INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM

Nsg 100 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture

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➔ Learning Objectives

❑List several important functions of the

integumentary system, and explain how these
functions are accomplished.
❑When provided with a model or diagram of the skin,
recognize and name the following skin structures:
epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular layers), hair
and hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and sweat gland.
❑Name the layers of the epidermis, and describe the
characteristics of each.

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Integumentary System

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What does
integument mean?
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Components: Hairs

◦ skin
Epidermis

◦ hair
◦ nails
Sebaceous
gland Skin

◦ glands Arrector pili Dermis

(smooth muscle)
Hair follicle
Nerve
Vein

Artery Subcutaneous tissue

Sweat gland (hypodermis)
Adipose tissue

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 Skin

Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

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Functions
1. Protection:
water loss, microbes, UV light

2. Sensation:
hot, cold, pain, pressure

3. Temperature regulation:
helps maintain homeostasis

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4. Excretion:
removes waste

5. Vitamin D production:
UV light stimulates production

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Skin Facts
Weighs 9 lbs.

Used to determine body fat

2 main regions: epidermis and

dermis

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 Skin of Finger

Epidermis Dermis
Thin Skin

Thick Skin
Epidermis
Epidermis
1st major skin region (outside)

Composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Keratinization:
- process in which new cells (with keratin) push
old cells to surface
- 40-56 days for new cells to reach surface

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 Strata of Epidermis
Stratum corneum:
- outermost layer of epidermis
- 20-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled with
keratin
- accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness
- dandruff is this layer flaking off scalp

Callus:
forms when stratum corneum has frequent friction

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Stratum basale:
- deepest layer of epidermis

- single layer of cells

- firmly attached to dermis

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Dermis
Dermis
2nd major skin region
Dense connective tissue
Contains collagen and elastic fibers
Contains fibroblasts, nerve endings, smooth muscle,
glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles
Cleavage lines:
- area where skin is most resistant to stretching
- due to orientation of collagen fibers
- important in scarring

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 Layers of Dermis
Papillary layer:
- thin connective tissue layer that contains blood
vessels
- Dermal papillae:
- projections that extend up into epidermis
- remove waste and help regulate body temp.
- ridged on hands and feet (fingerprints)
- pattern is genetically determined

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Reticular layer:

- deepest layer of dermis

- accounts for 80% of dermis

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Hypodermis
Hypodermis
➢Below dermis
➢Foundation of skin
➢Attaches skin to underlying muscle and bone
➢Contains loose and adipose tissue
➢Contains ½ of body’s fat
➢Body fat for females 20-23%, males 13-25%

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Skin Color and Variations
Determined by:
- pigments
- genetics
- blood circulation
- thickness of stratum corneum

Melanocytes of darker skinned people produce more

and darker melanin than fairer skinned people
All races have same number of melanocytes

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Skin Pigments
Melanin:
- produced by melanocytes
- ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black
- responsible for hair and eye color
- provides protection against UV light
- amt. produced determined by genetics, UV light,
hormones
- freckles are accumulation of melanin
- albinism is absence of melanin

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Carotene:
- yellow-orange pigment found in plants
- accumulates in stratum corneum

Hemoglobin:
- gives pinkish-red color
- found in red blood cells

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Tanning and Sunburns
❖Exposure to UV light stimulates melanocytes to
increase production of melanin
❖Melanin builds up to help protect skin against
UV radiation (tan)
❖A sunburn is the skin reacting to UV exposure
❖UV light causes elastic fibers to clump and
become leathery
❖UV light can alter DNA in cells causing them to
mutate (cancer)

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Skin Color and Disease
Redness:
fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies
Pallor:
anemia or low blood pressure
Jaundice:
liver disorder (yellow)
Bronzing:
Addison’s disease (kidney disease)
Bruising:
broken blood vessels

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Hair
Hair Components
Hair/shaft:
flexible strands of keratinized cells

Root:
below skin (scalp)

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Hair Bulb:
- base of root
- where hair is produced

Hair Follicle:
- group of cells that surround root and
bulb
- gives hair different shapes

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 How is Hair Produced?
➢Hair is produced in hair bulb

➢Hair bulb rests on blood vessels to supply it with

nutrients

➢Hair grows longer as cells are added to base of

hair bulb

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 Hair Facts
➢Testosterone and good nutrition promote hair
growth
➢Growth occurs in cycles: active and resting
➢Scalp hair grows for 3 years and rests for 1 year
➢Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rest for 105 days
➢We lose about 90 scalp hairs/day
➢Grey hair is the loss or fading of melanin
➢Male pattern baldness is from the loss of the hair
follicle

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 Hair Muscles
Arrector Pili:
- smooth muscle that surrounds each hair follicle

- contracts and hair stands on end

(goose bumps)

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Glands
Sebaceous glands:
- connected to hair follicle
- sebum: oily substance that lubricates hair and
skin to prevent drying

Eccrine sweat glands:

- all over body and open into sweat pores
- water and salt secretions

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Apocrine sweat glands:
- open into hair follicle

- only in armpits and genitalia

- thick, rich secretions

- become active during puberty and cause

body odor

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Sweat pores
Duct of eccrine
sweat gland

Duct of Arrector pili

apocrine (smooth muscle)
sweat gland
Hair follicle Sebaceous gland

Eccrine
sweat gland
Hair bulb

Apocrine
sweat gland

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 Nails

Free edge Nail body Eponychium

Nail root Nail matrix

Nails
What are they?
thin plate with layers of dead stratum
corneum cells with hard keratin

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Nail Structure
Nail body:
visual part

Nail root:
covered by skin

Cuticle:
stratum corneum that extends into nail body

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Nail matrix:
- continuation of nail root
- gives rises to most of nail
Nail bed:
attaches to nail and is distal to nail matrix
Lunula:
- part of nail matrix
- whitish, crescent shaped area
- base of nail

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 Vitamin D Production
1. UV light causes skin to produce a precursor
molecule of vitamin D
2. Precursor is carried by blood to liver where it is
modified
3. Next to kidneys where it is modified again to
form active vitamin D
Vitamin D can also be ingested through
fish oils, fortified milk, eggs, and butter.
Vitamin D stimulates intestine to absorb
calcium and phosphate (bone growth and
muscle function)
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 Temperature Regulation
Body temp. should be 98.6 oF
Rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) is altered by
changes in temp.
To cool body:
blood vessels in dermis dilate and heat is transferred
from deep in tissues to skin and sweat is produced
Too heat body:
blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to skin
and heat is retained

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 Aging and the Integument
➢Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner due
to decreased amounts of collagen

➢Decreasedactivity of sebaceous and sweat glands

make temperature regulation more difficult

➢Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and wrinkle

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Classification of Burns
1st degree:
- damages only epidermis
- redness, slight swelling, pain
- heals within 2-3 days (usually no scar)
- includes sunburns or exposure to cold

2nd degree:
- damages epidermis and upper dermis
- redness, swelling, pain, blisters
- heals in 2 weeks with some scarring

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3rd degree:

- destroys epidermis and dermis

- burned areas are cherry red to black
- nerve endings are destroyed
- skin graft might be necessary

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Partial- Full-
thickness thickness

First- Second- Third-

degree degree degree
Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous
tissue

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 Skin Cancer
➢Most common cancer
➢Mainly caused by UV light exposure
➢Fair-skinned people more prone
➢Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using
sunscreens
➢UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas
➢UVB rays cause sunburns
➢Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays

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Types of Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma:
- cells in stratum basale affected
- cancer removed by surgery
Squamous cell carcinoma:
- cells above stratum basale affected
- can cause death
Malignant melanoma:
- arises from melanocytes in a mole
- rare type
- can cause death
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Up next….

SKELETAL SYSTEM

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