INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ARTS PART 2

INFORNATION SHEET 1.3

Woodworking
It is the skills developed by the students in terms of measuring, cutting, framing, and joining and
finishing wood materials

Carpentry
• It is the art and a manner of cutting, forming, and joining wood parts together
• The art of shaping and assembling structural woodwork

Carpenter
• A builder or a skilled craftsman who perform carpentry works

Hardware Materials
 Nails are classified according to sizes and length either common wire nails, concrete nails and
finishing nails
 Steel bars are materials used to reinforce the masonry work of a building structure. It comes in
different sizes and length depending on the kind of structural design
 Roofing materials are classified according to the design of the building. It can be corrugated G.I
sheet, concrete roofing and other materials available in the locality.
 Plywood are veneer materials of different thickness use for partitions, ceilings cabinets and others

Wood
 Trees are the largest plant that grows in our forest and mountains have various types and species.
 They are grouped according to use and cut to form a lumber.

BASIC WOOD TECHNOLOGY AND MASONRY

 The proper way of preparing wood for future use is by means of seasoning. It is the drying period
of wood.
 The time when moisture evaporates from the wood cells after the wood are cut into lumbers.
 Shrinkage of wood is the time when the drying of fiber has reached the point of saturation due to
evaporation

THE MOST COMMON WAY OF WOOD PREPARATION is as follows.

1. Air seasoning
 It is the process of filling the lumber carefully in open air in order to allow free circulation of air
around a piece of wood in a specified period.
2. Kiln seasoning/drying
 It is the scientific way of seasoning lumbers. It uses oven to dry lumbers quickly and to lower the
wood moisture content.
3. Water Seasoning
 It is the process of seasoning lumber by submerging it in the water to enhance the color of its
sapwood in a specified period of time.

MEASURING/DIMENSION OF WOOD:
Lumbers are sold according to their dimensions where thickness and with measured in inches and
length is measured in feet. The price of lumber sold is based on a unit called Board Foot which means a
piece of wood.
The process to Calculate Board Footage

Types of Lumber
Lumber is sold either rough or surfaced.
Rough Lumber- are pieces of wood unsurfaced or unplanned usually passes exact dimension in T, W, L.
Surfaced lumber- are lumber planed usually lessened in actual sized by about 3/8 of an inch.

S2S- Lumber that are planned or smooth on two sides

S4S- Lumber that are planned or smooth on four sides

Prices of lumber ranges according to the following:

1. Types of wood
2. Dimensions
3. Grades of lumber- either sun dried, air dried, kiln dried.

TWO types of lumber:

1. Soft wood- usually used in ordinary woodwork such as pine, lauan, etc.
2. Hard wood- usually used in cabinet or furniture making such as narra, molave, yakal, etc.
Lumber related products:
Veneer and plywood- are made of 3,5,7 or more veneer slices that are laid one upon the other with the
grain of each at the right angle to those of the sheets above or below it. They are bonded together with
glue or synthetic resins. Plywood thickness varies from 3.2 mm (3/16), 12 mm (1/2), 20 mm (3/4) with a
width of 4 feet and length of 1.80 m (6 feet) 2.40 m (8 feet).
a. Soft Plywood- most common for structural use.
b. Hardwood Plywood- used for paneling and finishing where usually only one face is with hardwood finish.
c. Exterior or Marine Plywood- is made for external use.
Plywood Manufacturing Process
1. Hardboard/Pressed wood or Fiber Board- is made from woodchips which are exploded into fibers
(defibration) with high-pressure steam. The fibers are applied with adhesive, processed into a mattress and
undergo a hot press process and it becomes a fiber board.
2. Particle Boards- manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes, stands, shavings, silvers, etc. which
are bound together and pressed into sheets and other molded shapes.
3. Laminated wood- logs are processed by sawmilling and drying, knots and cracks are removed, and the
pieces are connected by finger joints in fiber direction to create a wide and long material. Laminated wood
can be cut in preferred width or length according to its purpose.
Defects of Wood:
1. Knot- is a branch or limb of a tree that has been exposed as the log is cut into lumber
2. Check- is a lengthwise separation of the wood like a small crack or split.
3. Slit – is a lengthwise break or big crack in the board
4. Decay- is the rotting of wood.
5. Stain- is a discoloration of the wood surface.
6. Wane- is a lack of wood on the face of the piece
7. Warp- is a variation from the tree or plane surface. It includes crack, bow, cup, wind (twist) or any
combination of these.
FINISHING
• After all the project was assembled
• The next step is to prepare the project for finishing
• Applying varnish or paint in the project for final phase of your work,
• The following are the tools and materials is needed to facilitate your work.
1. Scraper
 Is a tool made of steel.
 It is manipulated by pushing or pulling in a direction following the grain of the wood surface after
such wood has been planned to produce s very smooth surface.
2. Sand Paper
 This is use to smoothen the surface of the wood.
 There are two types of sand paper. The wet and dry sand paper.
Dry Sand Paper- has abrasive material glued to the surface of the paper that is soluble in water. This is
usually for the wooden project. (wood)
Wet Sand Paper- uses waterproof glue. This is used in floor sanding which uses water to facilitate effective
scratching and smoothing. (metal)
3. Wood Fillers
 This is used to eliminate deep cuts and holes in your finished project, so that surface can be made
even and smooth.
 Filler should be applied in your project before applying wood stain.
 Wood fillers comes in natural color.
4. Stain
 It is a wood finishing material.
 The stain is derived from different colors of wood such as walnut, mahogany and natural color.
 Stain is sold in can or bottles, and they are classified as:
1) Oil stain- linse oil
2) Water stain- water
3) Spirit stain- denature alcohol
 Before applying a stain in your project, make sure that the surface is free from excess glue, tool
mark and grease to produce good result.
5. Shellac
 A finishing material came from gums substance to insects
 Alcohol is used to dissolve the gum in a ratio of three kilos to a gallon of alcohol.
 There are two kinds of shellac use in finishing. They are as follows:
1) Orange Shellac- natural type
2) White Shellac- is produced by bleaching
6. Varnish
 A finishing material that when applied produces a high glossy finish to a project
 It comes in different forms, from gum, linseed oil, resin, turpentine and or chemical drier.
 They are sold in can or gallon size and bottles.
 Varnish is durable, transparent, and tough when applied on the surface of the project
7. Paints
 Paint is the most widely used in finishing a project or object.
 It is being prepared in different pigment materials of chemical.
 Each of these types of paint has different materials and characteristics for a specific use. This type
of paint: Latex paint, enamel paint, lacquer paint
Latex is a water-based paint, used for walls
Enamel paint is a hard, durable, and often glossy paint.
Lacquer paint is clear coating that, when dried, produces a solid, durable finish
COMMON WOOD JOINT
• Joinery is the process of putting the work together depending on what kind of project or object of
wood you are making.
• A good joint is a matter of accurate lying out and cutting wood to produce a neat and strong joint.
The following are some of the most common Wood Joint
1. Dado Joint
• A dado is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge of the second board.
• It is commonly used for making cabinetwork/bookshelves.
2. Rabbet Joint
• It is wood joint commonly used for making frames to hold glass in constructing drawers and other
cabinetwork.
• A rabbet is a groove running along the grain while dado is across the grain.
3. Mortise and Tenon
• It is the strongest kind of wood joint used in fastening piece of wood together.
• The joint is considered the best in cabinet making for it provides good reinforcement.
4. Miter Joint
• This type of joint uses 45 degrees angle cut.
• This joint is usually intended for making frames because of the neatness in appearance.
5. Lap Joint
• This type of joint is used for reinforcing wood length
• The wood assembly is overlapping each other
6. Butt Joint
• This joint is the simplest form of joint considering that two length of woods end are nailed together
without any reinforcement
WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM
• Girder – principal beam extending from wall to wall.
• Floor joist – placed on the girders where the floor boards are fastened
• Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
• Header – Short transverse joist that supports the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
• Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an end portion of header.
• Flooring – tongue and groove board which is most common of wood flooring materials.
ROOF SYSTEM
• Shed or Lean-to-Roof – Simplest form of roof consisting of one single slope.
• Gable or Pitch Roof – Most common type and economical form of roof
• Hip Roof – Common form used in modern houses
• Hip and Valley Roof – Combination of hip roof and an intersecting gable roof forming T or L shaped
building.
• Pyramid Roof – Modification of hip roof
• Gambrel Roof – Modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes.
• Dome – Hemispherical form of roof
TYPES OF ROOF FRAME
Rafters
• Common Rafter – extended at right angle from the plate or girt to the ridge.
• Hip Rafter – diagonally laid from the corner of plate or girt to the ridge.
• Valley Rafter – does not extend from plate or girt to the ridge.
• Jack Rafter – frame between hip rafter and girt are called hip jack. The frame between the ridge
and valley rafter are called valley jack and those frame between the hip and valley rafter are called
cripple jack.
• Octagonal Rafter – placed on octagonal shaped plate at the central apex or ridge pole.
Truss - series of triangles used to distribute load and stiffen the structure spacing
• Girts – the structural member that supports the rafters or truss of a building.
• Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite sides of roof.
• Purlins – the structural member placed on top of the rafter or top chord of a truss that support the
roofing materials.
COMMON PARTS OF A STAIR
• Rise - Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
• Riser - Vertical face of stair step.
• Run - Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair flight.
• Landing - Horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
• Well - Place occupied by flight of stairs
• Well hole - Opening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.\
• Stair headroom - Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair tread to any overhead
construction.
• Tread - Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
• Step - Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
• Winders - Steps not parallel with each other