance that will fall at a given
tilt angle. It measures solar irradiance in Watts per meter Sq. (W/m^2) (Franklin,
2017).

Calculations

The consensus is to add wattage of the equipment that are going to be powered
using the PV system. Alternatively, for this task we can use baseload calculators
that are available on the internet. We have used one such tool to calculate the
baseload of our project, the following link will direct to the website which has the
calculator (Wholesale solar , n.d.)
Every device has fixed power consumption that can be found on its name plate
details. This data from all the devices that are going to be used should be
retrieved. The website mentioned above provides a table where this information
needs to be entered. Other data that needs to be entered is number of each
appliance that are going to be used and number of hours the appliance is supposed
to remain ON. Up on filling the required data the website generates a table that
give the total Watt-hours that are going to be used i.e. the total energy consumed
or the wattage of the PV system.
Another point one must pay attention to is the system voltage. It is required that
the system level chosen before we further probe into designing. Subsequent
equipment designing would be based on the system voltage level.

Panel Sizing

15
Once the total load to be energized using the PV system is calculated we must
find out what area of solar panels would be required to generate that much amount
of power. It is an inherent property of any panel to have internal losses. This factor
should be kept in mind.
As in the energy calculation we have already found the total watt-hours, for
finding the wattage of panels that would be required we need to divide the total
watt-hours with peak sun hours (Pelamis wave power, n.d.).

Another useful tool that can be used is PV WATTS that helps use to calculate
panel sizing just by putting the parameters such as energy consumption, tilt angle,
and Sun hour. We have used this same website to calculate the solar panels.
(NREL, n.d.)
The website also enables the user to get the size of the panels that would be
required to generate the required wattage.

Battery Sizing

PV battery system assesses various strategies from a financial perspective. The

valuable existence of the battery is limited to 5,000 cycles or in the planned living
time of 20 years. The maintenance of photovoltaic and rechargeable annual
activities and expenditure systems is set at 1.5% per the speculative cost. Assume
that the cost system for the battery and PV is comparable to their size. Following
is a formula that will enable to calculate what size of battery they should have.
(Leonics, n.d.)
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of
autonomy
(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)

Inverter

Inverter deals with following main tasks of energy: (ALTE store, n.d.)

16
 C

Most system-connected inverters can be introduced externally, and most of the

off-grid inverters are not weather-resistant. There are basically two types of grid
intelligent Inverters: Those designed for batteries and those designed for systems
without battery-connected inverter systems and give excellent void-quality
strength. For matrix associations, the inverter should have a "useful-interactive"
typeface, which is printed specifically for the publication name.

Grid-connected systems measure the power of extracting PV clusters rather than

a bunch of prerequisite buildings. It asserts that what each power supply needs
are what the matrix-related PV system can give naturally is drawn from the net.
Invertors used for solar PV systems are usually based upon the total wattage of
the solar panels, as the invertor will be continuously converting the power
generated. The second consideration one must investigate, is the voltage level of
the system. For example, if the system is designed to generate 2000 Watts at a
voltage level of 12 V then the invertor selected should be rated 12V, 2000 Watts
(Alternative Energy, n.d.).

Charge Controller

The charge controller, sometimes referred to as a photovoltaic controller or

charger, is only necessary for the system which involves a battery (Wholesale
Solar, n.d.). The main capacity of the charge controller is to counteract the battery
spoofing. The basic function of charge controller is to monitor charging and
discharging of the battery. It prevents the battery from being completely charged
17
or discharged. This is important because over charging can lead to destruction of
the battery and under charging decreases the battery life. Another important
reason to use a charge controller is to prevent a reverse current flowing from
battery to the system.
There are two types of controllers that are widely available in the market; 1) Pulse
width Modulation (PWM), 2) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
(Northern Arizon Wind and Sun, n.d.)
1. Pulse width modulation: A pulse width modulation charge controller is set
match the input power of the battery irrespective of the power generated by the
panels. There is an inherent loss in power observed in this type of charger.

2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): This type of charger helps to get the
optimum charging power for any given point of time and offers better efficiency
that PWM.
Though the MPPT charge controllers enable you to have better efficiencies and
provides more power than compared to PWM for similar condition, the main
cause of not opting for MPPT is price of it (Solar Guy, 2016). MPPT charge
controllers are more expensive than PWM controllers. Keeping this parameter in
mind, this project will be using a PWM charge controller for realizing the
concept. To select the size of charge controller one must know the voltage level
of the system and the maximum operating current. It is a usual practice to over
size the controller for safety reasons.

Proposal to Convert 7th Street Bus Stand into a Standalone PV

System

Bus shelters are common in every structure one can find in urban and sub-urban
settings and most of them are tied to the grid to provide electricity. But most of
the rural and sub-urban areas do not have this facility of having their bus shelters

18
electrified through grid. In such place we could use the off-grid or standalone PV
system which can function without the grids assistance.
Eastern Illinois University has always been a leader in embracing new
technologies that promotes betterment of the environment and its students.
Panther shuttle bus-stops across the campus serve hundreds of the students on a
day-to-day basis. Currently, all the bus stops on the campus are not connected
with the existing electrical grid. Hence, taking an initiative to serve the students
an also realizing a proof of concept for standalone systems the following PV
system has been designed.

Site Assessment

First step in designing an off-grid bus shelter would be find a location to install
the panels. Some factors that were taking into consideration while making a
choice between various options. More emphasis was given to the most used bus
shelters, few of the bus shelters were filtered out considered how often they were
used. Secondly, a bus shelter with few surrounding structures was a priority to
avoid shading problem. For these reasons, 7th street bus shelter was chosen.

Figure 5. 7th street bus shelter

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In the above picture, it is visible that the roof of the shelter in shape of dome
which will have to be replaced to mount the panels on top. The next picture is of
an AutoCAD drawing which shows the dimensions of the shelter.

Figure 6 CAD representation of the shelter

Calculating Energy Usage

Appliance Appliance Quantity Watts Operation Watts

categories (V*A) Hours/day Hours/day
Multi*1.5 “from
for AC table”
LED Lights Night use 2 3 14 80
High Flux Night use 6 18 14 1008
LED
Cell phone 24 Hours 2 5 15 150
charger use

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WI-FI 24 Hours 1 20 24 480
router use
Solar 24 Hours 1 1 24 24
charger use
controller
Sensor 24 Hours 1 1 24 24
use
Total Watt Hours per day 1770.00

1770Wh/day ÷ 3 sun hours/day = 590W

590.W ÷ 0.8 (system losses) =737.5W
Wh = 737.5W x 30 days Wh = 22,125 Watt-hours (22.125 kWh/month)
The project will be dealing with lower voltage devices hence a 12V system is
chosen.

Calculate Wattage of the Solar Panels

1770Wh/day ÷ 3 sun hours/day = 590W

590W ÷ 0.8 (system losses) =737.5W
737.5/250 = 2.95(3 Solar panels 250watts)
For the project we would be using 3 panels of 250 Watts each.

Battery Sizing

Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of
autonomy
(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)
For this project, the daily average energy consumption per day is 1770 (W-h/day)
for the month of December.
Battery Capacity (Ah) = 1770 x 2

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(0.85 x 0.6 x 12)
= (1770/ (0.85x0.6x12)) x2
= 1770/0.85=2082.35
= 2082.35/0.6=3470.5
=3470.5/12=289.2
289.2x2=578.4
578.4 Ah Battery Capacity required for the system

Invertor Sizing

As explained previously that the invertor size should be based on the wattage and
voltage level of the system. This project employees a 12V and 2000W system,
hence the invertor that should be used should be of similar rating.

Charge Controller Sizing

For this project a PWM charge controller is to be used. Following steps will
enable us to size the required charge controller.
Voltage level of the system: 12V
Maximum amperage: 10 A
There a PWM controller should be used with 12 V and 10 A with rated voltage
and current specifications.

Conclusion

There is a cost associated with electrifying houses in rural areas that increases
with distance between the grid and the houses. Such instances where the cost of
electrification becomes enormously highly one can always use an off-grid PV
system. Both type of systems viz. grid-tied and off-grid PV systems have their
own advantages and disadvantages. Depending solely on the need one can decide
what they would want to go for. It is trend that one can observe is that the grid-

22
tied system is mostly found in urban and sub-urban setting where electrification
of the area has already been achieved. The off-grid system is more suited to areas
where the electrification is yet to be accomplished and/or the consumer choses
not to supply back the energy generated at his/her end.
This paper provides the methodology of designing an off-grid PV system. Using
a bus shelter at EIU an PV system was designed that would house certain
necessary equipment such as WIFI module, charging points, lights, and sensors
that would provide service to the students who would be using it. The design
methodology is not limited to only bus shelters but could also be used for different
purposes where ever a need of having an off-grid system arises. Economical
aspect of the system has not been covered in this paper due to the availability of
numerous vendors in the market. Upon identifying the system capacity, one can
search the best option of different equipment depending on their financial
preferences.

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