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Lecture 6 - Concrete

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SM Abdullah Al Kabid
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16 views

Lecture 6 - Concrete

Uploaded by

SM Abdullah Al Kabid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Cementing material (cement, lime)

• Coarse Aggregate (brick chips, stone chips)


• Fine Aggregate (sand)
• Water
• Admixtures
• Cement Concrete (CC)
• Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
• Lime Concrete (LC)

– Lime concrete cannot be made reinforced, as lime


eats away the steel in due course of time.
• All the ingredients are mixed and poured into
suitable forms to give desired shape.
• Plastic mass gets converted into solid stone
with passage of time due to chemical reaction
between cement and water.
• Aggregates don’t go under any chemical
change, they provide mass/volume to the
concrete and reduce shrinkage effects.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Versatile • Low tensile strength
• Economical • Low ductility
• Strong and Durable • Volume instability
• Fire resistant • Low strength to
weight ratio
• Workability
• Consistency
• Segregation
• Bleeding
• Setting Time
• Unit Weight
• Uniformity
• It is a measure of ease with which concrete can be
handled from the mixer stage to its finally
compacted stage.
• Factors affecting Workability:
– Quantity of water in the mix
– Proper grading of the aggregates in the mix
– Amount of cement
– Ratio of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
– Shape and surface texture of aggregates
– Method of compaction
– Use of admixtures
• Workability is the most
important property of
freshly mixed concrete.
• There is no single test
method that can
simultaneously measure all
the properties involved in
workability.
• It is determined to a large
extent by measuring the
“consistency” of the mix.
• Workability is measured by Slump Test.
10 cm

30 cm

20 cm
The slump cone is filled in 3 layers.
Every layer is evenly rodded 25 times.

Measure the slump by determining the vertical difference


between the top of the mold and the displaced original
center of the top surface of the specimen.
• Tendency of separation of CA grains from the concrete
mass.
– It increases when concrete mixture is lean and too wet.
– It also increases when rather large and rough textured aggregate
is used.

• It can be avoided as follows


– Restricting the amount of water to
smallest possible.
– All the operations like handling, placing
and consolidation are carefully
conducted.
– Concrete should not be allowed to fall
from larger heights.

Segregation
Bleeding is the tendency of water to rise to the
surface of freshly placed concrete.

Bleeding
Undesirable effects of bleeding are:
– With the movement of water towards the top, the top
portion becomes weak & porous (high w/c). Thus the
resistance of concrete to freezing-thawing decreases.
– Water rising to the surface carry fine particles of
cement which weaken the top portion. This portion is not
resistant to abrasion.
The tendency of concrete to bleeding depends
largely on properties of cement. It is decreased by:
– By adding more cement
– Increasing the fineness of cement
– Reducing water content
– Increasing finer part of fine aggregate
Any substance which acts as a binding agent for
materials.
• Ordinary Portland Cement
• Rapid Hardening Portland
1. Portland Cement
Cement • Low Heat Cement
• White/Colored Portland Cement
• Water Proof Portland Cement

• Quick Setting Cement


2. Special • Expansive Cement
Cement
• Protection from rain, sun, winds and moisture
• Stored in dry, leak proof and moisture proof sheds
• Stacked on wooden planks placed about 150-200 mm above
the floor of the shed.
• Space of 450-600 mm should be kept between the exterior
wall and the stacks
• The maximum height of the stack should not exceed 15 bags
• The width of stack should not be more than four bags or 3 m
• In monsoon when cement bags need to store for very long
period, cement stacks should be completely enclosed by
polythene sheet or some other water proofing membrane
• The stacks should be arranged in such a manner that cement
bags can be removed on principle of first come first served.
• Course Aggregate (CA)
• Fine Aggregate (FA)
• Silt
• Loam: A soft deposit consisting of sand, silt and clay
in about equal proportion
Rounded
Angular: well defined edges

Elongated Flaky
➢ Ready-Mix concrete: In this type ingredients
are introduced into a mixer truck and mixed
during transportation to the site.
• Wet – Water added before transportation
• Dry – Water added at site
➢ Mixing at the site
• Hand mixed
• Mixer mixed
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Reduced • The traveling time from the
construction cost plant to the site
and time • Generation of additional
• Ensured Quality road traffic.
• Reduced • Admixture is added to
maintenance cost increase the time span
• Useful for densely before setting and to
populated area increase workability.
• NDE Ready Mix Concrete
• ABC Ready Mix Concrete
• Shah Cement Ready Mix Concrete
• Concord Ready Mix Concrete
• SEL Ready Mix Company etc.
Mixing time should be sufficient to produce a
uniform concrete. The time of mixing depends on
the type of mixer and also to some properties of
fresh concrete.
➢ Undermixing → non-homogeneity
➢ Overmixing → danger of water loss, breakage of
aggregate particles
• Concrete prepared has to be transported to
its place of use before hydration of cement
starts.
• During transportation, efforts should be
made to prevent segregation of concrete.

• To avoid segregation, concrete should not be


dropped from height more than 1m.
The process of compacting concrete consists essentially of
the elimination of entrapped air. This can be achieved by:
– Tamping or rodding the concrete
– Use of vibrators

INCORRECT CORRECT
Haphazard random penetration Vertical penetration a few inches
of the vibrator at all angles and into previous lift (which should
spacing without sufficient depth not yet be rigid) of systematic
will not assure intimate regular intervals will give
combination of the two layers adequate consolidation
▪ Using wet covers
▪ Sprinkling
▪ Ponding
▪ Water proof plastics

Wet covers

Sprinkling
Ponding

Water proof plastic


Required when concrete has to be placed under water

Palm Island, Dubai Under Water Hotel, Dubai


• Cement wash out
• Segregation
• Water entrapment
• Flowability
Concrete must be able to flow out easily under
water and completely fill the placement area
without trapping water inside.

• Self Compaction
As it is impractical to use mechanical vibrator
under water, the concrete must compact itself
by its own weight.

• Rapid Hardening
Concrete is required to harden quickly under
water to prevent cement wash out.
Offshore concrete
production

Concrete production
from a floating
batch plant
Onshore concrete
production

Concrete delivery
on transit mixer
Mainly two method for placing concrete under
water

• The tremie method: places concrete solely by


gravity in an open air environment.

• Skip/Bottom opening bucket: a bottom


bucket equipped with a rolling gate is used
• Consists of a rigid
pipe suspended
vertically below
water and a hopper
fixed at the top of
the pipe to receive
concrete.
Advantages:
• Most reliable way of placing high quality
concrete

• Concrete can be deposited in a continuous and


controlled flow speed with little turbulence
• The tremie pipe is
embedded in fresh
concrete to a minimum
depth of 2 ft
• Vertical movement of
tremie pipe should be
limited
• Horizontal movement
is generally prohibited

Construction procedure
Placement of tremie pipe
Tremie pipe placement
• It needs special protection from water current
before it gain strength
• No pipe driving is allowed near concrete
placement before it sets
• Sand bags can be used to shield the concrete
• Curtains of heavy canvas can be used to control
the current
The following five critical items needs continuous
monitoring throughout the concrete placement:
1. The rate of concrete placement
2. The depth of concrete at various locations
3. Volume of concrete produced vs volume of in
place concrete measured
4. Concrete delivery system
5. Embedment depth of the tremie
Concrete placement planning

Concrete production/Transportation

Concrete placement

Concrete protection

Inspection and quality control


ASSIGNMENT

With suitable diagrams briefly explain


the two methods of placing concrete
underwater described in class.

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