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Lecture 1 - Introduction

The document discusses the analysis and design of roof trusses. It covers steel fundamentals, types of roofing systems, components of roofing systems including trusses, purlins and sag rods. It also discusses properties and assumptions in truss analysis as well as common types of roof trusses.

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Nahid Sultan
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction

The document discusses the analysis and design of roof trusses. It covers steel fundamentals, types of roofing systems, components of roofing systems including trusses, purlins and sag rods. It also discusses properties and assumptions in truss analysis as well as common types of roof trusses.

Uploaded by

Nahid Sultan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis and Design of a Roof Truss

Sheikh Shakib
Assistant Professor
References

1. AISC Design Manual


2. BNBC 2006
3. Steel Design (5th Edition) - William T. Segui
4. The Encyclopedia of Trusses-Alpine Engineered Products, Inc
5. Structural Steel Design (Structural Engineering Handbook)-E. M. Lui
6. Strength of Materials- Singer
Steel Fundamentals

Steel Structure: a structure which is made from organized combination of structural steel members
designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity.

Types of Steel Structure:

• Truss structures (bar or truss members) • Beam bridge


• Frame structures (beams and columns) • Truss bridge
• Grids structures • Arch bridge
• Arch • Cable-stayed bridge
• Prestressed structures • Suspension bridge
Steel Fundamentals

Frame structures
Truss bridge

Arch bridge
Steel Fundamentals

Advantages of Steel Disadvantages of Steel

• High strength per unit weight • Maintenance cost


• Uniformity • Fire proofing
• Elasticity • Buckling
• Moment of inertia of steel is accurately calculated • Fatigue
• Durability and performance • Aesthetics
• Ductility
• Easy to install
• Faster construction
• Reliability
• Possible reuse
Steel Fundamentals

Steel Design Specifications

• AISC - American Institute of Steel Construction


• AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
• AREMA - American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
• AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute
• BNBC - Bangladesh National Building Code
Steel Fundamentals
Steel Design Methodology (BNBC 2006)

Fundamental Requirements
Required strength ≤ Available strength

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)/ Working Stress Design (WSD) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Required strength ≤ Allowable strength Required Factored Load ≤ Factored strength


Allowable strength = Nominal strength/FS
ΣγiQi ≤ φRn
ΣQi ≤ Rn/ F.S. ΣγiQi= the maximum absolute
ΣQi= the maximum (absolute value of the following combinations
value) of the combinations i. 1.4D
i. D ii. 1.2D+1.6L+ 0.5(Lr or P)
ii. D+L iii. 1.2D+ 1.6(Lr or P) + (0.5Lf or 0.8W)
iii. D+(W or E) iv. 1.2D+ 1.3W+ 0.5Lf+ 0.5(Lr or P)
iv. 0.9D+(W or E) v. 1.2D +1.5E+ 0.5Lf
v. Etc. (Chapter 2, pg-6-68) vi. 0.9D + (1.3W or 1.5E)
Steel Fundamentals

Structural Steel

Classification of Structural Steel


a. For members subjected to axial compression
i. Non-slender element- b/t ≤ λr
Table B4.1 (AISC Manual)
ii. Slender element- b/t > λr

b. For members subjected to flexure


i. Compact- b/t ≤ λp
ii. Non-compact- λp< b/t ≤ λr Table B4.1 (AISC Manual)
iii. Slender- b/t > λr Table 6.10.1 (BNBC 2006)

Types of Steel
i. Hot rolled
ii. Cold formed
iii. Built up section
Steel Fundamentals
Standard rolled shapes

Symbol Type of shape Description


W Wide flange Flange surfaces are parallel; flange
thickness is not necessarily equal to the
web thickness.

Figure: W and HP section


HP Bearing Pile Flange surfaces are parallel; flange and
web have equal thicknesses

S American Standard The inner flange surface is sloped.


Beam

Figure: S section
Steel Fundamentals
Standard rolled shapes
C Channel Standard AISC flanges have sloped
inner flange surfaces

WT Tee WT shapes are cut from a wide


ST flange. Figure: C section
MT ST shapes are cut from American
Standard Beams.
MT shapes are cut from nonstandard
I-shapes Figure: T section
L Angle Angles come in equal leg or unequal
leg sizes.
Figure: L section
Z Zee

Figure: Z section
Roofing System
Types
i. Without truss
ii. With truss generally used when span ≥ 40 ft

Components of roofing system


a. Covering

Others are
Clay or cement tiles
Gypsum tiles
Slate tiles
Tar plus gravel Figure: Corrugated Galvanized Iron (CGI) sheet
Figure: Corrugated Asbestos cement sheet
Roofing System
Components of roofing system

Roofing
Sag Rod
Purlins

40 ft
Roofing System
Components of roofing system
Roofing System
Components of roofing system

b. Purlin

• Purlins are beams, which are provided over roof trusses to support the roof coverings.
• When rafters support the sheeting and rest on purlins then the purlins are placed over the panel points of
roof trusses.
• The span of these beams is equal to the centre-to-centre spacing of the trusses.
• Usually the purlins are continuous over the trusses but are designed as simply supported for convenience
of design and construction.
• A channel section and zee section is best suited for a purlin. Angles and I-section is also used.
Roofing System
Components of roofing system
c. Sag rods
• These are round section rods and are fastened to the web of the purlins.
• sag rods are provided between adjacent purlins to extend lateral support for the purlins in their weaker
directions.
• These are placed either at mid span or at the third points, depending on the weight of the roof, the span of the
purlins, and the pitch of the roof truss.
• Max. span of purlin for one sag rod = 20 ft for light roof & 15 ft for heavy roof
• For roofs steeper than a pitch of 1/4 , two sag rods should be used for a purlin span of 15 ft.
• The sag rod provided at the crown is termed as tie rod.
Roofing System
Components of roofing system

d. Roof truss

• Trusses can be supported over masonry walls or columns and


connected to it with knee braces.
• Pitch of roof truss = rise/span
• Slope of roof truss = rise/run

e. J-Bolt
J-bolt, also called hook bolt, is a bolt in the form of letter “J” used to
fix roof-sheathing or wall sheathing to purlins and other structural
members.
Roofing System
Components of roofing system
f. Clip or Cleat Angles

These angles are previously bolted, riveted, or


welded to the top chord above which the
purlins may rest while it is being fastened to
the truss.

Figure: Typical configuration


Roofing System

Properties of Truss
1. Members are arranged in triangles for stability.
2. All the joints of a truss are semi-rigid or fully rigid. However, theoretically these joints
may be considered pin joints and the analysis as a pin jointed frame is valid.
3. Centroidal axes of all the members at a joint must intersect at a single point.
4. The loads are only applied at the panel points.

Assumptions of truss analysis:


 Truss members are connected together at their ends only.
 Truss joints are frictionless pin joints. They cannot resist moments.
 Loads are applied only at the joints.
Roofing System
Common roof trusses
• Type I- slope 10-600
• Type II- slope <100
Type I trusses
Roofing System
Type I trusses
Roofing System
Type I trusses
Roofing System
Type II trusses
Thank You

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