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Chapter 8 Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides structure and support for the body, protects organs, and enables movement. It is composed of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Bones are living tissues that produce blood cells and store minerals. The skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and girdles. Joints between bones allow for different types of movement.

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28 views

Chapter 8 Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides structure and support for the body, protects organs, and enables movement. It is composed of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Bones are living tissues that produce blood cells and store minerals. The skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and girdles. Joints between bones allow for different types of movement.

Uploaded by

Kassaan Lowe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Skeletal System & Movement

Function of the skeletal system


The skeletal system
provides the frame
work that supports the
body, protect body
organs and enable
movement.

The bones contain bone


marrow which produce
produce red blood
cells. The bones also
store fat, calcium and
phospherus.
Products made in the bone marrow
The skeleton
• Skull- protect the brain
• vertebral column – protect spinal cord
• rib- protect lungs, heart.
• pelvic girdle- protect reproductive
organs.

Support
Vertebral column- support the upper
skeletal system.
Pelvic girdle – support lower skeletal
system

Movement
Most bones – muscles are attached to
them to allow movement
The skull
• The cranium acts as a
box that protects the
brain. The skull also
contains bones that give
the face it form.
Bones of the skeletal system
The vertebral column
The vertebral column contains
33 bones called vertebrae. The
bones vary in size but they all
support the upper body.
The vertebrae are held in place
by ligaments. This provide the
firmness and flexibility to the
column.
Cartilage between each
vertebrae acts as cushions and
spread the load placed on the
column.
Rib cage
The rib cage consist of 12
pairs of ribs joined to the
thoracic vertebrae.
The rib cage has a sternum in
the middle where the ribs
join for support. The rib
cage is also made from
cartilage which allows for
movement during
breathing.
Girdles
The pectoral girdle consist of
the clavicle joined to the
sternum and scapula at the
back.
The pelvic girdle is made up of 3
bones fused together on
each side. The pelvis is
broader and flatter in
females than males to allow
the easy passage of a baby.
The pelvic girdle protects the
female reproductive organs.
Bone structure
The bone is made from calcium
phosphate, collagen fibres,
bone cells and calcium
carbonate.
The bone cells secrete bone
from the inner layer to the
hard outer layer.
The red bone marrow produces
red blood cells.
The yellow bone marrow stores
fat.
The swollen ends of bones is
covered with cartilage to
allow for easier movement .
cartilage
Cartilage is a flexible
substance that is
made from protein. It
is found in the nose,
rib cage, ear lobe and
ends of bones.
Cartilage spreads the
load and reduce
pressure placed on
bones. They also
reduce friction when
two bones rub
together.
Ligaments

Ligaments support
joints. They form an
elastic tissue that
hold bones
together. The joints
are firmly
supported but they
are free to move.
Tendons
• Tendons attach muscles to
bone. Tendons are
attached to the outer layer
of the bone called the
peritoneum.
• Tendons are made of
protein fibres called
collagen.
• Tendons do not stretch
when muscles contract to
move the bone.
Joints
Movement occur in many
different areas of the
skeleton system. Joints
make movement possible.
A joint is where two or
more bones meet.
Synovial joints enjoy free
movement. This is due to
synovial fluid that acts as
oil. It lubricates the joint
and reduce friction.
More joints
There are four main
types of joints.
Sliding – between
each vertebrae
Pivot – between skull
and vertebral
column.
Hinge - elbow and
knee.
Ball and Socket –
shoulder and hip.
Muscles
Muscles use energy to move
our body from place to
place.
Two types.
Voluntary muscle are
controlled, e.g. Skeletal
muscles.
Involuntary muscle are under
automatic control, e.g.
Heart muscles (cardiac),
intestinal muscles and
muscles in the pupil.
How muscles contract.
Muscles contract when a
nerve impulse stimulate it
by releasing calcium ions
and ATP.
The muscles attached to
bones pull when they
contract. Muscles get
shorter when they contract
and flat when it relaxes.
Muscles that act in
opposition are antagonistic
muscles.
Types of skeletal muscles
• Rotators – muscles that
rotate the limbs.
• Extensors - muscles
that straighten the
bones.
• Flexors – muscles that
bend the limbs.
Skeletal muscle
Exercise and muscles
• Exercise changes
skeletal muscles in the
following ways.
• More capillaries tissue
will be made in the
muscles.
• Joints become more
flexible.
• Muscles get larger.
posture
Good posture means that the
body is held correctly with
little tension on the muscles.
The upper body is directly over
the feet.
Poor posture can put pressure
on circulation of blood,
digestion and breathing.
people who suffer from obesity
puts a lot of pressure on the
joints and other bones in the
system.
Locomotion
• If we put too much
pressure on the joints, the
cartilage may become
worn. This condition is
called arthritis.
Locomotion is important
because we can escape
danger, search for food,
mate, water and other
resources.
Problems caused by ill fitting shoes.
• Backache – caused by poor
posture due to high heels.
• Corns – caused by shoes
being too close to the skin.
• Bunions – swelling of the
joints caused by wearing
narrow pointed shoes.
• Hammer toe – the big toe
is pushed backwards
crushing the adjacent toe.
Sports injuries
• When athletes get injured
the RICE method is applied
during treatment.
Rest→ Ice→ Compress→ Elevate
Tendonitis occurs when
constant pressure is placed
on the tendons causing them
to become inflamed. Tennis
players and javelin throwers
often suffer from this injury.
Sprains and dislocations are
also common injuries in
sports.
Bone injuries
• Fractures – this is a cracked
or broken bone. In Closed
fractures the bine remains
under the skin. Open
fractures, the bone protrudes
through the skin.
• Osteoporosis occurs during
old age when the calcium in
the bone is reduced.
• Slipped disc occurs when a
piece of cartilage is displaced
in the vertebral column.

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