R

CHAPTER-7
Presented by:
MANOJ BASHYAL

HEAT
TRANSFE
Conduction
 Convection

Radiation

Figure: Modes of Heat Transfer

 Introduction

■ Heat transfer is the transfer of energy because of temperature difference.

■ Heat always flows from high temperature to low temperature.

■ Heat transfer, in general, is three-dimensional and time dependent i.e., the temperature
in a medium varies with position as well as time.

■ Heat transfer in a medium is said to be steady if the temperature at any particular

point does not vary with time, and unsteady or transient when it varies with time.
Application of Heat Transfer in Several discipline of engineering

■ Mechanical Engineering: Boilers, Heat Exchangers, Turbine systems, Internal

combustion engines etc. Furnaces, Heat treatment of components etc.
■ Electrical Engineering: Cooling systems for electric motors, generators, transformers
etc.
■ Chemical Engineering: Process equipment's used in Refineries, Chemical plants etc. ■
Nuclear Engineering: In removal of heat generated by nuclear fission using liquid metal
■ Civil Engineering: In the design of Suspension bridges, railway tracks, Air conditioning
and Insulation of buildings etc.
■ Automobile Engineering: In cooling system of Engines and moveable parts
■ Computer Engineering: In cooling systems of Computers.

Modes of Heat Transfer

 According to the physical mechanism and the governing law associated with them,
heat transfer is classified into three modes:

■ Conduction,
■ Convection and
■ Radiation.
Conduction
• Transfer of Heat due to the vibration or collision of electrons or molecules of a
material even if its parts are not in motion relative to one another.
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from more energetic particles of a substance to
adjacent less energetic ones result of interaction between particles.
 Figure: Particles arrangement in a solid, liquid and Gas

Conduction
• Conduction heat transfer in gases and liquids is due to the collisions and diffusion
of the molecules during their random motion.
• On the other hand, heat transfer in solids is due to the combination of lattice
 vibrations of the molecules and the energy transport by free electrons.

Figure: Electronic configuration of

Figure: Lattice Structure of metal with free electrons
a metal showing free electron

Conduction
Magnitude of conduction heat transfer is given by Fourier

Equation,
Convection
■ Convection heat transfer occurs in fluid medium and heat is transferred by the actual
movement of the molecules.
■ Heat travels with air or liquid that is moving. This sets up currents. Hot air/liquid rises.
Cold air/liquid falls to take its place. Eventually the whole are is heated.
■ Heat convection occurs to the surface of an object where the surrounding fluid of object is
heated and moved energy away from the source of heat. Convective heat transfer occurs
when the surface temperature differs from that of surrounding fluid.
Figure: Flow of molecule during heating

Convection
Magnitude of convection heat transfer is given by Newton's law of cooling,
Types of Convection
1. Natural Convection
▪ Natural/free convection is caused by buoyancy forces due to density differences caused by temperature
variations in the fluid.
▪ At heating the density change in the boundary layer will cause the fluid to rise and be replaced by cooler fluid
that also will heat and rise. This continues phenomena is called free or natural convection.
▪ Examples
Natural cooling of a body/material
Water Heating
Cooling in Refrigerator
 Figure: Natural Convection Heat Transfer
Mechanism
Types of Convection
2. Forced Convection
▪ Forced/assisted convection occurs when a fluid flow is induced by an external force. ▪
Forced convection involves fluid motion as well as conductive heat transfer. Rate of heat
transfer in forced convection depends on the velocity of fluid. Higher the fluid velocity,
higher will be the rate of heat transfer.
▪ Examples:
Cooling of laptop/ Pc processor using fan
Air Conditioner

Hair Dryer
Car Radiator etc
Figure: Forced Convection Heat Transfer Mechanism
 Figure: Natural Process of air breeze

Radiation
• Heat energy is transferred by means of electromagnetic waves.
• Only mode of heat transfer that doesn’t require any material medium for transport.
• can take place through vacuum.
• Electromagnetic waves can propagate through empty space.
• A means of basic life on earth.
• Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves.
• They are electromagnetic waves like light wave but with a longer wavelength.
Radiation
• The Earth is warmed by heat energy from the sun.
 • There are no particles between the Infrared Wave. These are similar
Sun and the Earth. So the heat to light waves and are able to
cannot travel by conduction or by travel through empty space.
convection.
• The heat travels to Earth by
Radiation
Magnitude of radiation heat exchange between two practical bodies at temperatures
T1and T2is given by Stefan-Boltzmann law,
Figure: Modes of Heat Transfer
 Figure: Mechanism of Heat Transfer

One dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction

through a Plane Wall
 Figure: One Dimensional Heat Conduction through a Plane Wall

Linear One dimensional Steady State Heat

 Conduction through a Plane Wall
Consider a plane wall having thermal conductivity k, thickness L, cross sectional area A and is subjected to uniform
temperature of T1and T2respectively. Then the amount of heat transfer by conduction is given by Fourier’s law as:

Or,
Integrating both side using associated boundary conditions,

Assuming K as a constant and for a plane with uniform cross section, Above equation
 becomes,

Or, ………………..(1)

Heat Conduction through Composite Plane wall

For steady state heat transfer, heat flowing through each layer should be same,
i.e.; Figure: Composite plane wall having 3
layers
Rearranging the above equations for the temperature
 differences,
Adding above equations, we get

Rearranging the above Equation, we get an expression for conduction heat transfer
through a composite plane wall as,
Steady State Radial Heat Conduction
through hollow cylinder
Consider a hollow cylinder made up of material having thermal conductivity k, inner and outer radii of r1 and
r2and length L. Its inside surface is exposed to temperature T1and outer surface is exposed to temperatureT2.
Figure: Radial Heat Conduction through a Hollow Cylinder

The temperature gradient exists in radial direction. So according to the Fourier’s law rate of heat transfer can be
written as:

Steady State Radial Heat Conduction through

hollow cylinder
Here Heat transfer occurs at radial direction. So the cross sectional area normal to the direction of heat flow is given
by curved surface area of the cylinder. So using Above equation becomes:

Rearranging the above equation

Integrating the above equation with associated boundary condition,

Or,

Or,
Heat Conduction through a Composite Hollow
Cylinder
For steady state heat transfer, heat flowing through each layer should be same, i.e.;

Figure: Composite hollow cylinder having

three layers
Rearranging the above equations for the temperature

differences,

Adding above equations we get,

Rearranging above equation, we get an

expression for conduction heat transfer
through
 a composite cylinder

Electric Analogy for Heat Transfer and Thermal

Resistance
We can express heat transfer equation as

which shows that heat (Q) flows due to the difference in temperature (ΔT) and
the property of the substance by virtue of which it opposes the flow of heat
through it is called the thermal resistance (Rth).

Thermal Resistance of a Plane Wall

Thermal Resistance of a Hollow Cylinder

Thermal Resistance of a Convective

Layer
Heat Transfer through a Composite Plane Wall
Using Electric Analogy Approach
In this case same amount of heat flows through
each layer; hence all thermal resistances are
arranged in series. Whenever heat flows through a
thermal resistance, there will a temperature drop
(analogous to voltage drop in case of electric
circuit).

Thermal resistances for each layers of

the plane wall are given as
Equivalent thermal resistance is then given as

Then overall heat transfer for a composite plane wall is given by

Heat Transfer through a Composite Cylinder

Using Electric Analogy Approach
 Now using electric analogy of Heat Transfer

Application of Electric Analogy

Approach

Example 1
Question 1
Example 2
Question 2
 Ans: 1380 W/m2, 144.93 mm, 155.07 mm

Example 3
Question 3

Ans: 49.46 mm, 70.41 mm

Question 4 Ans: 34.965 W/m2K

Combined Heat Transfer and Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient Plane Wall Subjected to
Convective Medium on both Sides
For steady state heat transfer, heat flowing
through each layer should be same, i.e.;

Rearranging the above equations for the temperature

differences,
Plane Wall Subjected to Convective Medium on both
Sides Adding above equations, we get

Rearranging the above Equation, we get an expression for combined heat

transfer through a composite plane wall as,
 Above equation can also be expressed in simpler form as

Where is called overall heat transfer coefficient

Using Electric Analogy Approach

Equivalent thermal resistance is

given as:
 Now, according to Electric Analogy of Heat Transfer, Rate
of Heat Transfer is given by:

Hollow Cylinder Subjected to Convective Medium on both

Sides
For steady state heat transfer, heat flowing
through each layer should be same, i.e.;
Rearranging the above equations for the temperature

differences,
Hollow Cylinder Subjected to Convective Medium on both
SidesAdding above equations, we get

Or,
which can also be expressed as

Above equations can also be expressed in the simpler form as

Hollow Cylinder Subjected to Convective Medium on both

Sides where, and

are called inside overall heat transfer coefficient and outside overall heat transfer coefficient
respectively.

Substituting A 1 = 2πr1L and A 2 = 2πr2L

and
Using Electric Analogy Approach
Equivalent thermal resistance is given as:

Now, according to Electric Analogy of Heat Transfer,

Rate
of Heat Transfer is given by:

For Overall inside

and inside Heat transfer coefficient
derive as previous method.
 Example 4
Question 5

A square plate heater (10 cm x 10 cm) is inserted between two slabs having the
same cross-sectional areas. The left slab is 100 mm thick (k = 50 W /mK) and the
right slab is 50 mm thick (k = 0.25 W/mK). The heat transfer coefficients for left
and right slab outer surfaces are 250 W /m2 K and 50 W /m2 K respectively. The
ambient air temperature is 25°C. If the rating of the heater is 1 kW, determine:
(a) temperature at the heater surface, and
(b) outer surface temperatures of each slab.
 Ans:

Example 5

Find the heat transfer through the composite wall

as shown in figure. Assume one dimensional flow.
The thermal conductivities of wall materials are
kA= 150 W/mk, kB = 30 W/mk, kC = 65 W/mk and kD = 50
W/mK. All dimensions are in cm.

Ans: 20.53 kW
 Example 6

A composite wall consists of 12 cm thick layer of common brick of thermal

conductivity 0.8 W/mK and 4 cm thick plaster of thermal conductivity 0.5 W/mK. An
insulating material of thermal conductivity 0.1 W/mK is to be added to reduce the heat
transfer through wall by 75%. Determine the required thickness of the insulating layer.

Ans: 6.9 cm

Example 7
 Ans:25 W/m2K

Example 8
 Ans: 18.58 W/m2K, 139.3 W/m2

Example 9

A 140 mm diameter pipe carrying steam is covered by a layer of insulation ( k= 0.5

W/mK) of 30 mm thick. Later, an extra layer of another insulation (k=1 W/mK) having
thickness 20 mm is added. If the surrounding temperature remains constant and heat
2
transfer coefficient for both insulating layers is 10 W/ m k, determine the
percentage change in heat transfer rate due to extra insulation.

Ans: 0.9054%

Example 10
Ans: 43.78 mm
 Extra
Extra

A 100 mm diameter pipe carrying steam is covered by a llayer of insulation (k=0.05

W/mk) having a thickness of 40 mm. the heat transfer coefficient between the outer
surface of insulation and the ambient air is 20 W/ m2k. Determine the required
thickness of another insulating layer (k=0.08 W/mK) that must be added to reduce
the heat transfer rate by 40% assuming heat transfer coefficient remains the same.
Ans: 79.834 mm

Question
Some Questions
■ Write Short notes on Black Body, White Body and Grey body. ■ Differences
between Steady State Heat Transfer and Unsteady State Heat Transfer. ■ Differences
between Free convection and Forced convection.
■ Using thermal resistance approach derive an expression for outside overall heat
transfer coefficients for two layers of hollow cylinder subjected to convection
medium on both sides.
or
Using thermal resistance approach derive an expression for equivalent thermal
resistance for two layers of hollow cylinder subjected to convection medium on
both sides.