MATHEMATICS Lesson Note JSS 3

This MATHEMATICS Lesson Notes CoversThe Following Topics

1. WHOLE NUMBERS
2. WHOLE NUMBERS CONT’D
3. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN BASE 2
4. MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN BASE 2
5. RATIONAL AND NON-RATIONAL NUMBERS
6. FACTORIZATION
7. FORMULAE: SUBSTITUTION AND CHANGE OF SUBJECT
8. SIMPLE EQUATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS
9. SOLVING ON NUMBER BASES EXPANSION, CONVERSION AND
RELATIONSHIP
10. FACTORISATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
11. TANGENT OF AN ANGLE
12. FACTORIZATION: COMMON FACTORS
13. SIMILARITY AND ENLARGEMEN
14. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATION
15. TRIGONOMETRY – SINE AND COSINE OF ANGLES
16. AREA OF PLANE SHAPES
17. AREAS AND VOLUMES OF SIMILAR SHAPES
18. GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION
19. TANGENT OF AN ANGLE
20. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
21. VARIATION
22. STATISTICS

Lesson Note On MATHEMATICS For JSS3

Are you interested in getting Lesson Note on MATHEMATICS for JSS3? Here is the most
concise compilation available online.

The Lesson note covers all the 3 terms in a session (1st term, 2nd term & 3rd term),and it
is based on the latest NERDC / UBE Curriculum and applies to all Nigerian schools.
TABLE OF CONTENT
FIRST TERM
WEEK 2 TOPIC: WHOLE NUMBERS

WEEK 3 TOPIC: WHOLE NUMBERS CONT’D

WEEK 4 TOPIC: ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN BASE 2

WEEK 5 TOPIC: MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN BASE 2

WEEK 6 TOPIC: RATIONAL AND NON-RATIONAL NUMBERS

WEEK 8 TOPIC: FACTORIZATION

WEEK 11 TOPIC: FORMULAE: SUBSTITUTION AND CHANGE OF

SUBJECT

WEEK 9 TOPIC: SIMPLE EQUATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS

WEEK 10 TOPIC: PROBLEM SOLVING ON NUMBER BASES

EXPANSION, CONVERSION AND RELATIONSHIP

SECOND TERM
WEEK 1 TOPIC: FACTORISATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

WEEK 2 TOPIC: TANGENT OF AN ANGLE

WEEK 3 TOPIC: FACTORIZATION: COMMON FACTORS

WEEK 4 TOPIC: SIMILARITY AND ENLARGEMEN

WEEK 5 TOPIC: SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATION

WEEK 6 TOPIC: TRIGONOMETRY – SINE AND COSINE OF ANGLES

WEEK 7 TOPIC: AREA OF PLANE SHAPES

WEEK 8 TOPIC: AREAS AND VOLUMES OF SIMILAR SHAPES

THIRD TERM
WEEK 1 & 2 TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION

WEEK 3 TOPIC: TANGENT OF AN ANGLE

WEEK 4 & 5 TOPIC: MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

WEEK 6 TOPIC: VARIATION

WEEK 7 TOPIC: STATISTICS

Sample note
Topic: Whole Numbers Cont’d
Contents

 Expression Involving Fractions

 Direct and Inverse Proportion
 Compound Interest

By an equation with fractions, I’ll mean an equation to solve in which the variable
appears in the denominator of one or more fractions. As you’ve seen with equations
involving number fractions, the natural approach is to multiply to clear denominators.
To do this, you should:
Factor any denominator that can be factored.
Multiply both sides of the equation by the least common multiple of the denominators
to clear the fractions.

Fractions with unknowns in the denominator

Example
2 ¾ + 33/2x = 0
2 ¾ + 33/2x = 0
Express 2 ¾ as an imporper fraction.
11/4 + 33/2x = 0
The denominators are 4 and 2x. Their LCM is 4x. Multiply each term in the equation
by 4x.
4x(11/4) + 4x(33/2x) = 4x X 0
11x + 66 = 0
11x = -66
X = -6
Check: when x = -6,
LHS = 2 ¾ + 33/-12 = 2 ¾ – 11/4 = 0 = RHS
Example
Solve 1/3a + ½ = 1/2a
1/3a + ½ = 1/2a
The denominators are 3a, 2 and 2a. Their LCM is 6a. Multiply each term in the
equation by 6a.
6a X (1/3a) + 6a X ½ = 6a X (1/2a)
2 + 3a =3
3a = 1
a= 1/3
Check: when a = 1/3
LHS = 1/3 X 1/3 + ½ = 1 + ½ = 1 ½
RHS = 1/3 X 1/3 = 3/2 = 1 ½ = LHS
The two examples above show that when unknowns, such as x or a, appear in the
denominator, they are treated like numbers.
Clear fractions by multiplying each term of the equation by the LCM of the
denominators of the fractions. Then solve the equations in the usual way.
Exercise
 1. 1/x = 1/5
2. 1/9 = 1/r
3. 1/m – ¼ = 0

Factors with binomials in the denominator

Note: You should always check your answers to equations with fractions, since it’s
possible to produce bogus solutions.
Example
Solve 2/x – 1 + 3 = 4x /x – 1.
When you have an equation with fractions, it’s often good to start by clearing
denominators:
(x – 1)( 2/x – 1 + 3) = (x – 1) . 4x /x – 1.
I can cancel x – 1 ‘s provided that x ≠ 1. Assuming that this is true,
2 + 3(x – 1) = 4x
2 + 3x – 3 = 4
3x – 1 = 4
Then
3x – 1 = 4x
– 3x 3x
———————
–1= x
Check: If x = -1,
2/x – 1 + 3 = 2/ -2 + 3 = -1 + 3 = 2,
4x/x – 1= -4/-2 = 2

Example
Solve 4 + 5/x – 1= 5x/x – 1.
Clear denominators:
(x – 1)(4 + 5/x – 1) = (x – 1).5x/x – 1
4(x – 1) + 5 = 5x
4x – 4 + 5 = 5x
4x + 1 = 5x
Then
4x + 1 = 5x
– 4x 4x
——————-
1= x
Check: If x = 1, 4 + 5/x – 1 is undefined.
Therefore, there are no solutions.

Word problems involving fractions

In this lesson, we will learn how to solve fraction word problems that deal with
fractions i.e. parts of a whole. Remember to read the question carefully to determine
the numerator and denominator of the fraction.
We will also learn how to solve word problems that involve comparing fractions,
adding mixed numbers, subtracting mixed numbers, multiplying fractions and
dividing fractions.

Example
A class has 20 girls and 30 boys. What part of the class are boys?
Solution:
Step 1: Numerator: boys = 30
Step 2: Denominator: class = 20 + 30 = 50
Step 3: Part or fraction
30/50 = 3/5
Answer: 3/5 of the class are boys
Example
If John earns $x in a week and spend $y, what part of his weekly salary did he save?

Solution
Step 1: Numerator: amount saved= x – y
Step 2: Denominator: salary = x
Step 3: Part or fraction
x – y/x

1. Direct and InverseProportion

Direct Proportion
If two quantities are in direct proportion, as one increases, the other increases by the
same percentage.

If y is directly proportional to x, this can be written as y ∝x

A simple example of two things that are in the same proportion is the amount of
apples you might buy and the amount you pay for them. If you buy twice as many
apples as your friend, you pay twice as much.
We can write the connection between the cost and the amount as an equation:
Cost of apples = price per apple × number of apples bought.
This can also be written as y = kx, where k is the cost (the price per apple).
This means that, for some constant k, y = kx for all values of x and k is called
the constant of proportionality.
Example
If y is directly proportional to x.
When x = 12 then y = 3
Find the constant of proportionality and the value of x when y = 8.
We know that y is proportional to x so y = kx
We also know that when x = 12 then y = 3
To find the value of k substitute the values y = 3 and x = 12 into y = kx
3 = k × 12
So k = 3/12 = 1/4
To find the value of x , when y = 8 substitute y = 8 and k = 1/4 into y = kx
8 = (1/4) x
So x = 32 when y = 8

Direct Proportion to Powers

y can be directly proportional to x2 , x3 and other powers of x.
They can always form an equation with k, a constant multiplier (the constant of
proportionality), at the start.
eg y = kx2

Example

y∝x3
If y = 1 when x = 2, find the value of y when x = 4
Solution

y∝x3
So y = kx3
Substitute the value y = 1 and x = 2 into y = kx3 to find the value of k.
1 = k × 23
So k = 1/8
Now use the values k = 1/8 and x = 4. y = 1/8 × 64
Gives the answer y = 8

Inverse Proportion
Inverse proportion is when one value increases at the other value decreases.
A simple example of inversely proportional quantities is the lengths and widths of
rectangles with the same area. As the length of one side doubles, the width has to be
halved for the area to stay the same.
Example
y is inversely proportional to x. When y = 3, x = 12 .
Find the constant of proportionality, and the value of x when y = 8.

y ∝ 1/x
y = k/x
So xy = k
Substitute the values x = 12 and y = 3 into xy = k
3 × 12 = 36
So k = 36
To find the value of x when y = 8, substitute k = 36 and y = 8 into xy = k
8x = 36
So x = 4.5
Again, you can have questions involving squares, cubes or other powers of the
variables.

Exercise
v is inversely proportional to r3. When r = 2, v = 25. Find r when v = 60.
Answer

v = ∝ so v =
Re-arrange the above to get k on its own.
k = vr3
k = 25 × 23
So k = 200
When v = 60
60r3 = 200
r3 = 200/60
r3 = 3.333
So r equals the cube root of 3.333
So r = 1.494

Graphical Representation
When two variables are related in such a way that the ratio of their values always
remains the same, the two variables are said to be in direct variation.
In simpler terms, that means if A is always twice as much as B, then they directly
vary. If a gallon of milk costs $2, and I buy 1 gallon, the total cost is $2. If I buy 10
gallons, the price is $20. In this example the total cost of milk and the number of
gallons purchased are subject to direct variation — the ratio of the cost to the number
of gallons is always 2.

To be more “mathematical” about it, if y varies directly as x, then the graph of all
points that describe this relationship is a line going through the origin (0, 0) whose
slope is called the constant of the variation. That’s because each of the variables is a
constant multiple of the other, like in the graph shown below:

Inverse Variation
(The Opposite of Direct Variation)
In an inverse variation, the values of the two variables change in an opposite manner –
as one value increases, the other decreases.

For instance, a biker traveling at 8 mph can cover 8 miles in 1 hour. If the
biker’s speed decreases to 4 mph, it will take the biker 2 hours (an increase of one
hour), to cover the same distance.
Inverse variation: when one variable increases,
the other variable decreases.
Notice the shape of the graph of inverse variation.
If the value of x is increased, then y decreases.
If x decreases, the y value increases. We say that y varies inversely as the value of x.
An inverse variation between 2 variables, y and x, is a relationship that is expressed
as:
Y = k/x
where the variable k is called the constant of proportionality.
As with the direct variation problems, the k value needs to be found using the first set
of data.

The Reciprocal of a Number

Clearly, 3 X 1/3 = 1
1/3 is called the reciprocal of 3
3 is called the reciprocal of 1/3
One number is the reciprocal of another if their product is 1.
Example, the reciprocal of 5/6 is 6/5 since 5/6 X 6/5 = 1.
In general:
The reciprocal of a fraction is obtained by interchanging the numerator and
the denominator, i.e. by inverting the fraction.
Example
Find the reciprocal of 20.
Solution:
Reciprocal of 20 is 1/20
Example
Find the reciprocal of 3/7.
Solution:
Example 9
Solution:
Note:
To find the reciprocal of a mixed number, change it into an improper fraction and then
invert it.
Additive Inverse
If we add 0 (zero) to any number, the result is the same as the given number.
For example,
3 + 0 = 3, 0+8=8
We say that 0 is the identity for addition. If the sum of two numbers is 0, we say that
each number is the additive inverse of the other.
For example, (+3) + (-3) = 0.
(-3) is the additive inverse of (+3).
(+3) is the additive inverse of (-3).
(-8) + (+8) = 0.
(+8) is the additive inverse of (-8).
(-8) is the additive inverse of (8+).
Example 1
State the additive inverse of:

1. -19
2. 0.32
3. -7/8
4. 6 x 107
5. – 3.1 x 10-5

Given number Additive inverse

1. -19 + 19
2. 0.32 -0.32
3. -7/8 +7/8
4. 6 x 107-6 x 107
5. – 3.1 x 10-5 +3.1 x 10-5

In parts d and e of example 1, remember that the power of 10 in a number in standard

form places the decimal the decimal point. It is not significant in deciding whether the
number is positive or negative.
Solve the following equations:

1. x + 7 = 2

Solution
x + 7 = 2 is the same as x + (+7) = 2
Add (-7) to both sides.
X + (+7) + (-7) = 2 + (-7)
X+0=2–7
X=–5

Multiplicative Inverse
If we multiply any number by 1 the result is the same as the given number. For
example,
1 x 9 = 9, -5 x 1 = 15, 1 x /34 = ¾
We say that 1 is the identity for multiplication. If the product of two numbers is
the multiplicative inverse of the other. For example,
9 x 1/9 = 1
1/9 is the multiplicative inverse of 9.
9 is the multiplicative inverse of 1/9.
(-5) x(-1/5) = 1
-1.5 is the multiplicative inverse of 3/4.
-5 is the multiplicative inverse of -1/5.
¾ x 4/3 = 1
4/3 is the multiplicative inverse of ¾.
¾ is the multiplicative inverse of 4/3.
You have already used multiplicative inverses. In Book 1 you used reciprocals. The
reciprocal of a fraction is that fraction turned upside down. The reciprocal of 2/3 is
3/2. Thus the multiplicative inverse of a number is the same as its reciprocal. 1/8 is the
reciprocal of 8/1 or 8. 1/8 is the multiplicative inverse of 8.

Example
Find the multiplicative inverses of the following:

1. -32/ b. 0.3 c. 2 ½ d. n

Reciprocal of -3/2 = -2/3

-2/3 is the multiplicative inverse of -3/2.
Check: (-3/2) x (-2/3) = + (3/2 x 2/3) = 1.

1. 0.3 = 3/10

Reciprocal of 3/10 = 10/3.

10/3 (or 3 1/3) is the multiplicative inverse of 0.3.
Check: 0.3 x 3 1/3 = 3/10 x 10/3 = 1.

1. 2 ½ = 5/2

2/5 is the multiplicative inverse of 2 ½.

The check is left as an exercise.

1. i/n is the multiplicative inverse of n.

n x 1/n = 1.
Example
Solve -5x = 20.

Method I:
Notice that -5 is the multiplying x. Multiply both sides by the multiplicative inverse of
-5.
Multiply both sides by -1/5.
(-1/5) x (-5) X x = (-1/5) x (+20)
1 X x = -(1/5 x 20)
x = -4
Method II:
Notice that multiplying by -1/5 is equivalent to dividing by -5. The example can be
solved as follows.
-5x = 20
Divide both sides by -5.
(-5) X x/(-5) = +20/-5
1 X x = -(20/5)
x = -4
The second method is usually quicker.

Inverse Operation
Do the following:

1. Stand up. Sit down.

2. Add 3 to 15. Subtract 3 from the result.
3. Multiply 7 by 2. Divide the result by 2.

In each case you should end where you start. When this happens, we say that the two
actions are inverse operations.
Sitting down is the inverse operation of standing up. Adding a number is the inverse
operation of subtracting the same number. Multiplying a number and dividing by the
same number are inverse operations.

operation Inverse operation

Shut the door Open the door

Add 20 Subtract 20

Subtract -3 Add -3

Multiply by 4 Divide by 4
Divide by 0.3 Multiply by 0.3

1. Compound Interest

Simple Interest
Interest is the payment given for saving money. It can also be the price paid for
borrowing money. When interest is calculated on the basic sum of money saved (or
borrowed) it called simple interest.
To find the simple interest, use this formula: Interest = Principal × Rate of interest ×
Time
The principal is the amount of money you borrow or invest.
The rate of interest is the percent charged for the use of money, the percentage
charged will be divided by hundred to get the actual value for application in solving a
problem.

Exercises
Compute the interest if the principal is 2000 dollars at a rate of interest of 5% for 4
years.
Using a calculator,
Interest = 2000 × 5% × 4 = 2000 × 0.05 × 4
Interest = 100 × 4 = 400

Exercises
Compute the interest if the principal is 2,000,000 dollars at a rate of interest of 4% for
a year
Using a calculator,
Interest = 2,000,000 × 4% × 1
Interest = 2,000,000 × 0.04 × 1
Interest = 80,000 × 1 = 80,000
If you have 2 million dollars and your bank pay you 4% interest every year, you will
earn 80,000 dollars every year.
Great, you can quit your day time job!

Exercises
Compute the interest if the principal is 100 dollars at a rate of interest of 2% for 10
year
Using a calculator,
Interest = 100 × 2% × 10
Interest = 100 × 0.02 × 10
Interest = 2 × 10 = 20
With little money invested and low interest, 10 years investment gives you a mere 20
dollars
This might be a waste of time!

Compound Interest
When money is saved with simple interest, the interest is paid at regular intervals and
the principal remains the same.
With compound interest the interest is added to the principal at the end of each
interval.

Thus, the principal increases and so the interest becomes greater for each interval.

Most savings schemes give compound interest, not simple interest.

Example
Find the compound interest on N60 000 for 2 years at 8% per annum.
Note: ‘per annum’ means ‘each year’.
The interest is added at 1 year intervals.
1st year: I1 = N 60 000 X 8 X 1/100 = N 4 800
Amount at end of 1st year = N60 000 + N4 800 = N64 800
2nd year: The principal is now N64 800
= N648 X 8 = N5 148
Amount at end of 2nd year = N64 800 + N5 184
= N69 984
Compound interest = N69 984 – N60 000 = N9 984
The working is easier if arranged in a table. The annual interest can be calculated by
inspection. For example, 6% of N21 000 is found by multiplying N21 000 by 6, and
moving the digits two places to the right (to divide by 100:; i.e.
6% of N21 000 = N210 X 6 = N1 260
The example below shows how to arrange the working

Example
Find the amount that N5 000 becomes if saved for 3 years at 6% per annum
compound interest.
1st year: Principal N5 000
6% Interest + 300 (6/100 X 5 000)
—————-
2nd year: Principal N5 300
6% Interest + 318 (6/100 X 5 300)
—————-
3rd year: Principal 5 618
6% Interest + 337.08 (6/100 X 5 618)
——————
Amount N 5 955.08

Assessment
Find the a. amount b. the compound interest, for each of the following

1. N40 000 for 2 years at 8% per annum

2. N60 00 for 2 years at 7% per annum
3. N50 000 for 2 years at 6% per annum

When calculating compound interest, the arithmetic often gives final answers to many
decimal places. Final answers should be rounded to the nearest naira. Such rounding
should be left to the last line of the working. If possible, use a calculator to calculate
interest.
When money is borrowed, interest must be paid back as well as the principal. When a
large sum of money is paid back over a number of years, the principal gradually
reduces.

Depreciation
Many items, such as cars, clothes, electrical goods, lose values and time passes. This
loss in value is called depreciation. Depreciation is usually given as a percentage of
the item’s value at the beginning of the year. For example, if a radio costing N10 000
depreciates by 20% per annum, then its value will be N8 000 at the end of the first
year. At the end of the second year, its value will be N8 000 less 20% of N8 000, i.e.
N8 000 – N1 6000 = N 6 400.
Example
A car costing N680 000 depreciates by 25% in its first year and 20% in its second
year, Find its avalue after 2 years.
1st year:
Value of car N680 000
25% depreciation – 170 000 (1/4 of 680 000)
——————–
2nd year:
Value of car 510 000
20% depreciation – 102 000 (1/5 of 510 000)
Value after 2 yr = N408 000

Inflation
Due to rising prices, money loses its value as time passes. Loss in value of money is
called inflation. Inflation is usually given as the percentage increase in the cost of
buying things from one year to the next. For example, if the rate of inflation 15% per
annum, then a CD player which cost N10 000 a year ago will now cost N11 500.
Money has lost it’s a value since it now costs more to buy the same thing.
Example
How long will it take for prices to double if the rate of inflation is 20% per annum?
Start with an initial cost of 100 units.
Initially, cost = 100
rise = 20
—————-
after 1 year, cost = 120
rise = 24 (i.e. 20% of 120)
—————
after 2 years, cost = 144
rise = 28.8 (20% of 144)
—————-
after 3 years, cost = 172.8
rise = 34.56 (20% of 172.8)
The cost after 4 years is a little more than double the initial cost. Hence prices will
double in just under 4 years.

Assessment

1. 6 times a number is 48. What is the number?

2. Find the number which, when multiplied by 10, gives 70.
3. A number divide by 5 gives 9, what is the number?
4. 12/ x – 1 = 3
5. 4/ 1 + 4 = 1
6. 2 = 7/ y + 2

Solve the following equations:

7. 4x = 28
8. 3x = 18
9. -4d = 20
10.7x = 4 2/3